6. Chemistry Form Three q&a1

1

1 RETPAHC

SDNUOPMOC STI FO EMOS DNA NOBRAC

smelborp dekroW

;fo erutcurts eht warD )a( Q dnomaiD )i( etihparG )ii(

rewsnA )i( dnomaiD

.tnemegnarra lardehartet a ni srehto ruof ot dednob si nobrac hcaE

etihparG )ii(

o reyal talF etihparg f

ecrof slaaW red nav kaeW selucelom neewteb

htiw etihparg fo reyal talF fo tnemegnarra lanogaxeh

nobrac hcaE .smota nobrac .srehto eerht ot dednob si

)b( e erutcurts rieht fo egdelwonk ruoy gnisU .etihparg dna dnomaid fo seitreporp gniwollof eht nialpx )i( .ysaerg dna tfos si etihparg elihw nwonk ecnatsbus tsedrah eht si dnomaiD )ii( .rotcudnoc doog a si etihparg elihw yticirtcele fo rotcudnoc roop a si dnomaiD )iii( mc/g5.3 fo ytisned a sah dnomaiD 3 ihparg elihw mc/g3.2 fo ytisned a sah et 3.

rewsnA )i( .emocrevo eb ot evah sdnob tnelavoc gnorts ynam ecafrus no elcitrap ro mota yna evom oT .erutcurts cimota tnaig a sah dnomaiD rof ,dnah rehto eht nO

l ehT .secrof laaW red naV kaeW yb denioj ylno era sreyal eht etihparg .erutan ysaerg dna tfos eht ecneh dna rehto hcae revo edils ylisae lliw sreya )ii( hparg nI .sdnob tnelavoc mrof ot snortcele ycnelav ruof sti fo lla sesu ti esuaceb yticirtcele fo rotcudnoc roop a si dnomaiD fo eerht sesu ylno nobrac hcae eti

rtcele ycnelav sti .dezilacoled dna eerf sniamer nortcele htruof eht dna sno )iii( erehT .detcartta ylesolc era smota eht dna gnorts era dnomaid ni sdnob lla esuaceb etihparg naht ytisned rehgih a sah dnomaiD nobrac fo smota erom eb lliw

ihparg ni naht dnomaid fo emulov nevig a ni .ytisned rewol a gnisuac trapa rehtruf eb lliw smota eht dna secrof laaw red nav kaew evah osla ew erehw et

fo ecnaraeppa eht ebircseD )c( )i( dnomaiD )ii( etihparG )iii( nobrac suohpromA

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rewsnA )i( c etinifed a htiw dilos gnilkraps ,tnerapsnart ,sselruoloc a si dnomaiD .epahs enillatsyr )ii( hsiyerg a si etihparG - .dilos enillatsyrc ynihs ,kcalb )iii( non si tI .dilos llud ,kcalb a si nobrac suohpromA - .enillatsyrc

)d( htiw tcaer dica cirtin detartnecnoc ro dica ciruhplus detartnecnoc toH

.nobrac )i( snoitcaer fo snoitauqe etirW )ii( tahW snoitavresbo eht era )iii( .noitavresbo siht nialpxE .nobrac htiw tcaer ton seod dica cirolhcordyH

rewsnA )i( H2 2 OS )l( 4 C + )s( OC )g( 2 H2 + 2O )l( OS2 + )g( 2

ONH4 ro 3 )l( C + )s( OC 2 )g( H2 + 2 O )l( ON4 + 2 )g( )ii( csevreffe dica ciruhpluS htiw noitcaer fo esac eht nI .llems tnegnup a sah decudorp saG .srucco ecne

hsidder a secudorp dica cirtiN - .nobrac htiw sag nworb )iii( non a htiw tcaer tonnac ti erofereht seitreporp gnisidixo on sah dica cirolhcordyH - .nobrac ekil latem

.edixoid nobrac fo sesu eerht etatS )e( rewsnA

- aC rehsiugnitxe erif a sa desu si edixoid nobr - sknird tfos fo erutcafunam eht ni desu si tI - eci peek ot dna doof ezeerf peed ot desu si tI - .dloc maerc

)a(2Q ot dedda saw dica detartnecnoC .edixoid nobrac tcelloc dna eraperp ot desu saw woleb tnemegnarra ehT ta gnimrof detrats sag eht litnu elbram

.etar elbatius a edixoid nobraC hguort retaW enotsemiL elbram ro

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dica dna

)i( .)suoeuqa( dica cirolhcordyh dna spihc elbram neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )ii( rac rof tset eht si tahW ?edixoid nob )iii( ?dellac evoba noitcelloc sag fo dohtem eht si tahW )vi( .yrd deriuqer saw sag eht fI

.I ?esu uoy dluow noitcelloc sag fo dohtem tahW .II ?sag rof tnega gniyrd elbatius a eb dluow tahW .III .noitcelloc dna gniyrd rof tnemegnarra elbatius a warD .VI dluoc esle tahW .rewsna ruoy nialpxE .erup deriuqer saw sag eht fi gniyrd erofeb dedulcni eb

rewsnA )i( OCaC )s(3 lCH2 + )qa( lCaC )qa(2 OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l( )ii( etatipicerp etihw a secudorp retaw emil htiw sag gnixiM )iii( lpsid drawnwod dellac osla( retaw revo yreviled drawpU )retaw fo tnemeca )vi( )ria fo tnemecalpsid drawpu( ria revo yreviled drawnwoD .I

.edirolhc muiclaC ro dica ciruhplus detartnecnoC .II

.III draobdrac revoc OC )g(2

detartnecnoC dica ciruhpluS

ot retaw hguorht sag elbbuB .VI lCH evomer )g( .semuf

;dna edixoid nobrac neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )b(

)i( noitulos edixordyh muidoS )ii( noitulos edixordyh muiclaC )iii( noitulos etanobrac muidoS )vi( .retaw fo ecneserp ni etanobrac muiclaC

rewsnA )i( HOaN2 )qa( OC + )g(2 aN 2 OC )qa(3 H + 2O )l( )ii( )HO(aC qa(2 ) OC + )g(2 OCaC )s(3 H + 2O )l( )iii( aN 2 OC )qa(3 OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l( OCHaN2 )s(3 )vi( OCaC )s(3 OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l( OCH(aC 3) )qa(2

)c( evoba )vi( dna )i(b ni snoitcaer eht fo hcae ni nees si tahW

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rewsnA )i( nees noitulos raelc A )ii( nees si etatipicerp etihw A )iii( ta demrof noitulos raelc A OCHaN sa retal mrof lliw etatipicerp etihw A .tsrif 3 .elbulos yrev ton si )vi( noitulos raelc a evig ot sraeppasid dilos ehT

)d( .noitavresbo siht nialpxE .der ot sumtil eulb snrut tcudorp eht retaw hguorht delbbub si edixoid nobrac nehW

rewsnA si edixoid nobraC noitulos cidica ylkaew a mrof ot retaw ni sevlossid ti sag cidica na

OC )g(2 H + 2O )l( H2 OC )qa(3 )dica cinobraC(

)e( fo raj sag a otni derewol erew muisengam gninruB .edixoid nobrac

)i( .nialpxE ?ees uoy dluow tahW )ii( .noitcaer eht rof noitauqe na etirW

nA rews )i( b( nobrac ot edixoid nobrac sesopmoced muisengam gninrub fo taeh esnetni ehT .eudiser etihw yerg a dna nobrac fo skceps kcalB dna skceps kcal

)redwop etihw( edixo muisengam ecudorp ot gninrub muisengam eht speek desaeler negyxo ehT .)negyxo )ii( gM )s( OC + )g(2 C )s( OgM + )s(

.ylluf margaid lebaL .renrub nesnub morf emalf suonimul a fo margaid a si woleB )i()f(

ebut renruB ralloC sag .tej epip a tsuj si teJ /BN esaB

eewteb secnereffid owt tsael ta etatS )ii( non a dna suonimul a n - .emalf suonimul rewsnA

)i( .I eltnam sselruoloc tsomlA .II enoz wolley thgirB .III enoz lartneC kraD .VI .enoZ eulB

)ii( emalf suonimuL noN - emalf suonimuL

- emalf ytoos looC - emalf renaelc dna rettoh hcuM - wolley si emalf fo trap egraL - graL na si emalf fo trap e

enoz sselruoloc tsomla - llams yrev si enoz eulB - reggib hcum si enoz eulB

.noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW .ria ni snrub edixonom nobraC )i()a(3

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;noitcaer ehT )ii( C2H2O4 H5. 2 H + O 2 OS 4 OC )cnoc( )g(2 OC + )g( OC+ )g( H6 + 2O( )l

H + 2 OS )qa(4 .I morf detcelloc dna detarapes demrof edixonom nobrac eht si woH

.noitcaer siht .II .edixonom nobrac fo seitreporp owt etatS rewsnA

)i( OC2 )g( O + )g(2 OC2 )g(2 )ii( P .I .retaw revo edixonom nobraC tcelloc dna noitulos edixordyh muidos hguorht stcudorp suoesag eht ssa

elbulos ylthgils ylno dna repap sumtil ot lartuen si edixonom nobraC .II .retaw ni - .suonosiop si edixonom nobraC

)b( p saw Y sag tnemirepxe na nI hcihw retaw emil hguorht dessap neht erew sesaG .edixO )III( norI detaeh revo dessap tcudorp dna laocrahc detaeh revo dessa

.tej a ta emalf eulb a htiw denrub tfel saG .etatipicerp etihw a demrof )i( Y sag yfitnedI )ii( neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe eht etirW

.I Y saG laocrahc dna .II laocrahc htiw noitcaer morf tcudorp dna norI

)iii( .esac hcae ni nees saw tahW .staob nialecrop etarapes ni erew nori dna laocrahc ehT rewsnA

)i( edixoid nobraC si Y saG )ii( .I OC )g(2 C + )s( OC2 )g(

.II eF 2O3 OC3 + )g( eF2 )s( OC + )g(2 )iii( ppasid laocrahc ehT .dilos hsiyerg ynihs a demrof edixO )III(nori nworb eht dna sag demrof ti sa derae

)c( .wollof taht snoitseuq eht rewsna dna ti ydutS .erif ekoc a fo margaid a si woleB yenmihC Z riA Y riA X

)i( na etirW .Z dna Y ,X snoiger eht fo hcae ni noitcaer rof noitauqe )ii( ?Z ta nees si tahW )iii( .moor detalitnev ylroop a ni ”okij“ laocrahc a thgil ot elbasivda ton ti si yhW

rewsnA )i( C )s( O + )g(2 OC )g(2 )X(

OC 2 C + OC )g( )Y( OC2 )g( O + 2 OC2 )g(2 )Z(

)ii( eulb A emalf )iii( .moor detalitnev ylroop a ni htaed ot dael yam dna suonosiop si hcihw edixonom nobrac ecudorp lliw erif a hcuS

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B rebmahC

A rebmahC

noitartliF

OCH aN 3

dna egarotS fo gnikcap

aN 2 OC 3

)d( reppoc dna dael fo sedixo ecuder ot desu eb nac nobraC

)i( noitcaer fo snoitauqe eht etirW )ii( .esac hcae ni nees eb dluow tahW

rewsnA )i( C )s( OuC2 + )s( uC2 )s( OC + )g(2

ObP2 )s( C + )s( bP2 )s( OC + )g(2 )ii( .dilos ynihs nworb der a ot segnahc edixo reppoc kcalb ehT

dna .dilos ynihs yerg a ot segnahc dilos wolley eht

.4 tcafunam rof segats eht fo margaid wolf a si woleB .ssecorp yavloS ni etanobrac muidos gniru enirB

retaw HN 3 C rebmahC

Y tcudorP retaw Z tcudorP HN 4 lC

ot maetS ygrene edivorp

noitcaer rof HN 4 lC reniclaC C W tcudorp OC 2 H + 2O

enotsemiL X tcudorP

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)a( .Z dna Y ,X ,W stcudorp eht etatS )i(

tatS )ii( .ylluf C dna B ,A srebmahc ni sneppah tahw e rewsnA

)i( lCaC = W 2 edixoid nobraC = X , OCHaN fo erutxim = Z ,ainomma = Y 3 HN dna 4 lC

)ii( OCaC ,A nI 3 OC dna OaC ecudorp ot gnitaeh yb desopmoced si 2. HN ecudorp ot OaC htiw stcaer edirolhc muinomma ,B nI 3 CaC dna l2

OCHaN ecudorp ot stnegaer rehto htiw dexim si enirB ,C nI 3 HN dna 4 eht dnuor retaw dloc etalucric ot deen eht ecneh dna decudorp si taeh fo tol A .lC.rebmahc

.noitauqe na gnisu reniclac eht ni sneppah tahw nialpxE )i()b(

moc eht emaN )ii( .delcycer sdnuop rewsnA

)i( .gnitaeh yb desopmoced si etanobracnegordyh muidoS OCHaN2 3 aN 2 OC )s(3 OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l(

)ii( .retaw dna edixoid nobraC ,ainommA

edirolhc muinomma morf noitarapes sti selbane etanobrac negordyh muidoS fo ytreporp tahW )i()c( ? )ii( ?ti dnuor retaw dloc etalucric ot yrassecen ti sekam C rebmahc ni noitcaer fo ytreporp tahW yfitnedI )iii( eerht .ssecorp yavloS eht ni snoitcaer cimrehtodne eerht dna cimrehtoxe

rewsnA )i( ti erofereht ytilibulos wol a sah etanobrac negordyh muidoS .setatipicerp )ii( cimrehtoxe si noitcaeR )iii( snoitcaer cimrehtoxE

HN )g(3 H + 2O )l( HN 4 HO )qa( OaC )s( H + 2O )l( )HO(aC )qa(2 HN2 4 HO )qa( OC + )g(2 HN( 4)2 OC )qa(3 H + 2O )l(

snoitcaeR cimrehtodnE

OCaC )s(3 taeh OaC )s( OC + )g(2

HN2 4 lC )qa( )HO(aC + )qa(2 HN2 )g(3 lCaC + )qa(2 H2 + 2O )l(

OCHaN2 3

taeh aN 2 OC )s(3 OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l(

.C rebmahc ni noitcaer fo noitauqe eht etirW )i( )d( yb detalucric ,stnatcaer eht gniredisnoC )ii( - .stcudorp lanif eht dna stcudorp

