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April 21, 2023 1
ICUFA, WBPCB/GCECT/UNSW
Kolkata 10 – 11 January 2013
Near Whitened Fly Ash : UTILIZATION OF AS RECEIVED AND UNSW -
DEVELOPED NEAR WHITENED FLY ASH IN VIRGIN WHITE POLYMER POLYPROPYLENE
Sri Bandyopadhyay, A Zaeni, U P Singh
UNSW SMSE & CIPET LARPM Thanks Prof Binoy K Dutta,
Prof S Maitra, Dr G Ghosh & Team
April 21, 2023 2
Fly ash
• Fine powder
• collected as residue
• in the exhaust gases
• from combustion chambers
• of the pulverized coal fired boilers • at power plant stations
April 21, 2023 3
The fly ash morphology, Spherical also irregular
April 21, 2023 4
Fly ash
Agriculture Cement / Concrete
Polymer composites
Polyester Polyethylene
Polypropylene Epoxy
Other Polymer
April 21, 2023 5
AIMS : Utilization of FA • in Composite based Product with Enriched
Mechanical Properties
New Exp. Conditions Screening
of PolymersModification
of FA
Addition of Additive
Strategies
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So far the reasons of producing polymer composites using fly ash
are :- stiffen the matrix - make it rigid, - lower cost of material, - modify rheological properties, - increase strength properties of polymer
April 21, 2023 7
• Zaeni, Bandyopadhyay et al (1) focussed particle size and distribution, surface morphology, chemical composition, plus colour measurement of several Australian fly ash samples. Further, Zaeni, Bandyopadhyay et al recently developed a method to modify the colour of fly ash from grey black to almost near white (NHFA), to 96 % of the whiteness of calcium carbonate (2). It is believed this will assist the fly ash recycling industry to make better decisions re use of fly ash so far as the colour effect of fly ash products is concerned (see fig 1).
April 21, 2023 8
Normal v Near- Whitened Fly ash
• Bottom 100 % PP tensile sample - white in colour; Middle: As received fly ash / PP, dark green in colour;
Top: Near whitened fly ash / PP; almost white in colour;
Fly Ash P.P.Composites
April 21, 2023 9
0
2
4
6
8
10
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
Volume fraction of filler
Modulu
s (G
Pa)
Smallwood
Guth
Kerner
T63-RT
Furukawa Upper
Furukawa lower
Series model rule of mixture
Parallel model rule of mixture
Mechanical Properties of as received Fly Ash PP Composites
April 21, 2023 10
April 21, 2023 11
We developed method :Grey black to almost white, within 5 % of calciulm carbonate
Average Particle Size 8.3 microns Akhmad Zaeni / Sri Bandyopadhyay
April 21, 2023 12
• Our research past 4 years found new use of fly ash as a filler in plastics replacing natural fillers;
• Selective fly ash - modified to
• Near white color – opens up big new applications opportunities
April 21, 2023 13
Australian Provisional Patent 2009
• In March 2009, a standard Australian Patent "
• A Method for Improving the Colour of Fly Ash" was filed
• Application number is 2009200846
• See next slide for the demonstration of this color change.
April 21, 2023 14
UNSW – CIPET India Fly ash PP Project May 2010 [ Sri Bandy & S K Nayak ]
April 21, 2023 15
White fly ash in weight % 5 to 50 with polypropylene
April 21, 2023 16
April 21, 2023 17
Results Notched Impact strength vs Fly Ash wt %
April 21, 2023 18
PP Only
April 21, 2023 19
PP Only
April 21, 2023 20
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) fracture surface of PP – 20
wt % Whitened fly Ash notched impact specimen Mechanism of toughening :
Particle debonding and frictional pull-out energies
PP – 20% near-whitened fly ash High magnification
April 21, 2023 21
April 21, 2023 22
PP – 50 % NHFA, High magnification
April 21, 2023 23
Bright and white products
• We can use Whitened Fly Ash in very broad areas of engineering, environment, and research.
• We can revolutionize the use for India and Australia
• Thanks West Bengal Government• Thanks WB Pollution Control Board
Conclusion
• Fly ash can be used as an additive in polymers to as high as 50 % by weight if not more.
• Both as-received fly ash and near-whitened fly ash can have beneficial effects in tensile modulus and notched impact properties.
• Scanning electron microscopy of notched impact fracture surfaces show smaller size fly ash particles are embedded in the interlamellar textural matrix of the polymer.
April 21, 2023 24
Acknowledgement
• One part of this presentation is based on a paper by Sri Bandyopadhyay, & Akhmad Zaeni & Dilip Nath et al “Advanced utilization of as received and near whitened fly ash in polypropylene polymer to improve mechanical, notched impact and whiteness colour properties”, International Journal of Plastics Technology, 14, 2010, Supplement 1, 51-56,
• DOI: 10.1007/s12588-010-0011-5. The other part (NHFA-PP Impact studies) of the paper is based on a CIPET Faculty Research collaboration program held at UNSW in 2010, approved by CIPET DG Prof Dr Sanjay K Nayak.
April 21, 2023 25
April 21, 2023 26
ThanksWBPCB and GCECT
• Thanks Akhmad at UNSW, Thanks Upinder and CIPET DG Prof Sanjay Nayak
• Thanks my HoS, Dean and DVC-Research at UNSW