6. Stratigraphic Interpretation Ganjil 2015-2016 TG

8/19/2019 6. Stratigraphic Interpretation Ganjil 2015-2016 TG

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GEOPHYSICS

Seismic StratigraphicInterpretation

6

Program Studi Teknik Geologi Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian

dan Energi Universitas Trisakti

Dr. Ir. Ekoidianto! "T

Semester Gan#il$%&'() %&'*


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1 • INTRO!CTION" e#ni$ion% Le&e' Pe$ro'e() In&es$iga$ion% Ro'e of

Geophysi*a' +e$hods

,

• -(nda)en$a' of Seis)i* +e$hod

. • Seis)i* A*/(isi$ion

0 • Seis)i* Pro*essing • Seis)i* S$r(*$(ra' In$erpre$a$ion

6 • Seis)i* S$ra$igraphi* In$erpre$a$ion

2 • Seis)i* In$erpre$a$ion E3er*ise 4,X5

• Re&ie7 of Gra&i$y +e$hod

8 • Paradig) Shif$ in Gra&i$y a$a

!$i'i9a$ion1:

• Gra&i$y da$a ana'ysis for Oi' and GasE3p'ora$ion

11

• Gra&i$y a$a ana'ysis for Reser&oir

+oni$oring

LECT!RE +ATERIALS

2


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• Se/(en*e s$ra$igraphy" an in$egra$edfra)e7or;

< for pe$ro'e() sys$e)s ana'ysis and< predi*$i&e )ode's for prospe*$

genera$ion

• Se/(en*es are *on$ro''ed =y a *o)p'e3in$era*$ion

of $e*$onis)% e(s$asy% sedi)en$

s(pp'y and *'i)a$e

• Se&era' approa*hes e3is$% di>ering)ain'y in $er)s of

prin*ipa' =o(nding s(rfa*es? one orano$her )a =e

Summary


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Stratigraphic Analysis


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Controls on Stratigraphic Architecture


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Shoreline Movements


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Alternative Packages


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Type-1 Exxonian Sequence

EustasyLowstand Wedge

Highstand

Transgressive

R Lowstand Fan

F

Systems Tracts


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-S :0 L 11 D S$ra$igraphi*Co(r$esy of E33on+o=i'

S*a'e of S$ra$igraphi* Corre'a$ion

• !sing O($*rops orCores – is(a''y *orre'a$e

'a)inae and =eds

– !ni$s are *en$i)e$ers

$hi*;

R e s o ' ( $ i o n

High

Lo7

A r e a ' E 3 $ e n $

ery

Lo*a'

asin< 7ide

• !sing e'' Logs – Pa$$ern *orre'a$ion of

'og )ar;ers – !ni$s are )e$ers $hi*;

• !sing Seis)i* a$a – Seis)i* *orre'a$ion of

=edse$s and 'arger(ni$s

– !ni$s are $ens $o

h(ndreds of )e$ers$hi*;

20

40

0

cm

60

Well A Well B Well C

3

6

0

9

12

meters

100

200

0

meters

300


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The STRENGTHS of Seis)i* a$a

•

Good area' *o&erage• A='e $o i)age )aFor deposi$iona' (ni$s

• A='e $o iden$ify po$en$ia' so(r*e%reser&oir% and sea' (ni$s

• Pro&ides a s$ra$igraphi* fra)e7or;7i$hin 7hi*h o$her da$a *an =e(nders$ood – e'' da$a

– asin #'' his$ory

– HC sys$e)s

Vail et al., 1977a

AAPG©1977 reprinted with permission of the AAPG

whose permission is reqired for frther se.


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The EANESSES of Seis)i* a$a

• Li)i$ed &er$i*a' and 'a$era' reso'($ion"

*an$ reso'&e @s)a''B fea$(res• S$ra$igraphi* in$erpre$a$ion is 'i)i$ed =y

$he /(a'i$y of $he seis)i* da$ai)aging

• Seis)i* responses are non


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T7o +e$hods for Corre'a$ing

There are $7o =asi* 7ays $o *orre'a$e

s$ra$igraphy"

• y ro*; $ype iJeJ% Li$hos$ra$igraphy

•

y age


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Li$hos$ra$igraphy

• !ni$s are de#ned =ased on 'i$ho'ogy

• Ro*; (ni$s &ary in spa*e and $i)e

• o(ndaries are sub#ective! and no$physi*a' sin*e 'a$era' fa*ies *hanges aregrada$iona'

K Sha'e

KX +e)=er non


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!ni$ .