.I itauqe llarevo eht etirW .ssecorp yavloS eht ni noitcaer fo no .II .yltcerid enod ton noitcaer eht si yhW

rewsnA HN )i( )g(3 lCaN + )qa( OC + )g(2 H + 2O HN 4 lC )qa( OCHaN + )qa(3

OCaC .I )ii( )s(3 lCaN2 + aN 2 OC 3 lCaC + 2 ac etanobrac muiclaC elbulosnI .II .edirolhC muidoS htiw tcaer tonn

)e( .decudorp saw hsa ados erupmi fo ennot 1 ,stnatcaer rehto htiw dexim tlas fo sennot 05.1 morF

8

)i( .etanobrac muidos ,erup fo ssam eht etaluclac erup %85 si hsa ados eht fI )ii( ot edirolhc muidos fo noisrevnoc egatnecrep eht si tahW .hsa ados )iii( .wol eb yam dleiy yhw nosaer eno eviG

rewsnA )i( ennot 0.1 si hsa ados erupmI

= hsa ados eruP 85 00.1x 001 ennot 85.0 =

)ii( lCaN2 aN 1 = 2 OC 3 .noitauqe tnaveler rehto ro )ii(d ees .e.i

aN 2 OC 3 601 = 84+21+2x32 = 5.85 = 5.53+32 = lCaN

2x5.85( = lCaN2 711 = ) aN fo ssaM 2 OC 3 sennot 5.1 morf detcepxe

= 5.1x601 sennot 711 sennot 63.1 =

sennot 85.0 = dleiy lautca tuB dleiy egatnecrep eroferehT = 85.0 %6.24 = %001 x

63.1

)iii( d emoS .etatipicerp sa sniamer etanobrac negordyh muidoS eht lla toN .sevlossi

.5 .wollof taht snoitseuq eht rewsna dna ti ydutS .elcyc nobraC eht fo eniltuo na si gniwollof ehT dooF A ssecorP gnihtaerB yaced dna E ssecorp yaceD ,gnihtaerB

C ssecorP B ssecorP

D ssecorP taeh dna erusserP slaminA

)a( E dna D , C ,B ,A sessecorp etatS rewsnA

)a( sisehtnysotohp si A

stnalP

slaminA laoc dooW

edixoidnobraCni

erehpsomta dica cinobraC

retaw draH sllehS

X tcudorP

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OC fo noitulossid si B 2 retaw ni gnitaeH si C

rac htiw etanobrac negordyh a mrof ot noitcaer a si D .dica cinob

OCaC )s(3 H + 2O )l( OC + )g(2 OCH(aC 3) )qa(2

.laoc ro doow fo gninrub si E

X tcudorp emaN )i()b( edixoid nobrac secudorp X tcudorp woh nialpxE )ii(

rewsnA )i( elbram ro klahc ,enotsemiL )ii( taeh yb desopmoced si tI

OCaC )s(3 taeH OaC )s( OC + g(2 )

etatS )c( owt .C ssecorp ot detaler si gnihtaerb hcihw ni syaw

rewsnA - OC esaeler dna negyxO esu htoB 2 - .ygrene ecudorp sessecorp htoB

)d( etatS xis laoc ni stnemele

rewsnA .ruhplus dna surohpsohP ,negortin ,negyxO ,negordyh ,nobraC

)e( tcerroc eht esU :ebircsed ot smret )i( ria eht morf edixoid nobrac evomer taht sessecorp owT )ii( .erehpsomta eht otni edixoid nobrac dda taht sessecorp eerhT

rewsnA )i( OC fo noitulossid dna sisehtnysotohP 2 aes eht otni )ii( laoc dna doow fo gninruB

sopmoced ot skcor etanobrac fo gnitaeH e yaced dna gnihtaerB

01

SNOITSEUQ ECITCARP

.1 .X sag fo noitca gnicuder eht yduts ot desu saw woleb tnemegnarra ehT )a edixO II reppoC

edixO II daeL

X saG X sag ssecxE taeh taeh htiw gninrub emalf eulb suordyhnA

noitsubmoC edirolhc muiclaC taob nialecroP retaw emiL

)i( .X sag fo ytitnedi eht si tahW .etatipicerp etihw a demrof ksalf lacinoc ni retaw emiL )ii( ebut noitsubmoc ni edixo hcae no devresbo si tahW )iii( oitauqe etirW ?staob ni sedixo detaeh dna X sag neewteb snoitcaer fo sn )vi( .edirolhc muiclac suordyhna fo esoprup eht si tahW

)v( .noitsubmoc sti rof noitauqe na etirw dna emalf eulb a htiw snrub taht sag rehtona emaN )b( itaeh no snoitavresbo etelpmocni fo drocer a si woleb elbaT .ebut tset a ni setanobrac negordyh dna etanobrac gn

etanobraC noitavresbO

etanobrac muisengaM

etanobrac cniZ

etanobrac daeL etihw smrof sag ,dnuos gnilkcarC wolleY .retawemil htiw etatipicerp

.toh nehw nworb tub eudiser etanobrac reppoC

)i( elbat eht etelpmoC )ii( .setanobrac eerht eht fo hcae no taeh fo tceffe eht rof noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW

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setanobrac negordyh dna setanobrac gnitaeh no deniatbo eudiser no stset fo elbat etelpmocni na si woleb tnemegnarra ehT )c( .

/ etanobraC negordyH

brac etano

ni eudiseR elbicurc

dedda eudiseR dna retaw ot

dna derrits htiw detset

sumtil

etulid gniddA ot dica cirolhcordyH

eudiser

etanobrac muiclaC

eudiser etihW

etanobrac muidoS ecnecsevreffE etanobrac muihtiL

eudiser etihW snrut noituloS

umtil der eulb s ecnecsevreffe oN

negordyh muidoSetanobrac

negordyh muiclaCetanobrac

)i( elbat eht etelpmoC )ii( .etanobrac negordyh ro etanobrac fo hcae rof )yna fi( noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )iii( rof eman nommoc eht si tahW

.I etanobrac muidoS .II anobrac negordyh muidoS et .III etanobrac muiclaC .VI edixo muiclaC

.V noitulos edixordyh muiclaC .IV edixordyh muiclaC

)vi( .tnemegnarra gniwollof eht ni desu saw emalf nepo gnorts a ,etanobrac muiclac fo gnitaeh eht tuo yrrac oT

dor norI enotsemiL taeH )emalf toH( elbicirC eudiseR

?etanobrac muiclac taeh ot emalf nepo gnorts a deen ew od yhW etatS )d( owt fo sesu

)i( etanobrac muidoS )ii( .etanobrac negordyh muidoS

gaM ekaL morf deniatbo si edirolhc muidoS woh gnibircsed egassap a si woleB )2Q( .wollof taht snoitseuq rewsna dna ti ydutS .yellaV tfiR eht ni ida

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aN( anort fo stisoped evissam fo stsisnoc idagaM ekaL 2 OC 3 OCHaN. 3 H2. 2 hgih eht fo tluser a sa demrof sah lairetam dilos sihT .dilos enillatsyrc a )Oiw ssam retaw siht no noitaropave fo etar fo ytisned a htiw etanobrac muidoS dna edirolhc muidoS fo rouqil rehtom a si anort eht woleB .tnetnoc tlas hgih ht

01x62.1 3 mgk -3. wonk ssecorp a ;sdilos devlossid fo noitarapes ni fo esu edam si egdelwonk sihT .tsrif tuo sesillatsyrc tlas elbulos ssel ehT .noitasillatsyrc lanoitcarf sa n

1.63 ta ytilibulos emas eht evah etanobrac muidos dna edirolhc muidoS 0 muidos elihw erutarepmet siht woleb elbulos erom si edirolhc muidos tub C.erutarepmet siht evoba elbulos erom si etanobrac

niatbo fo ssecorp eht gniruD noitaropave laitini erehw sdleif tlas otni depmup neht dna slennahc otni wolf ot edam si rouqil rehtom edirolhc muidos gnierp eht era esehT .srucco ygrene ralos yb - itatipicerP .ytivarg yb rehtona ot dnop eno morf swolf rouqil eht erehw sdnop noitartnecnoc muidos dna anort fo no

.srucco etardyhonom etanobrac il ehT .rouqil rehtom eht fo %61 mrof owt eht dna etanobrac muidos fo taht slauqe tlas nommoc fo noitartnecnoc eht yllautnevE tlas otni depmup si rouq

.srucco noitaropave rehtruf erehw sdnop gnikam iruD 04 sa hgih sa eb nac rouqil siht fo serutarepmet yliad eht raey eht fo shtnom toh gn 0 1.63 woleb yllareneg tub C 0 serutarepmet thgin gniruD .C

02 egareva 0 serutarepmet fo noitairav hgih eht dna etanobrac dna tlas fo ytilibulos ni ecnereffid eht fo esuaceB .C ta tisoped owt eht ,thgin dna yad neewtebs deifirup ehT .noitulos edirolhc muidos detarutas htiw gnihsaw yb deifirup si hcihw deniatbo si tlas erupmI .semit tnereffid ecudorp ot desidoi neht si tla

da yb detaert eb lliw tlas esraoc eht fo emoS .tlas esraoc .elttac rof edixO )II( norI( edixo der gnid ,FaN %30.0 ,lCaN %5.99 sniatnoc tlas esraoC .enidoi %7300.0 dna etanobrac muidos %4.0

)a( 01x62.1 fo ytisned htiw rouqil rehtom fo gk0001 ni retaw fo ssam eht si tahW 3 mgk -3? )b( na anort fo noitatipicerp eht seod tahW erp eht ni etardyhonom etanobrac muidos d - muidos fo noitartnecnoc evitaler eht tuoba uoy llet sdnop noitartnecnoc

?ekal eht ni edirolhc muidos ot derapmoc etanobrac )c( e tlas fo noitartnecnoc nehw rouqil rehtom fo gk0001 ni edirolhc muidos fo ssam eht si tahW ?etanobrac muidos fo noitartnecnoc slauq )d( ?etanobrac muidos ro edirolhc muidos ,yad gnirud detatipicerp si owt eht fo hcihW )e( ;fo alumrof etirW

)i( etardyhonom etanobrac muidoS )ii( etanobrac negordyh muidoS )iii( ediroulf muidoS )vi( enidoI

)f( cum woh tlas esraoc fo gk0001 ekam oT h )i( ?dehgiew eb dluow etanobrac muidos dna ediroulf muidos edirolhc muidoS )ii( ?dehgiew eb dluow enidoI

)g( ?edirolhc muidos fo sesu rehto owt etatS )h( rg eht no nevig elbat eht gnisu erutarepmet tsniaga etanobrac muidos dna edirolhc muidos rof sevruc ytilibulos hctekS ;woleb sdi

( erutarepmeT 0 )C 0 01 02 03 04

etulos fo smarg ni ytilibuloS g001 ni

)i( etanobrac muidoS edirolhc muidoS )ii(

0.7 7.53

5.21 8.53

5.12 0.63

1.04 2.63

84 5.63

yportolla si tahW )i( )a( .3Q

m ekam ot elba si nobrac woh nialpxE )ii( .ssalg no skram hctarcs emit emas eht ta dna repap no skra )b( oleb emehcs noitcaer eht ydutS .)dezinobrac( ria fo ecnesba ni ylgnorts detaeh si laoc nehw deniatbo nobrac fo mrof a si ekoC snoitseuq eht rewsna dna w

.wollof taht

31

O2 taeh , ag Y s

ekoC 0003 aciliS 0C edixonom nobrac + edibrac nociliS

ruhplus 0001 0C lC ,Z diuqiL 2 tsylataC ,

S + M diuqiL sedixO cillateM 2 lC )l(2 0001 0 C – 0051 0 )C

emilkciuq ateM l 0002 0C

CaC 2 OC + )g( H2O C2H2 X diloS +

)i( .X dilos dna M diuqil ,Z diuqil ,Y sag emaN )ii( nocilis fo dnuopmoc yranib a( acilis neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe decnalab a etirW .ekoc dna ) )iii( edirolhcid ruhplusid dna M sdiuqil owt eht etarapes ot esu uoy dluow dohtem tahW )vi( .retaw dna edibrac muiclac neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe decnalab a etirW

)v( ?emilkciuq si tahW )iv( o cillatem htiw noitcaer sti yb detartsulli si nobrac fo ytreporp tahW .sedix )iiv( )ekoc( nobrac htiw noitcaer sti etirw dna edixo cillatem fo elpmaxe tnaveler a esoohC

)c( .etihparg rof eerht dna laocrahc doow fo scitsiretcarahc eerht etirW )i(

eht taht etartsulli uoy dluow woH )ii( owt ?.rehtona eno fo seportolla era

cimotA )a(4 21 dna 6 era nobrac fo ssam cimota evitaler dna rebmun ylevitcepser

)i( nobrac fo erutcurts cimota warD )ii( .margaid cinortcele sti ward dna nobrac fo dnuopmoc dednob yltnelavoc yna emaN

)b( smota eht era woH )i( ?etihparg ni degnarrA )ii( ?dnomaid ni degnarrA )c( ruoy esU .seitreporp lacisyhp rieht fo eerht tsael ta nialpxe ot dnomaid dna etihparg fo erutcurts eht fo egdelwonk )d( ;selucelom enidoi sah slatsyrc enidoi elihw erutcurts tnaig evah htob etihparg dna dnomaiD

tnemetats eht nialpxE )i( t woh wohS )ii( erutcurts ot detaler eb nac seitreporp lacisyhp eh

)e( .elbaT cidoirep ni dnuof nobrac si doirep dna puorg hcihw nI

)a( .5Q ht snoitseuq eht rewsna ot ti esU .eldnac gninrub a fo stcudorp yduts ot desu sutarappa fo tnemegnarra fo margaid a si woleB .wollof ta rekaeb

41

pmup retlif oT sdolc ecI retaw emiL lennut retliF

)i( .ffo si ti nehw dna no si pmup retlif eht nehw semalf eht erapmoC )ii( ?retawemil eht ni devresbo saw tahW )iii( saw tahW U eht ni devresbo - .ebut )vi( ?X tcudorp rof tset eht si tahW

)v( ?evoba )iii( dna )ii( ni noitavresbo ruoy nialpxE )iv( ?xaw eldnac tuoba uoy llet snoitavresbo ruoy od tahW

