4/8/20151Cognitive Domain Cognitive Domain Cognition Mental processes Thinking Perceiving Interpreting Remembering Setting goals The approaches to personality is focus on differences in how people process informationFour Level of Cognition1. Perception The process of organising information that receive through senses2. Interpretation Making sense of or explaining various events in the world Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is based on the notion of differences in interpretationFour Level of Cognition (cont)3. Conscious Goals The standards that people develop for evaluating themselves and others4. Intelligence How different types of intelligence can reveal something about our personality1. Personality Revealed Through Perception The aspects where perception plays important role in defining personality:i. Field dependence vs. field independenceii. Pain tolerancei. Field Dependence vs. Field Independence Herman Witkin believes that personality can be revealed through differences in how people perceive their environment Rod and Frame Test (RFT) is to investigate individual differences in judging the orientation in space Field Dependence dependent on the visual field Field Independence depend on our own sensations4/8/20152Rod and Frame Test (RFT)Field IndependenceHidden Figures TestField Dependent vs. Field Independent:In the Areas of Education and Interpersonal Relationsii. Pain Tolerance Individual differences can be shown in the way we perceive pain or pain tolerance Some people cannot bear the slightest pain and complain about minor discomfort Some people can put up with pain easily without a single complaint Aneseth Petrie developed a theory called the Reducer-Augmenter Theory People with low pain tolerance (augmenters) have a nervous system that enhances or augments the subject impact of sensory stimulation People who can tolerate pain well (reducers) should seek out strong stimulation in the form of substances abuse2. Personality Revealed Through Interpretation George Kellys Personal Construct Theory The constructs are the ways of perceiving and interpreting events We habitually employ personal constructs to help us interpret events, particularly in the social world Our personalities differ in terms of how we interpret the social world Two developments of interpretation:i. Locus of Controlii. Learned HelplessnessLocus of Control A concept which explains an individuals perception of responsibility for the events in life External Locus of Control Generalise expectations that events in life are outside of our control Internal Locus of Control Generalise expectations that life events are under control and we are responsible for our life outcomes Julian Rotters Expectancy Model The learning behaviour, learning depends on the degree to which a person values a reinforcer its reinforcement value4/8/20153Learned Helplessness Emphasises on the thoughts a person has that may lead to a state of helplessness The Explanatory Styles explain on how you employ certain attributional categories to explain causes of events: External or internal Stable or unstable Global or specificThe Optimistic vs. Pessimistic Explanatory Style3. Personality Revealed Through Goals Personality can be revealed through goals Individual goals such as personal strivings, current concerns, personal projects and life tasks Personal Projects Analysis method evaluating the achievement of a goal of personal projects Brian Little found that overall levels of happiness and life satisfaction are related to feeling in control of ones personal projects. This reflect that how people find their ways with goal-directed behaviours (Carver & Scheier, 2008). 4. Intelligence Gardner (1993) mentioned that intelligence includes the application of cognitive skill and knowledge to solve problems, learn and achieve goals that are valued by individual and culture Multiple Intelligences includes eight types of intelligence which are:i. Linguistic intelligenceii. Musical intelligence iii. Logical Mathematical intelligenceiv. Naturalist intelligencev. Spatial intelligencevi. Body Kinesthetic intelligencevii. Interpersonal intelligenceviii. Intrapersonal intelligenceApproaches To Self Sometimes the self we present to others is not the same as our own understanding of ourselves Three main parts of self:i. Self conceptii. Self esteemiii. Social identitySelf-Concept The understanding ofself Who am I? This understanding developed over our lifetime Our self-concept plays a big role in how we experience the self It also influences how we process information about ourselvesi. Self-schemaii. Possible selves4/8/20154Development of Self-ConceptSelf-Esteem The standards or expectation for behaviour and being fulfill, will show the sign of self-esteem It is a general evaluation of self-concept and yourself People with high self-esteem are less likely to give up and striving for success People with low self-esteem are more likely to perform badly and to give up faster as they concerned in protecting their self-concept The strategies to protect self-concept:i. Defensive pessimismii. Self-handicappingSocial Identity The self that is put on display for others to see Two aspect of identity:i. Continuity People depend on the same person tomorrow as like todayii. Contrast The social identity distinguishes from others (unique)Identity Crises Identity crisis defined as anxiety that follows efforts to identify or re-define one identity (mid-life crisis)i. Identity deficit A person is not able to form a sufficient identity and has trouble making major decisions such as study, job and marriageii. Identity conflict Occurs when two or more aspects of identity clash