!ni$ ,

!ni$ 1

Chronos$ra$igraphy

• !ni$s de#ned =ased on $i)e


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(es$ion

K Sha'e

KX Non)arine +e)=er

K Sand

KA Sand

!ni$ .

!ni$ ,

!ni$ 1

Lithostratigraphic? Chronostratigraphic?

!hat "o !e #$ser%e on Seismic Sections& – 'ithostratigraphic (nits, or – )hronostratigraphic (nits&

A *hoght +periment- –

!hat geometry wold we o$ser%e for a progradingsystem


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Ans7er

In a prograding deposi$iona' sys$e)%

reMe*$ions para''e' s$ra$a' s(rfa*es and$herefore ha&e $i)e or *hronos$ra$igraphi*

signi#*an*eJ

S i i E ' f A '


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Seis)i* E3a)p'e of Ang('aris*ordan*e

There is ang('ar dis*ordan*e=e$7een reMe*$ions a$ $he ye''o7

'ine


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Ter)ina$ions" ase of a Se/(en*e

O'dereds

On'ap

O'der

eds

o7n'ap

A base-discordant relationship

in hich younger strata

terminate progressively againsta sur!ace o! greater inclination

"#TE$ These de!initions are based on observed geometric relationships% not

on in!erred depositional processes

A base-discordant relationship

in hich younger inclined strata

terminate progressively againsta sur!ace o! loer inclination


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Yo(nger

eds

Yo(nger

eds

Ter)ina$ions" Top of a Se/(en*e

Erosion Top'ap

"#TE$ These de!initions are based on observed geometric relationships

A"& some in!erence about depositional processes

A top-discordant relationship in

hich strata terminate along an

uncon!ormity sur!ace due topost-depositional erosion

A top-discordant relationship in

hich strata terminate against a

sur!ace mainly as a result o!non-deposition 'bypass(


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Seis)i* Se/(en*e

A deposi$iona' se/(en*e is a relatively conformablesuccession of genetically related strata bounded at its top andbase by unconformities or their correlative conformities.

A seis)i* se/(en*e is a depositional sequence identied ona seismic section

O Q a p

Top'ap

On'ap

o7n'ap

!n*onfor)i$y

!nder'ying

!n*onfor)i$y

O&er'ying Tr(n*a$ion

O n ' a p

Con&ergen*e

In$erna'

itchm et al., 1977a

AAPG©1977reprinted with permission of the AAPG whose permission is reqired for frther se.


26/45


Prod(*$: Prediction of Roc !ypes – Sand "ithin reservoir intervals

– Shale in overlying seal intervals # source intervals

Seismic Stratigraphic Analysis – e#ne ;ey s$ra$igraphi* in$er&a's

– e$er)ine $he ro*; $ypes 7i$hin ea*hin$er&a'

ha$ Is Seis)i* -a*ies Ana'ysis

Inp($: Seismic $ata %2$ or &$'

• Seis)i* Se/(en*e Ana'ysis

• Seis)i* -a*ies Ana'ysis


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e#ni$ions

•Seismic (acies )nit – a mappable* three dimensional seismic unit

composed of groups of re+ections "hoseparameters di,er from those of ad-acent

facies units.• Seismic (acies Analysis

– the description and geologic interpretation%environmental setting* lithofacies* etc.' ofseismic re+ection parameters.

Mitchum et al.* /00a


28/45


ReMe*$ion -ea$(res !sed in +apping

-ea$(re Signi#*an*e

ReMe*$ionGeo)e$ry

• eposi$iona' Pro*esses

• ed Thi*;ness• -'(id Con$en$

a&e'e$-re/(en*y

• La$era' S$ra$a' Con$in(i$y

• eposi$iona' Pro*esses

ReMe*$ion

Con$in(i$y

• I)pedan*e Con$ras$s 4signi#*an$ s$ra$a' s(rfa*es5• ed Spa*ing T(ning• -'(id Con$en$

Seis)i*A)p'i$(de


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Seis)i* -a*ies Ana'ysis

Seis)i* Se/(en*e

Ana'ysis

Seis)i* -a*ies

Ana'ysis

/ey Stratigraphic (nitsAre 0roen #t

In$erpre$a$ionPredi*$ion

• Patterns are sed to 2nterpret

+#"s• 'ithologies 3 stacing are

predicted

Geometric 4elations

are )aptred throgh

A0) apping

#ther Seismic 5eatres

are +tracted as

Seismic Attri$tes

CarbonateShelf

Shelf EdgeReef

Carb.Slope

itchm et al., 1977$

AAPG©1977reprinted with permission of the AAPGwhose permission is reqired for frther se.