)b( mc422 3 HC ,enahtem fo 4 mc211 dna 3 C ,enahte fo 2H6 .negyxo ni tnrub erew erutxim

rew semulov llA .p.t.s ta derusaem e )i( snoitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )ii( .snoitidnoc .p.t.s ta sesag fo erutxim eht nrub ot deriuqer negyxo fo emulov eht etaluclaC

mc4.22 si .p.t.s ta sag fo elom1 ,61 = O ,21 = C ,1 = H( 3)

2 RETPAHC

TPECNOC ELOM : itauqe lacimehc dna ealumroF swal sag ,sno

;smelborp devloS

.rettam fo erutan etalucitrap fo smret ni gniwollof eht fo hcae nialpxE )a(1

)i( ,sraeppasid dna sevlossid ti ,ssalg a ni retaw ni derrits si ragus fo lufnoopsaet a nehW )ii( tneve neht dna diuqil a otni stlem ti ,detaeh si eci nehW sag a otni sliob yllau )iii( .netlom si ti sselnu yticirtcele tcudnoc ton seod edimorb daeL )vi( ruoloc elprup eht ,ruoh 1 tuoba rof debrutsidnu tfel dna rekaeb a ni retaw ni tup si etanagnamrep muissatop fo latsyrc a nehW eht tuohguorht sdaerps

.diuqil )v( ,detaeh nehW .seitreporp tnereffid yrev htiw secnatsbus owt secudorp edixo yrucrem )iv( giZ a yalpsid retaw fo ecafrus eht no dednepsus nobrac fo selcitrap llams yreV - .noitom gaz

rewsnA dna meht neewteb ,emoc dna trapa selucelom ragus eht llup selucelom retaw ehT )i( )a(1 .noitulos a mrof ot meht etarapes

.snoitisop dexif ni dleh )selucelom( selcitrap retaw fo pu edam si ecI )ii( f detaeh nehW .secrof evitcartta eht emocrevo ot ygrene hguone evah noos dna ygrene citeniK niag selucelom eht detaeh nehW m ,rehtru ygrene ero

.ylidaets mrof ot snigeb sag neht ,emocrevo yletelpmoc eb lliw diuqil eht ni secrof evitcartta eht litnu debrosba eb lliw tats netlom nI .tcudnoc tonnac ecneh dna snoitisop dexif digir ni dleh era dilos edimorb dael ni selcitrap ehT )iii( evom ot eerf edam era )snoi( selcitrap eht e

.stcudnoc ti dna id yeht detarapes ecnO .ti evlossid ot meht neewteb og dna etanagnamrep muissatop fo selcitrap eht llup selucelom retaW )vi( .diuqil eht nihtiw esuff

51

ixo yrucrem fo selcitraP )v( tnereffid yrev era hcihw seitreporp evah negyxo dna yrucreM .negyxo dna yrucrem fo selcitrap evig ot esopmoced ed pxe ti sa segnahc noitom fo noitcerid stI .evom ot ti gnisuac elcitrap nobrac dednepsus eht tih dna evom selcitrap retaW )iv( d secneire hcae snoisilloc tnereffi

.emit

)b( mc003 si sag fo ssam nevig a fo emulov ehT 3 04 ta 0 .erusserp gHmm 056 dna c )i( erutarepmet emas eht ta erusserp gHmm 0031 ot desaercni si erusserP )ii( .delbuod era erutarepmet etulosba dna erusserp htoB

rewsnA yoB ot gnidroccA )i(b .erutarepmet dexif ta emulov ot lanoitroporp ylesrevni si erusserp ,wal s’el

P 1/V erutarepmet tnatsnoc , tnatsnoc = VP eroferehT

V x0031 = 003x056 = 1 V erehW 1 .gHmm0031 fo erusserp ta .lov = mc051 = emulov eroferehT 3

utarepmeT )ii( 353 = K)372+08( = er 0K

)372+04( = erutarepmet laitini tub 0K 313 = 0K

:wal ’selrahC erusserp tnatsnoc ta erutarepmet ot lanoitroporp si sag a fo emuloV

V e.i erusserp tnatsnoc ta T eroferehT V/T .tnatsnoc =

003 = V2 V erehW 2 08 ta emulov = 0 .c 3 353 31 V2 = 353x003 313 mc3.833 = 3

)iii( mc003 ta degnahcnu niamer lliw emulov ehT 3 eht gnilbuod fo taht ot tceffe etisoppo dna lauqe yltcaxe na sah erutarepmet etulosba eht gnilbuoD .

.erusserp

)c( .noisuffid mret eht enifeD )i( arG etatS )ii( .noisuffid fo wal smah

)iii( mc001 3 .sdnoces 06 ni gulp suorop a hguorht sesuffid negyxo fo .negyxo fo noisuffid fo etar eht etaluclaC )vi( ;negyxo naht esned ssel semit 61 si negordyH

.I .negordyh ro negyxo ,retsaf esuffid lliw eno hcihW .II ekat ti lliw gnol woH .gulp emas eht hguorht esuffid ot negordyh

rewsnA hgih fo eno ot noitartnecnoc wol fo noiger a morf sag a fo gnidaerps ehT )i(.c

.noitartnecnoc lanoitroporp ylesrevni si sag a fo noisuffid fo etar eht taht setats waL s’maharG )ii(

ot emas eht rednu ssam ralucelom evitaler ro ytisned sti fo toor erauqs eht

61

.erusserp dna erutarepmet fo snoitidnoc = noisuffid fo etaR )iii( desuffid sag fo emuloV

nekat emiT = 001 / 06 mc 3 ces/ 1 = 2/3 mc 3 ces/ .negordyH .I )vi(

evitaler esu nac ew setar evitaler fo ecalp ni erofereht emas desuffid emuloV .II H rof emit teL .etar ot esrevni si emit tuB .semit 2 H t eb esuffid ot 2

eroferehT ot 2 = oM 2 = od 2 = 4 = 61 Ht 2 HM 2 Hd 2

Ht erofereht 2 = ot 2 = 06 ces51 = 4 4

?sessam cimota evitaler gninimreted rof desu tnemurtsni eht ot nevig si eman tahW )a(2Q

rewsnA )a( retemortceps ssaM

)b( b ecnalab ehT era mota muisengam a fo ssam eht ecnalab taht smota nobrac fo rebmun ehT .sessam cimota evitaler no aedi na setartsulli wole

.nwohs

gM C C

21=C hcaE

)i( isengam a fo ssam evitaler eht si tahW ?mota mu )ii( ?negordyh fo mota na fo ssam eht si tahW .smota nobrac owt eht ecnalab dluow negordyh fo smota 42

rewsnA 42 = )2x21( = gM fo M.A.R )i( )b(

,h eb mota negordyh a fo ssam eht teL )ii( erofereht )2x21( = h42 ( = h 42 / 42 1 = ) erehT 1 = H fo .M.A.R erof

)c( ssam cimota evitaleR )i( enifeD elom A )ii(

rewsnA si tinu eno erehw elacs a no mota na fo ssam eht si ssam cimota evitaleR )i(c 1/ 21

ht C a fo ssam eht fo - .mota 21

71

ssam evitaler gnisserpxe yb deniatbo ytitnauq a si elom A )ii( .smarg ni

)d( ssam cimota evitaler eht enimreteD :fo - enirolhc taht nevig ,enirolhC )i( – enirolhc dna 53 – 642:457 oitar eht ni tsixe 73

nocilis taht nevig ,nociliS )ii( – nocilis ,82 – nocilis dna 92 – .tnadnuba %1.3 dna %7.4 ,%2.29 era 03 rewsnA

( )d( 0001 = 642+457 = strap oitar latoT )i ( = enirolhc fo .M.A.R 73 x 642 + 53 x 457 ) 0001 )0001/29453( = 5.53 =

smota 001 evah ew taht emussA )ii( ( = nocilis fo .M.A.R 1.3x03+7.4x92+2.29x82 )

001 )001/9.0182( = 1.82 =

)e( ahW ?ssam alumrof evitaler dna ssam ralucelom evitaler ,ssam cimota evitaler smret eht gnoma secnereffid eht era t rewsnA

ot refer llA sessam evitaler era selcitrap emos tub smota ylno era selcitrap emoS .sessam cimota evitaler rieht enimreted ew os pmoc cinoi sdnuo era yeht osfer tseb si ssam evitaler eht dna alumrof oitar a ylno si detneserper elcitrap eht esac siht nI .stinu alumrof yb detneserper emoS .ssam alumrof evitaler sa ot derre

selcitrap selucelom era .selucelom eht rof si ssam evitaler rieht os dna eb lla nac yeht os dna alumrof emos ot gnirrefer era sessam evitaler eht lla revewoH.ssam alumrof evitaler mret eht gnisu yb yletairporppa ot derreffer

)f( ;fo ssam ralucelom evitaler ro ssam alumrof evitaler eht enimreteD )i( lCeF 3 )ii( lCuC 2

)iii( H2O2 vi( ) lA 2 OS( 4)3 )v( aN 2 OC 3 H01 . 2O )iv( eF 2 S( 2O3)3

)72 = lA ,0.32 = aN ,0.1 = H ,5.53 = lC ,36 = uC ,65 = eF( rewsnA

)i( )e( lCeF 3 )3x5.53+65( = )ii( lCuC 2 2x5.53+36 = 5.261 = 431 =

)iii( H2O2 2 x 61+ 2 x 1 = )vi( lA 2 OS( 4) 3 3x )46 + 23( + 2 x 72 = 43 = 243 =

)v( aN 2 OC 3 H01. 2 01x)61+2( + )3 x 61 + 21 + 2 x 32( = O 682 =

)iv( eF 2 S( 2O3)3 3 x )84 + 2 x 23( + 65 = 293 = 3 x 211 + 65 =

;fo selom fo rebmun eht etaluclaC )a(3Q

)i( uhpluS dilos erup sti fo smarg 002 ni r )ii( smarg 0.8 sti ni smota negyxO )iii( sag eht fo smarg 0.61 ni selucelom negyxO )vi( 01x5.1 ni selucelom negyxO 32 ecnatsbus eht fo smota

)v( 01x5.1 ni reppoC 32 .smota sti fo selcitrap

81

01x0.6=L ;36=uC ,61=O ,23=S( 32 lom -1)

nA rews )i( ruhpluS fo eloM = ssaM = 02 elom 526.0 =

ssam evitaleR 23 )ii( negyxO fo eloM ( = 8/ 61 ) elom5.0 = )iii( ( = selucelom negyxo fo eloM )selcitrap fo .on

L x 2 = 01x5.1 32

01x0.6x2 32 = elom521.0

)vi( reppoc fo eloM = ta fo .on smo L

= 01x5.1 32 01x0.6 32 elom52.0 =

;fo selcitrap fo rebmun eht etaluclaC )b( )i( smarg3.2 sti ni smota muidoS )ii( elom 2.0 sti ni smota ruhpluS )iii( .sag eht fo smarg 0.8 ni selucelom negyxO )vi( sag eht fo elom 5.0 ni smota negyxO

)v( 1.0 sti ni smota muisengaM .latem eht fo smarg 2 01x0.6=L( 32 lom -1 )0.42 =gM ,0.23=S ,0.32=aN ,

rewsnA

01x0.6 = aN g32 )i(b 32 smota ( = g3.2 eroferehT 01x0.6x3.2 32 )

32 01x0.6 = 22 muidos fo smota

)ii( L x selom = ruhplus fo smotA 01x0.6x2.0( = 32 )

01x2.1 = 22 mota s selucelom negyxO )iii( = L x smota fo selom

2 ( = 0.8 01x0.6 x ½ x 32 ) 61 01x5.1 = 32 selucelom

L x selom = negyxo fo smotA )vi( 01x0.6x5.0( = 32 ) 01x0.3 = 32 smota

L x smota fo selom = gM fo smota fo .oN )v( (= 21.0 01x0.6 x 32 ) 2 0.4 01x0.3 = 12 muisengam fo smota

91

;fo ssam eht etaluclaC )c(

)i( 01x0.6 32 negyxo fo selucelom )ii( 01x0.6 32 negyxo fo smota )iii( 01x0.6 32 P( surohpsohp fo selucelom 4) )vi( edixoid nobrac fo selom 52.0

)v( edixoid nobrac fo elom 2 01x0.6=L ,13=P ,21=C ,61=O( 32 lom -1)

rewsnA

01x0.6 = elom1 )i(c 32 O( selcitrap 2) 01x0.6 32 smarg )2x61( = selucelom smarg 23 =

01x0.6 )ii( 32 smota fo elom 1 = negyxo fo smota smarg 61 =

P fo seloM )iii( 4 = selucelom selucelom fo .on L ( = 01x0.6 32 1 = ) 01x0.6 32 ssam ,eroferehT g)4x13( =

smarg421 = OC )vi( 2 4 = 2 x 61 + 21 =

ssam evitaler x selom = ssam tuB g11 = )44 x 52.0( = ssam eroferehT OC tuB 2 44 = 2 x 61 + 21 = ssaM )v ssam evitaler x eloM = 4 x 2 = smarg 88 =

)d( fo elbat a si woleB 01x0.6 ,elom 1 fo ssam dna ssam evitaler ,selcitrap 32 .ti ydutS .selcitrap

selcitraP ssam evitaleR elom1 fo ssaM C ,nobraC 0.21 smarg 0.21

aN ,muidoS 0.32 I O ,negyxO 0.61 II O ,negyxO 2 III smarg 0.23

)i( elbat etelpmoC )ii( 1 ni dnuof era selcitrap ynam woH ?ecnatsbus fo elom

rewsnA )i( 23 .III smarg 0.61 .II .smarg 0.32 ,I )ii( 01x0.6 ,L 32 selcitrap

)e( OSeF ,etahplus II norI ,dnuopmoc detardyh eht ni woleb detats tnemele eht fo egatnecrep eht etaluclaC 4 H7. 2O

