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Mud Removal
Module CMT 01826-Jun-00
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Objectives of PrimarCementation
Provide com!lete isolation of "ones
#$draulic %ond&
To su!!ort t'e casin(
#)'ear %ond&
Protect casin( strin(
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Mud Removal
Most im!ortant as!ect of cement job
* t'ree ste! !rocess before cementin(
$ole cleanin(
Conditionin( t'e drillin( +uid ,is!lace t'e drillin( +uid from t'e
annulus
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Mud Removal $ole Cleanin(
Controlled o!timi"ed mud !ro!erties
.i!er tri!s
/ Total 'ole volume in circulation
Cali!er lo(
Conditionin( Mud
%rea3 (el stren(t'
4o5er t !v
,rill solids 7 6
,etermine MP to 9nd :min for all-around +o5
,is!lace Mud from *nnulus
O!timi"ed slurr !lacement ---/ CemC*,; Casin( centrali"ation o!timi"ed #)TO /
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Criteria for ;=ective MudRemoval
Cementing Operation:
Centralize casing
Casing movement Scratchers
Wiper plugs
Washes and spacers Flow regime selection
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T'e >deal .ellbore Casin(
Thin, impermeable mud filter cake
(not gelled or unconsolidated)
BHST at top of
cement
>BHCT at TD
Annulargap
inimum! "#$%
&deal! ' '#%
roperl* conditioned
hole and mud
+auge
diameter
o sloughing
-niform as possible( no .ashouts or restrictions)
/ 01/2/ 1/SS3S
Casing centered in borehole
Accurate BHST and BHCT
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?luid Cali!ers
To determine circulation e@cienc or amount
of +uid 5'ic' is movin( in t'e 5ellboreA Procedure B
Run multi-arm o!en-'ole cali!er lo( anddetermine total 'ole volumeA
Circulate at cementin( rate and determinemud !um! e@cienc
,ro! mar3er or tracer in sta(ed intervals
Monitor returns for mar3er
Calculate volume circulated from rate and time#)'ould be mec'anical cali!er volume&
>ncrease rate and re-calculate e@cienc
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>n+uence of t'e Casin()tand-O=
44narnar 44.ide.ide
DDii
DDoo
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De5tonian ?luid - ;=ect of
)TO The Efect o the Casing StandOf on the !nnular
Flow is "ualitativel# E$uivalent to the Following Flow%attern
55
DD'' DD
4444''
55
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11
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4aminar ?lo5 in ;ccentric*nnulus
on6parallel plate model 7i#7o 8 9:;
9 '9 9 "9 $9
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Turbulent ?lo5 in ;ccentric*nnulus
9 '9 9 "9 $9
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Casin( Centrali"ation
7elatie 4ariation of flo. rate ratio as a function of eccentricit*7elatie 4ariation of flo. rate ratio as a function of eccentricit*
';
'=
'$
'
'9
;
=
$
9
9 9 $9 =9 ;9 '99
22
@ Stand6off 8.