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Pos$ing Geo)e$ri* O=ser&a$ion

!he A1 Method

A < C

A 3 !ermination Pattern at the )pper Sequence 1oundary

1 3 !ermination Pattern at the 4o"er Sequence 1oundary

3 5nternal Re+ection Pattern

!r 3 !runcation !p 3 !oplap 3 oncordant

6n 3 6nlap$n 3 $o"nlap 3 oncordant

p 3 parallel m 3 mounded ob 3 oblique progradationsub 3 subparallel " 3 "avy sig 3 sigmoid progradationdiv 3 divergent rf 3 re+ection free sh 3 shingled


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In$erna' ReMe*$ion Pa$$erns

• Parallel• Subparallel• $ivergent

omple7

-or e3a)p'es% see AAPG +e)oir ,6

Stratied

ProgradationalSimple

)nstratied

• Sigmoid• 6blique• ombination•

Shingled

• Mounded• 8ummocy• $eformed

• haotic• Re+ection

(ree


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Si)p'e S$ra$i#ed In$erna' Con#g(ra$ions

S(=para''e' i&ergen$

Para''e' < E&en

omple7

Stratied



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Prograda$iona' In$erna' Con#g(ra$ions

O='i/(eSig)oid

!p=(i'ding 4Aggrada$ion5 O($=(i'ding4Prograda$ion5

omple7

Stratied


Shing'ed


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+o(nded

Co)p'e3 In$erna' Con#g(ra$ions

H())o*;y efor)ed

omple7

Stratied



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Line

The C'assi* +e$hod < An E3a)p'e

Ea*h Line is S(=di&ided in$o Seis)i* -a*ies !ni$s7here Ea*h !ni$ i>ers fro) i$s Neigh=ors

Here -a*ies !ni$s are =ased on ReMe*$ion Geo)e$ries

C


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AC Codes Pos$ed on a +ap

1:

.:

1: ,: .: 0: :

0:

1: ,: .: 0: :

Line

,:

Line C

LineA

T


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-a*ies Syn$hesis

10

20

40

30

Line B

Line C

L

ine

10 20 30 40 !0

10 20 30 40 !0

C "#n $

T "C #%

C "&n $

C "C $

T "&n #%

C "C $

C "&n $

T "&n #%

T "C #%

C "#n $

C

"C$

T"C

&iv

10

20

40

30

Line B

Line C

L

ine

10 20 30 40 !0

10 20 30 40 !0

C "#n $

T "C #%

C "&n $

C "C $

T "&n #%

C "C $

C "&n $

T "&n #%

T "C #%

C "#n $

C

"C$

T"C

&iv 6one of

Progradation

L a s $

S h e

' f + a r g i n

30

Line B

Line C

L

ine

10 20

10

C "#n $

C "#n $

C

"C$

!edge

C "C $

C "C $

Sheet


38/45


0asin

Slopearginal

arine

on8arine

Line B

Line C

Line

10 20 30 40 !0

10 20 30 40 !0

10

20

40

30

eposi$iona' En&iron)en$s


39/45


Inferred Li$ho'ogy < Predi*$ion

Predi*$ion

Cre&asse Sp'ay

Channe' -i''

Pro3i)a'

is$ri=($ary+o($h ar

is$a'is$ri=($ary+o($h ar

Prode'$a

e'$a -ron$

-a*ies +ode'

e'$a -ron$ Sands$onee'$a -ron$ Si'$s$one

Proshore C'ay

Sea Le&e'


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Ti)e for Ano$her E3er*ise

Woodbine: Onshore East Texas

4amsayer, 1979

Line 1Line 1a

#*)©1979 reprinted with permission of the #*)

whose permission is reqired for frther se.


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Line 1

e''C

e''

4amsayer, 1979#*)©1979 reprinted with permission of the #*)whose permission is reqired for frther se.


42/45


AC


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AC Syn$hesis

Well C

Well D


In$erpre$ed eposi$iona'


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In$erpre$ed eposi$iona'En&iron)en$s



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HAN YO

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6. Stratigraphic Interpretation Ganjil 2015-2016 TG