02

)i( norI )ii( ruhpluS )iii( negyxO

)0.1 = H ,0.61 = O ,0.23 = S ,0.65 = eF( )d(rewsnA

)i( OSeF 4 H7. 2O 7x81+4x61+23+65 = 872 =

nori ,egatnecrep eroferehT = 65 %001 x 872 = %1.02 =

)ii( ruhplus fo egatnecreP = 23 %001 x 872

%5.11 = )iii( negyxO 861 = 61x7+4x61 =

negyxO ,egatnecrep eroferehT = 861 %001 x 872 %4.06 =

(4Q ssam tnatsnoc a o t detaeh si etanobrac muiclac fo g 002 nehw srucco taht ssam ni ssol eht etaluclaC )a

rewsnA )a( OCaC 3 001 = 3x61+21+04 =

OCaC )l(3 taeh OaC )s( OC + )g(2 elom1 elom1 + elom1

OCaC elom 1 tuB 3 g001 = OCaC elom 2 3 g002 = OaC woN = 65 = 61+04 OCaC g002 eroferehT 3 OaC g211 = )2x65( ecudorp lliw

)b( .edixordyh muiclac fo g0.02 htiw yletelpmoc tcaer tsuj lliw taht edirolhc muinomma fo ssam eht etaluclaC )5.53 = lC ,0.41=N ,00.1 = H ,0.61=O ,0.04=aC(

rewsnA )HO(aC )s(2 HN2 + 4 lC HN2 )g(3 C + lCa )qa(2 H2 + 2O )l(

)HO(aC 2 0.47 = 43+04 = 2x)1+61(+04 =

HN 4 5.35 = 5.53+1x4+41 = lC 711:47 = 2x5.35:47 si oitar ssaM ;eroferehT

)HO(aC fo g02 eroferehT 2 ( = 02 x 0.711 ) 47 HN g6.13 = 4 lC

)c( ainomma fo selom eht etaluclac )b( nI .decudorp rewsnA

)HO(aC fo seloM 2 ( = 02 / 47 elom072.0 = ) 2:1 si oitar elom tuB

12

HN fo elom ,eroferehT 3 )2x072.0( = elom45.0 =

)d( .decudorp ssam tnatsnoc a litnu detaeh saw etanobrac negordyh muidos fo smarg 01 )i( noitcaer eht rof noitauqe na etirW )ii( etaluclaC demrof eudiser fo ssam eht )iii( decudorp saw edixoid nobrac fo selom ynam woH

rewsnA )i( noitcaeR

OCHaN2 )s(3 taeh aN 2 OC )s(3 OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l(

)ii( OCHaN 3 3x0.61+0.21+00.1+0.32 = 48 =

aN 2 OC 3 0.84+21+2x0.32 = 601 = si oitar ssam eroferehT 601:2x48 601 : 861 = aN fo ssam eroferehT 2 OC 3 = 601 x 01

861 1 g13.6 =

)iii( 1:2 si oitar eloM

OCHaN elom .e.i( 3 OC : 2) OC elom eroferehT 2 ( x ½ = 01 / 48 )

elom 911.0 =

.selucelom gniwollof eht rof alumrof laciripme eht enimreteD )a(1 )i( C ,esoculG 6H 21 O6 )ii( C ,enehtE 2H4 )iii( H ,retaW 2O )vi( yH H ,edixorep negord 2O2

rewsnA )i( 1:2:1 = 6:21:6 si smota fo oitaR

HC si .F.E 2O )ii( 2:1 = 4:2 si oitaR

HC si F.E eroferehT 2 )iii( 1:2 si oitaR H si .F.E ,eroferehT 2O

)vi( 1:1 = 2:2 si oitaR .OH si F.E ,eroferehT

)b( mrof laciripme eht enimreted ,atad gniwollof eht neviG :esac hcae ni alu

)i( negortin fo g51.14 dna ,negordyh fo ,58.8 sniatnoc dnuopmoC )0.41=N ,00.1 = H(

22

)ii( )0.61=O ;5.36=uC( g805.0 ssam fo eudiser nworb a mrof ot negordyh yb decuder saw g36.0 gnihgiew reppoc fo edixo nA )iii( uinimula %9.25 gnivah dnuopmoc A )0.61=O ,0.72=lA( negyxo %1.74 ,m )vi( negortin fo g1.2 htiw denibmoc muisengam fo g84.6 fo dnuopmoc A

rewsnA )i( H N

ssaM g88.8 g51.14 eloM 58.8 51.14

1 4.1 58.8 49.2

oitaR )58.8( )49.2( 49.2 49.2 = 10.3 00.1

rehT HN si .F.E ,erofe 3

)ii( uC O 636.0 ssaM 805.0 821.0 805.0 - eloM ( 805.0 ) ( 821.0 ) fo g821.0

5.36 61 negyxO 800.0 800.0

oitaR ( 800.0 ) ( 800.0 ) 800.0 800.0 1 1

OuC si .F.E ,eroferehT

)iii( lA O ssaM 9.25 1.74 eloM ( 9.25 / 72 ) ( 1.74 / 61 )

69.1 49.2 oitaR )69.1( )49.2(

69.1 69.1 1 5.1

2 3 si .F.E ,eroferehT lA 2O3

)vi()b( gM N ssaM g53.5 g1.2 eloM ( 33.5 / 42 ) ( 1.2 / 41 )

32

222.0 51.0 oitaR ( .0 222 / 51.0 ) ( 51.0 / 51.0 )

84.1 1 69.2 2

.xorppA 3 2 )rebmun elohw tseraen(

gM si .F.E ,eroferehT 3 N2

)c( aN ,alumrof a evah tlas a fo slatsyrc detardyH 2 OS 4 Hp. 2 fo g17.0 dna ssenyrd ot detaeh erew slatsyrc fo g16.1 .rebmun elohw a si p erehw OniF .decudorp tlas suordyhna .p fo eulav eht d

)0.61 = O , 0.23 = S , 0.32 = aN( rewsnA

aN 2 OS 4 64 = 4x61+23+2x32 = + 23 46 241 H2 61 + 2x1 = O tsol noitasillatsyrc fo retaw fo ssaM ;81 = 16.1

17.0 – .tsol noitasillatsyrc fo retaw fo g09.0

aN 2 OS 4 H2O

ssaM 17.0 09.0 eloM ( 17.0 ) ( )09.0

241 81 500.0 50.0

oitaR ( 500.0 ) ( 50.0 05 = ) 500.0 500.0

1 01 alumroF aN 2 OS 4 H01. 2 01 = p , O

.35 dna negordyh %76.6 ,nobrac %04 sniatnoc dnuopmoc elitalov A )a(5Q .negyxo %3

)i( laciripme eht enimreteD .ealumrof )ii( .alumrof ralucelom sti enimreteD .06 fo ssam ralucelom evitaler a sah ti fI

)0.1=H ,0.61=O ,0.21=C(

rewsnA )i( C H O

ssaM 04 76.6 3.35 eloM ( 04 / 21 ) ( 76.6 /1) ( 3.35 / 61 )

33.3 76.6 33.3 oitaR 1 2 1

rehT si F.E erofe HC 2O

42

)ii( HC 2O 03 = 61+1x2+21 =

HC( 2 )O n 06 = eroferehT n03 06 =

n ( = 06 / 03 2 = ) si F.M eroferehT C2H4O2

)b( brac fo g04.4 ecudorp ot negyxo ni tnrub saw g00.3 gnihgiew negyxo dna negordyh ,nobrac fo dnuopmoc a fo elpmas A fo g08.1 dna edixoid no

C alumrof eht ni z dna y ,x fo seulav eht enimreteD .retaw xHyOZ )0.61=O ,00.1=H ,0.21=C(

rewsnA OC )b( 2 44 = 2x61+21 =

( =C fo ssaM 21 / 44 g02.1 = )04.4 x H2 81 = 61+2x1 = O

( = negordyh fo ssaM 2/ 81 g2.0 = )08.1 x ssam latoT )2.0+02.1( = negordyh dna nobrac fo

g04.1 = 00.3( = dnuopmoc morf negyxo fo ssam eroferehT – )04.1

g06.1 =

C H O

ssaM 02.1 2.0 06.1 eloM ( 02.1 / 21 ) ( 2.0 /1) ( 06.1 / 61 )

1.0 2.0 1.0 oitaR 1 2 1

,1=x eroferehT ,2=y i selpitlum rieht ro ,1=z oitar emas eht n

)c( tartnecnoc htiw nit gnitcaer tsrif yb deraperp si edixo nit tub ria ni latem gnitaeh yb deraperp ylpmis era sedixo latem ynaM eceip A .dica cirtin de

on litnu spord ni dedda dica cirtiN .cnoc neht dna ebut tset a ni dehgiew si liof nit fo litnu yawa deliob yltneg neht si diuqil ehT .tfel si nit erom.revo si sag nworb fo noitulove

stluseR

edixo nit dna ebut fo ssaM g71.82 = nit dna ebut fo ssaM g36.72 =

ebut tset ytpme fo ssaM g26.52 =

)i( ?desu nit fo ssam eht si tahW )ii( od negyxo fo ssam tahW ?htiw enibmoc ti se )iii( .edixo fo alumrof ecneh dna nit fo .g911 htiw senibmoc taht negyxo fo ssam enimreteD )vi( edixo nit fo eman cificeps etirW 0.61=O ,911 = nS( )

rewsnA )i( nit fo ssaM 36.72 =

52

26.52 10.2 g

)ii( negyxO fo ssaM 71.82 = 36.72 negyxo fo g45.0

)iii( .g10.2 nit fo g45.0 = nit fo g911 ;eroferehT ( = 45.0 / 10.2 g)911 x

g0.23 = negyxo fo selom 2 htiw senibmoc nit fo elom1 OnS si edixo fo alumrof eroferehT 2

)vi( edixO )VI( niT

)d( a ni gnitaeh yb decuder neht dna taob nialecrop a ni dehgiew saw dael fo edixo nA negordyh htiw looc ot dewolla saw taob ehT .negordyh fo maertser saw tI .dehgiew saw ti neht dna ti revo gnissap llits - er dna delooc ,negordyh ni detaeh - dna taob rof deniatta saw ssam tnatsnoc a litnu dehgiew

.dael

stluseR taob fo ssaM g2.01 =

b fo ssaM dael + tao g73.71 = dael + taob fo ssam laniF g14.61 =

)61=O ,702 = bP(

)i( .negordyh rof tnega gniyrd a emaN )ii( ?ti revo gnissap llits negordyh htiw delooc taob ehT )i( eht saw yhW

deniatta saw ssam tnatsnoc litnu detaeper tnemirepxe ehT )ii( )iii( el fo ssam tahW tnemirepxe siht ni demrof saw da )vi( elpmas edixo eht ni dael eht htiw denibmoc saw negyxo fo ssam tahW

)v( .ti eman dna smota dael fo elom 1 htiw denibmoc negyxo fo ssam eht etaluclaC )iv( .sag negordyh dna edixo dael neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW

rewsnA )i( lCaC 2 o H .cnoC .r 2 OS 4. )ii( .dael toh morf yawa tpek si negyxo erusne oT .I

noitcaer etelpmoc erusne oT .II )iii( dael fo ssaM 14.61 = -

02.01 g12.6

)vi( negyxo fo ssaM 73.71 = 14.61

g69.0

62

)v( bP fo g12.6 negyxo fo g69.0 =

dael fo g702 = )702 x 69.0( 12.6 g0.23 =

negyxO eloM = 23 selom2 = 61

)g702( dael fo elom 1 htiw denibmoC ObP = alumroF 2 .edixO )VI( daeL = emaN ,

)iv( ObP 2 H2 + )g(2 bP )s( H2 + 2O )l(

)e( .elpmas edixo dael rehtona fo g64.4 morf deniatbo saw dael fo g 41.4 tnemirepxe rehtona nI )i( C .edixo siht ni smota dael fo elom 1 htiw denibmoc negyxo fo selom fo rebmun eht etalucla )ii( edixo fo eman dna alumrof eviG

)61 = O ,702 = bP( rewsnA

)i( = dael fo ssaM g41.4 =negyxo fo ssaM 64.4

41.4 g23.0

dael fo elom 1 htiw gninibmoc negyxo fo ssaM = )702 x 23.0( 41.4 g61 =

)ii( g61 ( = 61 / 61 negyxo fo elom ) ObP = alumroF

edixO II daeL = emaN

)f( .gniwollof eht fo hcae fo ssam eht etaluclaC )i( smota enirolhc fo elom42.0 )ii( selucelom enirolhc fo elom 21.0 )iii( norI fo elom52.0 )vi( muisengam fo selom 2

)v( n fo elom 1.0 negorti )0.41 = N ,0.42 = gM ,0.65 = eF ,5.53 = lC(

rewsnA

)i( )5.53x42.0( = enirolhc fo smota fo elom 42.0 fo ssaM g25.8 =

72

)ii( lC = enirolhC 2 selucelom 17 = )2x5.53( =

)17x21.0( = elom 21.0 fo ssaM g25.8 =

)iii( norI fo ssaM g)65x52.0( = 1 = g4

)vi( )2x42( = muisengam fo selom 2 fo ssaM g82 =

)v( N = negortiN 2 selucelom )2x41( = g82 =

g)82x1.0( = negortin fo elom1.0 g8.2 =

sned ehT .erutcurts cibuc a ni mrof dilos eht ni degnarra era reppoc fo smota ehT)a( .6Q mc/g8 si reppoc fo yti 3 si mota hcae fo retemaid eht dna 01x2 - 01 )0.46 = uC( .m

)i( reppoc fo elom 1 fo emulov dniF )ii( 01x13.4 fo htdiw a gnivah a dna smota 6 gniniatnoc hcae sllec cibuc tinu fo pu edam si erutcurts ehT - 01 reppoc fo elom 1 lliw smota ynam woH .m

h .eva rewsnA

)i( g8 = mc1 3 g46 = (1/8 mc)46x 3

= mc8 3 )ii( llec tinu fo emuloV = 01x23.4( -8)3 mc 3

= 01x10.8 - 32 mc 3 fo emulov ni sllec tinu fo rebmuN elom1 = ( 0.8 / 01x10.8

- 32 ) 01x00.1 = 32 sllec elom 1 ni smota fo rebmuN 01x00.1x6 = 32 01x0.6 = 32 smota

)b( ffid ehT mc05 .deiduts erew edixoid ruhplus dna ,X sag ,negyxo ,sesag eerht fo noisu 3 .sdnoces 03 ni eloh a hguorht esuffid ot dnuof saw negyxO fo.sdnoces 5.7 koot X sag fo emulov emas ehT

)i( X sag fo M.M.R eht etaluclaC )ii( negyxO fo noisuffid fo etar eht etaluclaC )iii( woH mc001 ekat ti lliw gnol 3 .eloh emas eht hguorht esuffid ot edixoid ruhplus fo