7H6 7C '99
A& @ STAD6/00
01/27
AT37AT&/
7C
7H
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T!es of Centrali"ers
&ow Spring 'Spiral or Straight(: Fle)i*le *ow springs
Centralizer O+ slightl# larger than O, size
-igid &ow 'or %ositive( t#pe:
.on/e)i*le O0+0 'Slightl# less than previous casing 1+(
2se inside casedhole sections
Efective in ingauge O, intervals onl#
-igid Solid slipon t#pe: Solid *od# no *ows
2se: as per rigid t#pe
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%o5 )!rin( Centralisers
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.eat'erford )!ira(liders
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Reci!rocation Movement of casin( u! and do5n durin( t'e job
Must be done from t'e start of circulation to enddis!lacement
20 to E0 feet stro3e
1 to minutes !er ccle
Deeds scratc'ers to be e=ective ,*D;R B Casin( ma become stuc3 durin(
movement
;Fcessive s5ab and sur(e !ressures ma be created
;Fcessive !ull and buc3lin(
Cannot be t'e onl met'od of mud removal
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Rotation
Circular movement o pipe
3ust *e done rom the start o circulation to enddisplacement
45 to 65 rpm
Scratchers help e7cienc# .eeds special rotar# cement heads and power
swivels
Tor$ue must *e ver# closel# monitored
Cannot *e the onl# method o mud removal
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?luids >ncom!atibilit -esults 1n:
+etrimental 1nterace -eactions
,igh -heological %roperties
8er# high viscosities
8er# high gel strengths
Change in Cement Slurr# %roperties
Thic9ening time altered
1ncrease in /uid loss
-eduction in compressive strength
-eduction in ,#draulic &ond
%revented : Wiper %lugs
Chemical Washes
Spacers
Compati*ilit# Testing
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Cement .i!er Plu(s
eep Fluids Separate in Casing and -educeContamination
&ottom %lugs
-emove mud ahead o cement
%revent cement alling through lighter /uid ahead Wipe inner casing walls clean
2se ; or more i possi*le
Top %lugs
Separate cement rom displacing /uid
%ositive indication o end o displacement
. t' f d D R t ti
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.eat'erford Don-Rotatin(Plu(s
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.' Run a %ottom Plu( G
&ottom plug wipes accumulated mud ca9e!3%?E: @ ABD 6 l*Bt 45555 eet< collar at @;5
eet
8olume o 4B4D =lmG
,eight corresponding to this volumeG
T b l t ?l
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Turbulent ?lo5,is!lacement
%reerred and *est /ow regime
Critical rate depends on: Fluid rheologies Casing standof
!nnular gap< casing O+ and *it size
Formation racture gradient
2se Chemical Wash andBor 3udpush >TBS spacers: 45 3in0 Contact time or A5 t 'use greater volume((
Spacer densit# to *e close to that o mud
Optimize cement slurr# properties: 3inimum %8 and TH without settling
Fluid loss and ree water controlled Water wet the casing and ormation
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;=ective 4aminar ?lo5 !lternative /ow regime when Tur*ulent /ow is not
possi*le Four criteria must *e satis=ed:
+E.S1TH +1FFE-E.T1!? '45I(
31.1323 %-ESS2-E J-!+1E.T '3%J(
F-1CT1O. %-ESS2-E ,1E-!-C,H ';5I(
+1FFE-E.T1!? 8E?OC1TH C-1TE-1O.
8iscous spacer: 3udpush >?B>?O 8iscosit# adKusta*le 'Change +46@ concentration(
8olume to use: A55 t or 5 **ls
2se ;5 65 **ls chemical wash Condition and clean mud
8iscosi# cement slurr# when necessar#
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C'emical .as'es Water *ased /uids< low viscosit#< densit# o water
Eas# to pump in tur*ulent /ow CW or intermediate casings< water *ased muds
640A gals water< 50A gals +4;;!
CW455 or production casings< water *ased muds
640;A gals water< 50A gals +4;;!< 50;A gals L;M CW or intermediate casings< oil *ased muds
640;A gals water< 50A gals +4;;!< 50;A gals F65 last
CW454 or production casings< oil *ased muds
64 gals water< 50A gals +4;;!< 50;A gals L;M< 50;A galsF65
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?amil of )!acers
32+%2S, >T Tur*ulent spacer or water *ased muds
32+%2S, >S
Tur*ulent /ow spacer or water *ased muds in
saline 'Salt( environments
32+%2S, >?
Efective laminar /ow spacer or water *ased muds
32+%2S, >TO< >SO< >?O also e)ist !pplications are same as a*ove *ut in O1? &!SE+
32+S0
Re:uired Pro!erties of
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Re:uired Pro!erties of)!acers
Compati*le with all other well /uids
Sta*ilit# 'good suspending capacit#(
Controlla*le densit# and rheolog#
Jood /uid loss control
Environmentall# sae and eas# to handle in the=eld
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;vents to be Recorded
Was the mud conditioned rate and timeG
,ow man# centralizers were run and whereG Was the casing rotated andBor reciprocatedG
Where the plugs correctl# droppedG
What was the densit# and rheolog# o the spacersG
Was the correct volume o pre/ushes usedG The ollowing data must *e recorded on the %-1S3:
!ll densities< i possi*le o displacement /uid as well
!ll /ow rates< i possi*le o displacement as well
!ll pressures
.ote an# changes in /ow rate< densit#< stoppages