)0.61 = O ,0.23= s( )vi( ?edam uoy evah snoitpmussa tahW

rewsnA )i( waL s’maharG ot gnidroccA

rd O( 2) = xM snoitidnoc emas eht rednu rd )x( OM 2 erutarepmet fo sserp & .eru

82

desuffid semulov lauqe roF 0(dr z) = xM = xt )x(dr oM 2 = ot 2 = erehW r oM dna xM ,noisuffid fo etar = d 2 O dna X rof sessam evitaler era 2 t ylevitcepser x ot dna 2 negyxO dna X rof snoisuffid rof nekat semit era

.ylevitcepser O .tuB 2 2 x 61 = 23 =

eroferehT xM = 5.7 23 03

eroferehT xM = 5.7 2 Mx = 5.7 2 23 x 23 03 03 2 2 =

)ii( o( dr ,negyxo fo noisuffid fo etaR 2 ) = 05 / 03 1 = 2/3 mc 3 .ces/

)iii( rdO2 = M os 2 oM/ 2 OS tuB 2 46 = 2x61 +23 = r

d OS( 2 ) 12/3 / 001 ost/ 2 = 46 / 23 5/3 ost x 2/ 001 2 = 5 ost ecneh 2 = 001 x

3 x 2 ces 8.48 = 5

)vi( fo snoitidnoc rehto dna erutarepmet ehT .emas eht deniamer noisuffid

ytiralom mret eht enifeD )a(7Q

rewsnA md1 ni seloM 3 mc0001( 3 noitulos fo )noitulos fo

.gniwollof eht fo hcae fo noitartnecnoc ralom eht etaluclaC )b(

)i( mc052 ni HoaN fo g0.4 fo noituloS 3 noitulos )ii( yh fo elom1.0 gnivah noituloS mc005 ni dica cirolhcord 3 noitulos fo )iii( mc052 ni edixordyh muidos fo g00.2 gnivah yb deraperp noituloS 3 )vi( mc005 ni edirolhc muidos fo g58.5 gnivah noituloS 3 )5.53 = lC ,00.1 = H ,0.61 = O ,0.32 = aN( rewsnA

)i( 04 = 1+61+32 = HOaN ( = HOaN eloM 0.4 / 04 ) 0 = mc052 ni elom1. 3

ytiraloM ( = 1.0 / 052 )0001 x M4.0 =

)ii( lCH fo ytiraloM ( = 1.0 / 005 )0001 x M2.0 =

)iii( 04 = 61+1+32 = HOaN ( = HOaN eloM 2/ 04 mc 052 ni elom 50.0 = ) 3

ytiraloM ( = 50.0 / 052 )0001 x M2.0 =

)vi( 5.85 = 5.53+32 = lCaN ( = lCaN eloM 58.5 / 5.85 ) CaN elom1.0 = mc005 ni l 3

ytiraloM ( = 1.0 / 005 )0001 x

92

M2.0 = )c( ;fo ssam tahW

)i( mc002 ni si edixordyh muidoS 3 noitulos M2 sti fo )ii( mc002 ni muidoS 3 noitulos edixordyh muidoS raloM2 fo )iii( mc0.52 ni snoi edirolhC 3 .noitulos edirolhc muiclac raloM2 fo )vi( mc0002 ni snoi edirolhC 3 fo .noitulos edirolhc muiclaC raloM2

)5.53 = lC ,00.1 = H ,0.61 = O ,0.32 = aN ,0.04 = aC(

rewsnA )i( HOaN = 04 = )00.1+0.61+0.32(

elom2 = mc0001 ni g08 = 04x2 3 mc002 3 = ( 08 / 0001 )002 x

= g0.61 )ii( HOaN fo ssaM = )evoba( g0.61

M aN fo ssa = ( 32 / 04 x )0.61 = g2.9

)iii( lCaC 2 = )2x5.53+04( = 0.04 0.17

0.111 lCaC fo ssaM 2 = (2/ 0001 x 111 x )0.52

= g55.5 snoi edirolhc fo ssaM ( = /17

111 )55.5 x = g55.3 )vi( lCaC fo ssaM 2 = (2/ 0001 g444 = 111 x )0002 x

snoi edirolhc fo ssaM ( = 17 / 111 g482 = )444 x

)d( mc002 ni ereht era snoi edirolhc ynam woH 3 mdlom2.0 fo -3 01x0.6 = L ( noitulos edirolhc muisengam fo 32 lom -1)

rewsnA lCgM fo eloM 2 = ( 2.0 / 0001 )002 x

= elom40.0 lCgM yreve tuB 2 lC owt sah - snoi

lC fo eloM - = )2x40.0( = elom 80.0

snoi lC fo - = 01x0.6x80.0( 32 ) = 01x8.4 22 snoi

)e( mc002 fo noitulos a otni edam saw lCaN fo g58.5 3 .noitulos siht ni snoi muidos fo rebmun eht etaluclaC .retaw ni 02 x 0.6 = L 5.53 = lC ,0.32 = aN( 32 lom -1)

rewsnA

5.85 = 5.53+32 = lCaN ( = lCaN eloM 58.5 /5 5.8 mc002 ni elom 1.0 = ) 3

+aN eno si ereht lCaN 1 ni tuB ;ecneH +aN eloM lCaN fo elom =

03

+aN fo .oN 01x0.6x1.0( = 32 ) 01x0.6 = 22 snoi

smret gniwollof eht enifeD )a( .8Q )i( noitulos dradnatS )ii( ssam raloM )iii( noitulos ralom A

rewsnA )i( hw eno si noitulos dradnats A .yletarucca nwonk si noitartnecnoc eso )ii( smarg ni ecnatsbus a fo elom 1 fo ssam eht si ssam raloM )iii( mc 0001 ni elom 1 sniatnoc hcihw eno si noitulos ralom A 3 md1( 3)

.snoitulos gniwollof eht fo ytiralom eht etaluclaC )b(

)i( mc002 ni HOaN fo g0.2 3 noitulos fo )ii( 58.5 mc005 ni edirolhc muidos fo g 3 noitulos )iii( mc0001 ni edixordyh muidos fo g0.8 3 noitulos

)5.53 = 1( ,)00.1 = H ,0.61 = O ,0.32 = aN( rewsnA

)i( 04 = )1+61+32( = HOaN ( = HOaN eloM 2/ 04 elom50.0 = )

ytiraloM = ( 50.0 / 002 mc)0001 x 3 = M52.0

)ii( lCaN = )5.53+32( 5.85 = = lCaN ytiraloM 58.5 / 5.85 x 0001 / 005

m2.0 = )iii( 04 = 1+61+32 = HOaN

( = HOaN fo ytiraloM 8/ 04 ) M2.0 =

md/selom ni noitartnecnoc eht etaluclaC )c( 3 dica ciruhplus fo snoitulos gniwollof eht fo )ytiralom(

)i( mc0.05 ni elom1.0 3 noitulos fo )ii( mc052 ni elom 02.0 3 noitulos fo )iii( mc 052 ni elom 03.0 3 noitulos fo

rewsnA )i( ( = ytiraloM 1.0 / 05 M0.2 = )0001 x )ii( ( = ytiraloM 2.0 / 052 M8.0 = )0001 x )iii( md/eloM 3 ( = 3.0 / 052 M2.1 = )0001 x

)d( ;fo selom fo rebmun eht etaluclaC

)i( mc0.02 nevig HOaN 3 noitulos M0.1 sti fo )ii( 0.52 nevig dica ciruhpluS mc 3 noitulos M0.2 sti fo )iii( mc005 nevig dica cirolhcordyH 3 .noitulos M5.1 sti fo )vi( mc0051 nevig dica ciruhpluS 3 noitulos M0.2 sti fo

rewsnA )i( ( = HOaN seloM 00.1 / 0001 )0.02 x eloM20.0 =

13

)ii( seloM H2 OS 4 ( = 2/ 0001 )005 x selom57.0 = )iii( seloM lCH ( = 5.1 / 0001 )005 x om57.0 = sel )vi( eloM H2 OS 4 ( = 2/ 0001 selom 0.3 = )0051 x

;fi emulov sag raloM eht etaluclaC )a( .9Q )i( mc0.182 seipucco enirolhc fo g98.0 3 )p.t.s( erusserp dna erutarepmet dradnats ta )ii( mc024 seipucco negortin fo g525.0 3 )p.t.s( erusserp dna erutarepmet dradnats ta )0.41 = N ,5.53 = lC( )iii( ?edulcnoc uoy dluow tahw )ii( dna )i( ni stluser ruoy morF

rewsnA )i( lC 2 17 = )2x5.53( =

lC eloM 2 ( = 98.0 / 17 45210.0 = ) ( = elom1 fO .lov eroferehT 0.182 / 45210.0 x 1 x 1/ 0001 )

md4.22 = 3 )ii( N2 82 = )2x41( =

fo elom1 N2 ( = 024 x 02 x 1 md ) 3

md4.22 = 0001 525.0 3 )iii( .tnatsnoc a si snoitidnoc emas rednu sag yna fo emulov sag ralom ehT

)b( mc009 .negyxo dna etirtin muidos mrof ot gnitaeh no sesopmoced etartin muidoS 3 72 ta demrof saw sag fo 0 .gHmm077 dna C

)i( rW noitcaer rof noitauqe decnalab a eti )ii( 372 = p.t.s( p.t.s ta decudorp sag fo emulov etaluclaC 0 )gHmm067 ,K )iii( = p.t.s ta emulov saG raloM( sag fo emulov siht ecudorp ot desopmoced neeb evah tsum etartin muidos fo ssam tahW md4.22 3)

= N ,0.32 = aN( )0.61 = O ,0.41 rewsnA

)i( ONaN2 )s(3 ONaN2 )s(2 O + )g(2 )ii( P1V1 = P2V2

T1 T2 P erehW 1V1 T dna 1 p.t.s ot refer P dna snoitidnoC 2 V ,gHmm077 = 2 mc009 = 3 T dna 2 372( = 0 72 + 0 K) V1 = P2V2 x T1

T2 P1 = )372 x 009 x 077( 067x003 mc8.928 = 3

)iii( 1 : 2 si oitar elom evoba )i( ni noitauqe morF O fo elom tuB 2 = )8.928(

00422 ONaN fo eloM 3 2 x 730.0 = 470.0 = ONaN tuB 3 )3x61+41+32( = 58 =

23

ssaM oNaN 3 58x470.0 = g03.6 =

)c( )i( .sisehtopyh s’ordagovA etatS )ii( mc0.01 3 mc0.03 deriuqer negordyh dna nobrac ylno gniniatnoc sag a fo 3 mc0.02 .noitsubmoc etelpmoc rof negyxo fo 3 .demrof erew edixoid nobrac fo

.dnuopmoc nobracordyh fo alumrof eht enimreteD .erusserp dna erutarepmet emas eht ta derusaem erew semulov llA rewsnA

)i( selcitrap fo rebmun emas eht niatnoc erusserp dna erutarepmet fo snoitidnoc emas eht rednu sesag fo semulov lauqE )ii( eb dnuopmoc nobracordyh fo alumrof teL CxHy

C ecneH xHy + x( + y/4 O ) 2 OCx )g(2 + y/2 H2O )l( mc01 3 mc03 3 mc02 3

2:3:1 si oitar emuloV

m dnA +x( :1 si oitar elo y/4 x : ) 2 = x +x dna y/4 3 =

+2 ecneh dnA y/4 3 = y/4 1 = y 4 =

)d( mc0002 nehw demrof eb lliw edixoid nobrac fo ssam tahW 3 = V.G.M( ?negyxo ni tnrub yletelpmoc si p.t.s ta derusaem edixonom nobrac fomd4.22 3 21 = C , )0.61 = O ,0.

rewsnA ;noitcaer fo noitauqE

OC2 )g( O + )g(2 OC2 )g(2

.erusserp dna erutarepmet fo snoitidnoc emas rednu oitar emulov ro oitar eloM

2:2 = 1:1 = OC : OC( 2)

mc0002 = demrof edixoid nobrac fo emuloV 3 elom fo .oN ( = 0002 / 00422 ) 3980.0 =

OC tuB 2 )ssam evitaler x selom( 44 = 2x61+21 = OC ssaM 2 44x3980.0 =

g39.3 = e( )i( ) yaG etatS - waL s’cassuL

)ii( .ria ni negordyh fo gninrub eht rof noitauqe etirW )iii( mer eht fo seman dna semulov etats ,p.t.s ta derusaem era semulov lla fI mc001 nehw sesag gninia 3 mc052 htiw dedolpxe era negordyh fo 3 .negyxo fo

rewsnA

)i( .stcudorp dna stnatcaer gnoma s’oitar elpmis raeb taht semulov ni tcaer sesaG )ii( H2 )g(2 O + )g(2 H2 2O )l(

33

sesag fo oitar emuloV oitar elom = 1:2 =

mc001 3 seriuqer negordyh fo mc05 ylno 3 negyxo fo 052( = detcaernu negyxo fo emuloV - mc)05 3

mc002 = 3 K372 ta etats dilos ni tsixe lliw retaW

)f( etaeh saw dilos eht fo g5.2 fI .gnitaeh gnorts ot detcejbus erew ytirupmi treni na fo %01 gniniatnoc etanobrac muiclac erupmI taluclac ;d e

)i( eudiser dilos fo ssaM )ii( eb dluow taht sag fo emulov dna ssaM p.t.s ta devlove

md4.22 = p.t.s ta V.G.M( 3 )0.61 = O ,0.21 = C ,0.04 = aC( ) rewsnA

)i( OCaC erup fo ssaM 3 g52.2 = g)5.2 fo %09( = )i noitauqE

OCaC 3 OC + OaC )g(2 oitar eloM 1 : : 1 1

OCaC 3 001 = 84+21+04 = OCaC eloM 3 ( = 52.2 )1:1 si oitar elom( .OaC elom = 5220.0 = )

001 65 = 61+04 = OaC tuB

OaC fo ssaM 65 x 5220.0 =

g62.1 = = eudiser dilos fo ssam latoT 01 62.1 + 5.2 x

001 g15.1 = i OC fo eloM )i 2 5220.0 = )1:1 = oitar(

OC tuB 2 44 = 2x61+21 = OC fo ssaM 2 44 x 5220.0 =

g99.0 = OC fO .loV 2 p.t.s ta

md4.22 x 5220.0 = 3 )ssam evitaler x selom ( md405.0 = 3 )V.G.M x seloM(

mc0.05 .01Q 3 s M5.0 a fo snoitrop o ssam ehT .etanobrac elbulos a fo noitulos M5.0 fo snoitulos xis fo selpmas etarapes ot dedda erew etartin muirab fo noitulo f.esac hcae ni dedrocer dna denimreted saw esac hcae ni demrof etatipicerp

fo emuloV

noitulos etanobrac

43

mc( dedda 3) M etatipicerp fo ssa

)g(

)a( ?dedda si etanobrac erom nehw neve noitatipicerp erom on ereht saw yhW

rewsnA .etelpmoc saw noitcaer ehT

)b( ?etartin muirab eht lla etatipicerp ot tneiciffus tsuj erew etanobrac eht fo selom ynam woH

rewsnA if saw noitcaeR mc0,05 nehw etelpmoc tsr 3 dedda saw etanobrac

= )05x5.0( 0001 elom520.0 =

)c( mc001/g3.5 eb ot dnuof saw noitulos etanobrac eht fo noitartnecnoc ehT 3 etanobrac fo elom1 fo ssam eht dniF . rewsnA

mc001 ni g3.5 3 mc0001 3 x3.5( = 0001 g35 = )

001 35 elom5.0 = g

g601 = g)2x35( = elom1

)d( Y ,alumrof eht sah etanobrac latem ehT 2 OC 3 .lobmys tnemele eurt eht ton si Y erehw eht si tahW puorG )i(

?Y fo ssam cimota evitaleR )ii( )61 = O ,0.21 = C(

rewsnA )i( ( si Y fo ycnelaV 2/2 i etanobrac eht dna 1 = ) I puorg ni si Y .elbulos s )ii( Y2 OC 3 601 =

3x61+21+y2 = y fo M.A.R eht si y erehW y2 601( = - )06 64 = y 32 =

)e( .y rof lobmys tcerroc eht gnisu etanobrac muirab fo noitatipicerp eht rof noitauqe decnalab a etirW

rewsnA aN 2 OC )qa(3 ON(aB + 3) )qa(2 OCaB )s(3 + ONaN2 )qa(3

etartsulli ot noitauqe cinoi etirW .11Q

)i( dael fo etanobrac a fo noitatipicerP )ii( .dica etulid a dna tlas etanobrac fo noitulos a neewteb noitcaeR )iii( dica etulid a dna etanobrac dilos a neewteb noitcaeR )vi( dael fo edidoi na fo noitatipicerP

53

)v( noitatipicerP revlis fo edirolhc a fo )iv( .edixordyh III norI fo noitatipicerP )iiv( dica etulid dna etihplus muidos neewteb noitcaeR )iiiv( muirab fo etahplus a fo noitatipicerP

)xi( dica etulid a dna etanobrac negordyh a neewteb noitcaeR )x( cniz ,latem eht dna dica etulid a neewteb noitcaeR )ix( R .tlas revlis fo noitulos a dna dael neewteb noitcae )iix( noitasilartueN )iiix( enimorb dna noitulos enilakla etulid neewteb noitcaeR )vix( edixordyh ciretohpma dna noitulos edixordyh muidos etulid neewteb noitcaeR

)vx( noitulos tlas edimorb a dna enirolhC

rewsnA )i( bP +2

)qa( OC + 32-

)qa( OCbP 3 )ii( H2 +

)qa( OC + 32-

)qa( H2O )l( OC + )g(2 )iii( OC 3

2-)s( H2 + +

)qa( H2O )l( OC + )g(2 )vi( bP +2

)qa( I2 + -)qa( IbP )s(2

)v( gA +)qa( lC + -

)qa( lCgA )s( )iv( aB +2

)qa( OS + 42-

)qa( OSaB )s(4 )iiv( eF +3

)qa( HO3 + -)qa( )HO(eF )s(3

)iiiv( OS 32-

)qa( H2 + +)qa( OS )g(2 H + 2O )l(

)xi( OCH 3-( )qa H + +

)qa( H2O )l( OC + )g(2 )x( nZ )s( H2 + +

)qa( H )g(2 nZ + +2)qa(

)ix( gA2 +)qa( bP + )s( gA )s( bP + +2

)qa( )iix( H+

)qa(+ HO + -

)qa( H2O )l( )iiix( rB )g(2 HO2 + -

)qa( rBO -+ )qa( H2O )l( rB + -

)qa( )vix( HO2 -

)qa( )HO(bP + )s(2 )HO(bP 4-

)qa( )vx( lC )g(2 rB2 + -

)qa( lC2 -)qa( rB + )g(2

)b( i( ni )a( ni nevig snoitcaer eht fo hcae nI - .noitauqe lacimehc lluf eht etirw ot uoy elbane ot selpmaxe etairporppa evig ,)vx

:rewsnA )i( aN 2 3OC )qa( ON(bP + 3) )qa(2 OCbP )s(3 ONaN2 + )qa(3 )ii( HN( 4)2 OC )qa(3 lCH2 + )qa( HN2 4 lC )qa( OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l( )iii( OCbP )s(3 ONH2 + 3 )qa( ON(bP 3) )qa(2 OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l( )vi( ON(bP 3) )qa(2 IK2 + )qa( IbP )s(2 ONK2 + )qa(3

)v( ONgA )qa(3 lCaN + )qa( ONaN )qa(3 lCgA + )s( )iv( lCaB )qa(2 K + 2 OS )qa(4 OSaB )s(4 lCK2 + )qa( )iiv( lCeF )qa(3 HOaN3 + )qa( )HO(eF )s(3 lCaN3 + )qa( )iiiv( aN 2 OS )qa(3 lCH2 + )qa( lCaN2 )qa( H + 2O )l( OS + )g(2

)xi( OCHaN )s(3 lCH + )qa( lCaN )qa( OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l(

63

)x( nZ )s( H + 2 OS )qa(4 OSnZ )qa(4 H + 2O )l( )ix( bP )s( ONgA2 + )qa(3 gA2 )s( ON(bP + 3) )qa(2 )iix( HOaN2 )qa( H + 2 OS )qa(4 aN 2 OS )qa(4 H + 2O )l( )iiix( rB )g(2 HOaN2 + )qa( rBOaN )qa( rBaN + )qa( H + 2O )l( )vix( HOaN )qa( + )HO(lA )s(3 )HO(lAaN )qa(4

)vx( lC )g(2 + rBaN2 )qa( rB )g(2 lCaN2 + )qa(

)c( eht enimreted ot elba eb ot redro ni redwop cniZ erup fo g723.0 htiw detcaer saw noitulos etahplus reppoc fo ssecxe thgils A noitcaer fo oitaros nworb der A .cniZ dna snoi reppoc neewteb ot demraw neht dna enoteca yllanif dna retaw htiw dehsaw ,deretlif saw dilos ehT .demrof saw dil

.hgiew dna yrd )i( ?dilos nworb der eht saw tahW )ii( ? )4.56 = nZ( latem fo g723.0 ni era cniZ fo selom ynam woH )iii( ?desu noitulos etahplus reppoc fo ssecxe na saw yhW )vi( hT )5.36 = uC( demrof reppoc fo selom eht etaluclaC .g5713.0 saw deniatbo dilos nworb der eht fo ssam e

)v( .rewsna ruoy nialpxE ?cniZ fo noi eht no egrahc ehT )iv( .noitulos etahplus reppoc dna latem cniZ neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe cinoi etirW

rewsnA )i( reppoC )ii( fo eloM cniZ = )723.0( elom 500.0 =

4.56 )iii( cniZ fo noitcaer etelpmoc erusne oT )vi( ( = reppoc fo eloM 5713.0 / 5.36 elom 500.0 = )

)v( 2+ = cniZ fo noi no egrahC i derrefsnart snortcele fo rebmun ehT .demrof snoi cniZ fo elom fo .on = decalpsid snoi reppoc fo elom fo .oN tsum noi hcae seilpmi siht dna emas eht s

1:1 si selom fo oitar eht ecnis egrahc emas eht evah )iv( nZ )s( uC + +2

)qa( uC )s( nZ + +2.)qa(

.edixoid nobrac fo emulov sag ralom eht yduts ot tnemirepxe na fo pu tes a si woleb margaid ehT .21Q

notsiP edixoid nobraC ebut gnilioB ebut noitingI dica ciruhpluS etanobrac muidoS

ut gniliob a ni ,ssecxe ni ,dica ni tup neht dna ebut noitingi ni dehgiew saw etanobrac muidos suordyhna fo g35.0 fo elpmas A kroc neht saw hcihw eb ylthgit deaer eht sa snoitidnoc erutarepmet moor eht ta deton saw demrof edixoid nobrac fo emuloV .egnirys detaudarg a ot detcennoc dna ebut gniliob nehw derrucco noitc

.devlove sag dna detlit saw

73

)a( .derrucco taht noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW rewsnA

aN 2 OC s(3 ) H + 2 OS )qa(4 aN 2 OS )qa(4 OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l(

)b( ?desu dica ssecxe saw yhW rewsnA

.etanobrac muidos eht fo noitcaer etelpmoc erusne ot desu saw dica ssecxE

)c( .edixoid nobrac fo selom eht ecneh dna detcaer etanobrac muidos fo selom eht etaluclaC = C ,0.32 = aN( )0.61 = O ,0.21 rewsnA

aN 2 OC 3 601 = 3x61+2x32 = aN elom 2 OC 3 = 35.0 / 601 elom 500.0 = 1:1 si oitar elom )a( morf tuB OC elom 2 .500.0 =

)d( mc911 fi snoitidnoc moor eht ta edixoid nobrac fo emulov sag ralom eht etaluclaC 3 detcelloc saw sag fo .

rewsnA elom 50.0 OC )g(2 mc911 = 3

elom1 OC )g(2 ( = 911 / 500.0 mc ) 3 mc00832 = 3 mc8.32 = 3

)e( md0.42 naht erom eb ot dnuof neeb sah snoitidnoc eseht rednu negordyh rof emulov sag ralom ehT 3 .siht rof nosaer a tsegguS .

rewsnA celomretni eht serutarepmet wol tA w noisilloc ta erusserp rieht gnicuder selucelom eht llup dna tnacifingis era ssam ralucelom evitaler hgih fo noitcartta ralu hti

H ecneh ssel era secrof )laaW red naV( secrof evitcartta eht negordyh ekil elucelom rellams a roF .sllaw eht 2 egral a sretsiger decneulfni era selcitrap sa emulov r.secrof evitcartta yb ssel

mc0.06 ot dedda saw etanobrac muiclac erup fo g0.1 )a( .31Q 3 ?degnahcnu deniamer etanobrac fo ssam tahW .lCH M1.0 fo

)0.61 = O ,0.21 = C ,0.04 = aC ,)5.53 = lC ,0.1 = H( rewsnA

tauqE :noi OCaC )s(3 lCH2 + )qa( lCaC )qa(2 OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l( 2:1 si oitar eloM

lCH elom tuB ( = 1.0 / 0001 )0.06x elom 600.0 = OCaC eloM 3 = deriuqer )600.0( 300.0 =

2 OCaC 3 001 = )3x61+21+04( =

OCaC ssaM 3 detcaer )001x300.0( = smarg3.0 =

OCaC fo ssaM 3 detcaernu 00.1( = - g)03.0 smarg7.0 =

)b( md1 morf edam eb nac dica ciruhplus M8.0 fo emulov tahW 3 H M0.1 fo 2 OS 4? rewsnA

dica M0.1 mc0001 ni elom0.1 3

83

dica M8.0 dna mc0001 ni elom8.0 3 0.1( - )8.0 elom2.0 =

( ni elom2.0 evlossid M8.0 ekam ot 0001 / 8.0 )2.0 x mc052 = 3 emulov latoT mc0521 = 3 dda .e.i

mc0.052 3 md1 eht ot retaw fo 3 noitulos M1 fo RO mc0001 morf M8.0 ekam oT 3 emulov ,noitulos M1 fo

( = 0001 / 8.0 mc0521 = )1x 3

mc0.52 ,dica cirolhcordyh fo ytiralom eht etaluclaC )a( .41Q 3 iw stcaer ro sesilartuen yltcaxe hcihw fo .ht )i( mc0.02 3 aN M1.0 fo 2 OC 3 noitulos )ii( mc0.03 3 HOK M2.0 fo )iii( mc0.02 3 .noitulos ainomma suoeuqa M1.0 fo

rewsnA )i( aN eloM 2 OC 3 = 1.0 02 x

0001 elom 200.0 =

aN :noitauqE 2 OC )qa(3 lCH2 + )qa( lCaN2 )qa( OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l( si oitaR 2:1

lCH eloM 200.0( = 400.0 = )2x mc0.52 ni lCH elom 400.0 3

lCH fo ytiraloM = ( 400.0 )0001 x 52 M61.0 =

)ii( eloM HOK ( = 2.0 )03 x 0001

eloM600.0 =

:noitauqE HOK )qa( lCH + )qa( lCK )qa( H + 2O )l(

1:1 si oitar eloM lCH eloM mc0.52 ni 600.0 = 3

ytiraloM = 0001 x 600.0( ) 52 M42.0 =

)iii( HN eloM )qa(3 ( = 1.0 )02 x 0001 elom200.0 =

93

HN :noitauqE 4 HO )qa( lCH + )qa( HN 4 lC )qa( H + 2O )l(

1:1 si oitar elom :ecneH mc52 ni 200.0 = lCH 3

ytiraloM : eroferehT = 0001 x 200.0( m80.0 = ) 52

)b( mc0.03 3 raloM1 fo mc5.7 yb desilartuen yltcaxe saw noitulos edixordyh muissatop 3 .dica ciruhplus fo ytiralom eht etaluclaC .noitulos dica ciruhplus fo rewsnA seloM = HOK (1/ 0001 )03 x

elom30.0 =

:noitauqE HOK2 )qa( H + 2 OS )qa(4 K2 OS )qa(4 H + 2O )l( eloM oitar si 1:2 eloM H2 OS 4 ( = 30.0 /2 mc5.7 ni elom 510.0 = ) 3

H fo ytiraloM 2 OS 4 ( = 510.0 )0001 x 5.7 M0.2 =

)c( mc0.02 sti fi noitulos edixordyh muissatop fo ytiralom eht etaluclaC 3 ;htiw yltcaxe stcaer noitulos )i( mc0.02 3 H M2.1 fo 2 OS 3 )ii( mc0.51 3 ONH M1 fo 3 )iii( mc0.52 3 2.0 fo H ,dica )V( surohpsohp M 3 OP 4

rewsnA )i( H eloM 2 OS 4 ( = 2.1 / 0001 420.0 = ) 02 x

:noitauqE H2 OS )qa(4 HOK2 + )qa( K2 OS )qa(4 H2 + 2O )l(

si oitar eloM 2 :1 eloM HOK mc0.02 ni elom840.0 = )2x420.0( = 3

HOK fo ytiraloM ( = 0001 x 840.0 ) 02

)ii( eloM ONH 3 ( = 1 x )51 0001 elom510.0 =

:noitauqE ONH )qa(3 HOK + )qa( ONK )qa(3 H + 2O )l(

si oitar eloM 1:1 HOK fo eloM mc0.02 ni 510.0 = 3

HOK fo ytiraloM ( = 510.0 )0001 x 02 .0 = M57

)iii( dica )V( surohpsohp fo eloM ( = 2.0 )52 x 0001

elom 500.0 = :noitauqE H3 OP )qa(4 HOK3 + )qa( K3 OP )qa(4 H3 + 2O )l( eloM oitar 1 : 3

04

HOK eloM )3x500.0( = mc0.02 ni 510.0 = 3 ytiraloM ( = 510.0 )0001 x 02 m57.0 =

)d( o emulov eht etaluclaC .htiw yltcaxe tcaer lliw taht dica ciruhplus M1.0 f )i( mc0.52 3 HOaN M1.0 fo )ii( mc0.02 3 aN M2.0 fo 2 OC 3 )iii( mc0.03 3 HN M3.0 fo )qa(3

rewsnA

( = HOaN eloM )i( 1.0 elom5200.0 = )52 x 0001

:noitauqE HOaN2 )qa( H + 2 OS )qa(4 aN 2 OS )qa(4 H2 + 2O )l(

si oitar eloM 1:2 M elo H2 OS 4 = 5200.0 elom52100.0 = 2

H fo ytiralom tuB 2 OS 4 1.0 = H fo emuloV 2 OS )qa(4 ( = 0001 )52100.0 x

1.0 mc5.21 = 3

aN fo eloM )ii( 2 OC 3 ( = 2.0 )02x 0001 elom 400.0 =

noitauqE aN 2 OC )qa(3 H + 2 OS )qa(4 aN 2 OS )qa(4 H + 2O l( ) OC + )g(2 oitar eloM 1 : 1

H elom 2 OS 4 400.0 = H fo ytiralom tuB 2 OS 4 1.0 =

( = dica ciruhpluS fo emuloV 0001 )400.0 x

1.0 mc0.04 = 3

HN fo seloM )iii( )qa(3 ( = 3.0 )03 x 0001 elom900.0 =

:noitauqE HN2 4 HO )qa( H + )s( OS )qa(4 ( HN 4)2 OS )qa(4 H2 + 2O )l(

rO HN2 )qa(3 H + 2 OS )qa(4 HN( 4)2 OS )qa(4 si oitar eloM 1 : 2

H fo eloM 2 OS 4 5400.0 = H fo ytiralom tuB 2 OS 4 1.0 =

14

H fO .loV 2 OS )qa(4 ( = 0001 / 1.0 )5400.0 x mc0.54 = 3

:dica na htiw stcaer etanobrac niatrec A )a( 51Q OCX )s(3 ONH2 + )qa(3 ON(X 3) )qa(2 H + 2O )l( OC + )g(2

mc0.05 ni devlossid si etanobrac eht fo g59.2 nehW 3 ONHM2 fo 3 mc0.03 seriuqer dica gniniamer eht , 3 .esilartuen ot HOaN M1 fo )i( mc0.05 ni dica cirtin fo selom eht etaluclaC 3 )ii( dixordyh muidos fo selom eht etaluclaC mc0.03 ni e 3 )iii( .tnemele yfitnedi ecneh dna X fo ssam cimota evitaler eht etaluclaC

)0.61 = O ,0.21 = C(

rewsnA )i( dica cirtin fo seloM ( = 0.2 / 0001 elom1.0 = )05 x )ii( HOaN fo seloM ( = 0.1 / 0001 elom30.0 = )03 x

ONH selom = 3 1 : 1 si oitar sa )ssecxe( HOaN )qa( + ONH )qa(3 ONaN )qa(3 H + 2O )l(

)iii( 2:1 si oitar elom noitauqe morF ONH fo selom tuB 3 1.0( = detcaer – )30.0

selom70.0 = OCX fo seloM 3 ( = 70.0 /2 selom530.0 = ) OCX selom530.0 3 g0.2 = OCX elom1 3 ( = 59.2 / 530.0 3.48 = ) OC tuB 3 06 = 3x61+21 = ( = X fo .M.A.R 3.48 – )06 3.42 = .muisengam si X tnemelE

)b( mc052 ni devlossid saw ytirupmi etahplus muisengam emos gnivah etanobrac muisengam fo g00.4 3 mc0.52 .lCH M1 fo 3 saw noitulos gnitluser eht fomc8.82 eriuqer ot dnuof 3 .esilartuen ot HOaN M6.0 fo

)i( n eht etaluclaC mc8.82 ni edixordyh muidos fo selom fo rebmu 3 )ii( mc052 ni dica cirolhcordyh fo selom fo rebmun eht etaluclaC 3 .lCH M1 eht fo noitulos fo )iii( mc052 ni lCH fo elom eht enimreteD 3 erutxim noitulos )vi( OCgM fo selom fo rebmun eht etaluclaC 3 .erutxim ni

)v( sam eht etaluclaC .noitisopmoc egatnecrep sti ecneh dna ytirupmi etahplus muisengam fo s )0.61 = O ,0.21 = C ,3.42 = gM( rewsnA

)i( ( = HOaN fo seloM 6.0 / 0001 selom 82710.0 = )8.82 x )ii( ( = lCH fo seloM 1/ 0001 selom52.0 = )052 x )iii( :noitauqE HOaN )qa( lCH + )qa( lCaN )qa( H + 2O )l(

eloM oitar 1 = : 1 HOaN fo selom = lCH fo seloM

mc0.52 3 )evoba )i( ees ( 82710.0 = erutxim fo mc052 3 = erutxim fo 052 x 82710.0( = ) 8271.0 = lCH fo elom

24

52 )vi( 52.0 = noitulos lanigiro ni lCH eloM

OCgM htiw detcaer lCH eloM 3 52.0( = - )8271.0 2770.0 = uqE :noita OCgM )s(3 lCH2 + )qa( lCgM )qa(2 OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l(

oitar eloM 1 : 2 =

OCgM fo eloM 3 = )2770.0( elom6830.0 = 2

)v( OCgM 3 3.48 = 3x61+21+3.42 = OCgM fo ssaM 3 g52.3 = )3.48x6830.0( = OSgM fo ssaM 4 4( = - )52.3 g57.0 =

noitisopmoc egatnecreP = )ytirupmi( 57.0 %8.81 = %001 x 00.4

)c( mc0.04 3 mc0.52 yb desilartuen yltcaxe saw tI .etulos fo g21.0 evah ot dnuof saw HOM ,ilakla na fo noitulos a fo 3 .lCH M2.0 fo )i( noitcaer eht rof noitauqe cinoi etirW )ii( dna HOM fo ssam alumrof evitaler eht etaluclaC M fo ssam cimota evitaler eht ecneh 0.1 = H ,0.61 = O( ) )iii( md elom ni noitulos enilakla fo noitartnecnoc eht etaluclaC -3 rewsnA

)i( H+)qa( HO + -

)qa( H2O )l( )ii( ( = detcaer lCH fo eloM 2.0 / 0001 )52 x

elom500.0 = 1:1 = HOM : lCH fo selom fo oitar evoba )i( morf tuB 500.0 = HOM fo eloM elom500.0 = g21.0 ( = selom0.1 21.0 / 500.0 )1 x 42 = 42 = HOM fo M.F.R HOM dna 1+61+m = M fo m.a.r = m erehW m 42( = - )71 7 = M fo m.a.r 7 =

)iii( noitartnecnoc raloM ( = 500.0 / 04 )0001 x M521.0 =

SNOITSEUQ ECITCARP

)a( 1Q nialpxE .rettam fo erutan etalucitrap fo smret ni snoitavresbo gniwollof eht )i( .moor eht tuohguorht sdaerps noos llems eht ,moor a fo renroc eno ta denepo si emufrep fo elttob a nehW )ii( cihw decudorp era semuf ymaets detaeh era edirolhc muinomma fo slatsyrc etihw nehW .dilos etihw a mrofer h

34

)b( aw loow nottoc fo dap A .yllatnoziroh depmalc saw mc4 fo retemaid a dna mc081 fo htgnel fo ebut ssalg gnol a tnemirepxe na nI detartnecnoc ni dekaos sni dekaos saw dap a dna )edihplus negordyh ffo sevig( edihplus negordyh OS ffo sevig( noitulos edixoid ruhplus detartnecnoc 2 decalp erew )sag

52 ta deniatniam saw sutarappa eht fo erutarepmet ehT .ebut ssalg eht fo sdne etisoppo ta ylsuoenatlumis 0 saw gnir wolley tniaf a setunim 72 retfA .C.nwohs sa ebut eht edisni demrof

081 -x x

loow nottoC loow nottoc edihplus negordyh .cnoC ni dekaoS ruhplus .cnoC ni dekaos

noitulos edixoid )i( .ebut eht ni sneppah tahw nialpxE )ii( gnir wolley eht gnimrof dilos emaN )iii( waL s’maharG ot gnidroccA

M 2H s = V2 os 2 ehW M er 2H osM dna s 2

osM 2 V22H s sessam ralucelom evitaler era

ruhplus dna edihplus negordyh roF V dna edixoiD 2H s

osV dnA 2 .ylevitcepser seiticolev rieht era .x fo eulav eht enimreteD )00.1 = H ,0.61 = O ,0.23 = S(

)vi( fo noisserpxe rehtona etatS .noisuffid fo waL s’maharG

)v( .gnir fo noitamrof eht tceffa gniwollof eht fo hcae dluow woH .I 53 ta tnemirepxe eht gnimrofreP 0 52 fo daetsni C 0 .C .II edihplus negordyh eht htiw noitisop lacitrev a ni ebut eht gnidloH .dne rewol eht ta

)iv( caer rof noitauqe etirW .dilos wolley eht dna retaw mrof ot edihplus negordyh sesidixo edixoid ruhplus sa gnir wolley eht gnicudorp noit

)c( o ta edimorb negordyh detartnecnoc dna ainomma detartnecnoc ni dekaos saw loow nottoc evoba )b( ni sa tnemirepxe ralimis a nI ihT .sdne etisopp a emit s.ebut emas eht ni devresbo saw dnab etihw

)i( dilos etihw eht emaN )ii( .dilos etihw eht secudorp taht noitcaer eht rof noitauqe na etirW )iii( etaluclaC

.I .ebut eht fo dne hcae ot dnab eht morf ecnatsid ehT .II porppa rehto esU .mrof ot dnab eht rof sekat ti emit ehT evoba )b( morf atad etair

44

)0.08 = rB ,0.41 = N ,00.1 = H( )a( .2Q :yroeht citeniK fo smret ni gniwollof eht fo hcae nialpxE

)i( sag a fo noisuffiD )ii( diuqil a fo noitaropavE )iii( tnevlos ni etulos a gnivlossiD

)i( )b( waL s’elyoB etatS )ii( waL ’selrahC etatS

i( )ii selrahC dna waL s’elyoB ,swal sag eht nialpxE ’ .yroehT citeniK fo smret ni waL

mc003 si sag fo ssam nevig a fo emulov ehT )c( 3 04 ta 0 gHmm056 dna C )i( .p.t.s ta emulov eht eb lliw tahW )ii( tarepmet emas eht ta sag fo ssam emas eht fo emulov eht eb lliw tahW ?gHmm067 ot desaercni si erusserp eht nehw eru )iii( mc052 si emulov eht nehw erusserp eht eb lliw tahW 3 ?erutarepmet emas eht ta

)d( mc002 seipucco sag fo ssam niatrec A 3 ;ta ypucco ti dluow emulov tahW .p.t.s ta

)i( 08 0 gHmm057 dna C )ii( – 17 0 gHmm037 dna C

)a( .3Q uillahT ; fo noitisopmoc a htiw cipotosi si m

302 IT elihw erutan ni %25.92 sti rof gnitnuocca

18

502 IT %84.07 si 18

)i( .muillahT fo ssam cimota evitaleR eht etaluclaC )ii( ?epotosi hcae fo eb ereht dluow smota ynam woh muillaht fo smota 000,01 neviG

)b( ota evitaler ehT sepotosi sah tI .enirolhc fo noitisopmoc cipotosi egatnecrep eht enimreteD .5.53 si enirolhc fo ssam cim

53 lC dna 73 lC teL .eulC( 53 lC )tnadnuba %x eb 71 71 71

)c( enirolhc fo epotosi eht roF 53 lC

71 )i( rebmun cimota eviG )ii( un ssam eviG rebm )iii( snortuen fo rebmun eht eviG )vi( erutcurts cimota eht warD

)v( .noitarugifnoc cinortcele eht etirW

fo ssam ralucelom ro ssam alumrof evitaler eht enimreteD )d( )i( )HO(eF 3 OS )ii( 3 lC )iii( 2O )vi( eF s OS( 4)3 lCOS )vi( 2 lCeF )iv( 3

,0.61 = O ,0.65 = eF( )0.23 =S ,5.53 = lC ,00.1 = H

54

)e( ;eht etaluclaC )i( ;fo selom fo rebmuN

.I dilos sti fo g5.51 ni surohpsohP .II smarg 57.71 sti ni smota enirolhC .III sag fo g5.53 ni selucelom enirolhC .VI 01x5.1 ni selucelom enirolhC 32 .smota

.V 01x5.1 ni smota enirolhC 32 smota lC ,13=P( 01x0.6 = L ,5.53 = 32 elom -1)

)ii( ;fo selcitrap fo rebmuN

.I g34.2 sti ni muisengaM .II selom 4.0 ni ruhpluS .III smarg 61 ni selucelom negyxO .VI smarg 61 ni smota negyxO

.V .latem eht fo selom 20.0 ni muisengaM 01x0.6 = L ,61 = O ,3.42 = gM( 32 elom -1)

)iii( ;fo ssam eht etaluclaC

.I 01x6 32 lC ,enirolhc fo selucelom 2 .II 01x6 32 P ,surohpsohp fo selucelom 4 .III enirolhc fo elucelom enO .VI selucelom enirolhc fo selom 200.0

.V muinimula fo selom 40.0 01x0.6 = L( 32 )72 = lA ,0.13 = P ,5.53 = lC ,

)a(3 s detats eht fo egatnecrep eht etaluclaC OSuC ,dnuopmoc detardyh eht ni ecnatsbu 4 H5. 2 .O

)i( reppoC )ii( ruhpluS )iii( negyxO )vi( retaW

)0.61=O ,00.1=H ,0.23=S ,5.36 = uC(

)b( .ssam yb noitisopmoc nevig fo esac hcae ni alumrof laciripme eht enimreted atad gniwollof eht neviG )i( enimorb fo g29.36 dna muisengam fo g5.9 )ii( S %1.54 negyxo dna %5.22 ruhplus ,%4.23 muido )iii( negyxo fo g8.4 dna muinimula fo g4.5

)0.72 = lA ,0.61 = O ,0.23=S ,0.32 = aN ,9.97 = rB ,3.42 = gM(

)c( eht enimreteD .g595.1 ssam fo redwop etihw a mrof ot yltneg detaeh saw g594.2 ssam fo slatsyrc detardyh eulB ;alumrof eht ni x fo eulav OSM 4 HX . 2 .O )0.1=H ,0.61=O ,0.23=S ,5.36 = M(

)d( .edirolhc muinimula fo g10.4 ecudorp ot enirolhc fo maerts a ni detaeh saw muinimula fo g53.1 )i( alumrof laciripme eht enimreteD )ii( ralucelom evitaler a sah dnuopmoc siht morf ruopav ehT .alumrof ralucelom eht enimreteD .5.331 fo ssam )iii( .nialpxE ?edirolhc muinimula ni dnuof si dnob fo epyt tahW

64

)a( .4Q epip a no tnrub dna ti ni tup saw nobbir muisengam naelc dna dehgiew erew dil dna elbicurc naelc A - ltneg gnitaeh tsrif yb elgnairt yalc .ylgnorts neht y

.egnahc erom on litnu detaeper saw erudecorp ehT .sepacse ekoms erofeb decalper neht dna sgnot htiw detfil si dil ehT diL

elbicurC nobbir muisengaM dnats dopirT taeh

stluseR lbicurc fo ssaM dil + e g25.41 =

muisengam dna dil ,elbicurc fo ssaM g27.51 = dil dna elbicurc ,gninrub retfa tcudorp fo ssaM 25.61 =

)i( .edixo muisengam fo alumrof laciripme eht enimreteD )ii( ?decalper ylkciuq neht dna detfil dil eht si yhW

)b( uof saw ti tnemirepxe rehtona nI .enirolhc fo g55.3 htiw senibmoc muiclac fo g0.2 dn

)i( alumrof laciripme enimreteD )ii( tnemirepxe eht rof tnemegnarra elbatius a tsegguS )iii( ?edirolhc muiclac tcudorp fo ecnaraeppa eht si tahW )vi( .enirolhc dna muiclac neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW

)c( elbat a si woleB .ssam ot setaler noitamrofni ehT .alumrof enimreted ot noitamrofni eht esU .sdnuopmoc suoirav no atad fo

)i( %08 = C %02 = H 03 = m.m.R )ii( .43 = m.m.R dna %1.49 = negyxO ,%9.5 = negordyH )iii( %2.54 = negortin ,%1.61 = negordyh ,%57.83 si nobraC )vi( 3.29 htiw nobracordyH .87 fo m.m.R a dna nobrac %

)d( FH ,sag ediroulf negordyh fo semulov 2 )g( laciripme na sah X saG .tcudorp ylno eht sa Y sag a fo semulov 2 mrof ot X sag a fo emulov 1 htiw senibmoc ,.66 si m.m.r sti dna FN alumrof

)i( ?X sag fo alumrof ralucelom eht si tahW = N( )0.91 = F ,0.41 )ii( X rof eman elbatius a eviG )iii( .X rof alumrof tcerroc eht gnisu X sag dna FH neewteb noitcaer eht rof noitauqe na etirW

)a(5 erutcurts cibuc dertnec ydob sa nwonk erutcurts cibuc elpmis a ni sevlesmeht egnarra mrof latsyrc sti ni smota muidoS tselpmis eht fo margaid a si woleB .

llec tinu eht sa nwonk ecittal eht ni tinu gnitaeper - .erutcurts mota muidoS

74

)i( 01x92.4 fo htgnel a sah llec tinu eht fo egde hcaE - 01 .llec tinu eht fo emulov eht etaluclaC .m )ii( tceffe sah llec tinu ehT .ta devirra si rebmun siht woh wohS .muidos fo smota owt ylevi )iii( 01x46.7 fo ssam a sah muidos fo smota owt fo llec tinu ehT - 32 .g

.I )32 = aN( elom 1 ni muidos fo smota fo rebmun eht etaluclaC .II ov eht etaluclaC ,evoba nevig egde hcae fo htgnel eht gniredisnoC .muidos fo elom eno fo emul

)vi( mcg79.0 si muidos fo ytisned eht taht osla neviG -3 muidos fo elom1 fo emulov eht etaluclaC . )32 = aN(

)b( 52 ta sag negordyh fo ytisned ehT 0 mdg80.0 si erehpsomta 1 dna C -3 541.1 si snoitidnoc emas eht rednu edixonom nobrac fo tahT . mdg -3 ralom eht etaluclaC ..ecnereffid eht nialpxE .sag hcae fo emulov sag

)0.61 = O ,0.21 = C ,1 = H( )c( mc001 seipucco edixoid nobrac fo g1181.0 fI 3 .snoitidnoc emas eht rednu edixoid nobrac fo emulov sag ralom eht etaluclaC .

)61 = O ,0.21 = C(

)d( )i( waL s’ordagovA etatS )ii( mc01 ,owt eht fo erutxim a ni enehte dna enyhte fo noitroporp evitaler eht enimreted ot redro nI 3 mc03 htiw dedolpxe saw erutxim fo 3 na( negyxo fo

OC laudiser eht gnibrosba retfA .)ssecxe 2 eht edixordyh muissatop ni mc2 deipucco negyxo denibmocnu 3 .I .sag hcae fo noitsubmoc rof noitauqe etirW .II .edixoid nobrac dna edixordyh muissatop neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW .III mcx eb sag eno fo emulov teL .eulC( emulov yb erutxim sag fo noitisopmoc eht enimreteD 3 lov latot dnif dna )x fo smret ni negyxo fo emu

.etanobrac negordyh muidos no taeh fo noitca rof noitauqe etirW )i( )a(6Q

)ii( OCHaN fo g36 nehw eudiser fo ssam eht etaluclaC 3 .deniatbo ssam tnatsnoc a litnu detaeh saw )iii( ve edixoid nobrac fo emulov eht etaluclaC .p.t.s ta devlo

md4.22 = p.t.s ta V.G.M( 3) )b( .demrof era negyxo dna edixoid negortiN .edixo dael gnitaeh yb desopmoced si etartin dael fo g1.33 nehW

)i( noitisopmoced eht rof noitauqe etirW )ii( eudiser fo ssam eht etaluclaC )iii( a detarebil negyxo fo emulov eht etaluclaC erehpsomta 1 dna erutarepmet moor t

md0.42 = .p.t.R ta .V.G.M( 3) )c( ;snoitcaer gniwollof eht rof snoitauqe etirW

.I ainomma ecudorp ot edirtin muihtil no retaw fo noitcA .II sag negordyh ecudorp ot dica ciruhplus no cniZ fo noitcA .III olhc muissatop no taeh fo noitcA .edirolhc muissatop dna negyxo ecudorp ot V etar

84

)ii( ecudorp saw sag negordyh fo emulov tahW .snoitidnoc .p.t.s ta dica ciruhplus fo ssecxe na htiw detcaer saw cniZ fo g72.3 nehW ?d md4.22 = p.t.s ta .V.G.M( 3 .)

)a(7Q y ni selbat gniwollof eht etelpmoC evitaler fo yltcerroc koob ruo )i(

tnemelE lobmyS ssaM raloM muidoS

enirolhC norI

muinimulA eniroulF g0.91 enimorB rB g9.97

)0.91 = F ,0.72 = lA ,65 = eF ,5.53 = lC ,0.32 = aN(

)ii( tnemelE smarg ni ssaM selom fo .oN smota fo .oN

sengaM mui 927.0 negordyH 52.0

nobraC 03 cniZ 723

)4.56 = nZ ,21 = C ,1 = H ,3.42 = gM( 01x0.6 = L( 32 elom -1)

)iii( tnemelE smarg ni ssaM smota fo .oN

cniZ 803.1 enimorB 89.51

lekciN 5.892 muidoS 64.0

9.97 = rB 4.56 = nZ( 7.85 = N N )32 = a 01x0.6 = L( 32 elom -1)

01x20.6 si negortin fo elom 1 fI )b( 32 ;selucelom )i( ?selucelom negyxo fo selom 2 ni era smota ynam woH )ii( fo mota na fo smarg ni ssam eht si tahW

.I revlis .II negordyh .III muinimula

,801 = gA( ,00.1 = H )0.72 = lA

OM ,edixo latem A )c( .edixo fo g44.4 morf demrof saw retaw fo g0.1 .negordyh fo maerts a ni decuder saw )i( yna emaN owt negordyh yb decuder eb nac taht sedixo )ii( .OM fo noitcuder eht rof noitauqe etirW )iii( negyxo fo elom 1 htiw senibmoc taht M fo ssam eht etaluclaC

O ,0.1 = H ,5.36 = M( )61 =

94

)d( ;fi negyxo fo smarg 61 htiw senibmoc hcihw tnemele fo ssam eht etaluclaC )i( %8.88 )ii( negyxo si edixo fo ssam yb %6.74

)e( 72 ta derusaem decudorp sag ehT .dica cirolhcordyh etulid htiw detcaer nori fo edixo dna nori fo erutxim a fo g0.2 0 02 saw gHmm047 dna C mc0 3

)i( derrucco taht snoitcaer rof snoitauqe etirW )ii( ;p.t.s ta decudorp sag negordyh fo emulov dniF

372 dna gHmm067 = p.t.s( 0 )K )iii( md4.22 si p.t.s ta .V.G.M( erutxim eht ni nori fo egatnecrep eht etaluclaC 3 .)

)a( .8Q clac woleb snoitulos eht fo hcae nI :ni etulos fo ssam etalu )i( mc0.02 3 HOaN M1 fo )ii( mc0.52 3 H M2 fo 2 OS 4 )iii( mc0052 3 H M2.0 fo 2 OS 4 )vi( md5 3 lCH M1.0 fo

)v( md2 3 H M2 fo 2 OS 4 )5.53 = lC ,0.23 = S ,0.1 = H ,0.61 = O ,0.32 = aN(

)b( caer rieht fo oitar eht yduts ot etartin dael htiw detcaer saw edidoi muissatoP .aera lanoitces ssorc mrofinu fo sebut tset llams ni noit

.desu saw tnegaer hcae fo noitulos M2

fO .loVIK )qa(

mc0.4 3 mc0.4 3 mc0.4 3 mc0.4 3 mc0.4 3 mc0.4 3

fO .loVON(bP 3) )qa(2

mc5.0 3 mc0.1 3 mc5.1 3 mc0.2 3 mc5.2 3 mc0.3 3

fo thgieH noitatipicerp

but tset ni e

mc51.0 mc03.0 mc54.0 mc6.0 mc6.0 mc6.0

)i( ?dedda si etartin dael erom nehw neve mumixam a hcaer etatipicerp fo thgieh eht seod yhW )ii( ON(bP M2 fo emulov tahW 3)2 mc0.4 htiw stcaer yltcaxe noitulos 3 .edidoi muissatop fo )iii( ;fo selom eht etaluclaC

.I hcae ni desu IK ebut tset .II ON(bP 3)2 mc0.2 ni 3 noitulos .III IbP 2 mc0.4 eht yb detatipicerp 3 .IK M1 fo

)vi( .noitatipicerp eht rof noitcaer fo noitauqe cinoi etirW

)c( mc0.4 emit sihT .lobmys eurt a ton si X .desu saw noitulos tlas XgA M2 tnemirepxe rehtona nI 3 t saw noitulos XgA eht fo gnicudorp emulov muminim ehetatipicerp enidoi fo thgieh mumixam

)i( noi eht fo alumrof etirW ?noi revlis no egrahc eht si tahW )ii( etatipicerp fo alumrof etirW )iii( noitatipicerp rof noitauqe cinoi etirW )vi( .alumrof sti etirw dna X ,noina elbissop a tsegguS

05

.9Q hT :noitauqe gniwollof eht htiw ecnadrocca ni dica cirolhcordyh htiw stcaer M latem tnelavid a fo etanobrac negordyh e OCM )s(3 M )s( lCH2 + lCM )qa(2 H + 2O )l( OC + )g(2

xe detcaer etanobrac eht fo g5.2 ,M fo ssam cimota evitaler eht dnif ot tnemirepxe na nI mc001 htiw yltca 3 .dica cirolhcordyh M5.0 fo )a( mc001 ni era dica cirolhcordyh fo selom ynam woH 3 .noitulos dica eht fo )b( ?detcaer saw etanobrac eht fo selom ynam woH )c( OCM fo ssam alumrof evitaler eht etaluclaC 3 .M fo .m.a.r eht ,m ecneh dna O ,0.21 = C( )0.61 =

)a( .01Q mc0.52 3 mc5.12 htiw yltcaxe stcaer noitartnecnoc M1.0 fo dica cirolhcordyh fo noitulos a fo 3 eht etaluclaC .edixordyh muidos fo noitulos a fo

.noitulos edixordyh muidos eht fo noitartnecnoc

caer edixordyh muidos M2.0 fo emulov tahW )b( ;htiw st )i( mc0.02 3 dica ciruhplus M50.0 fo )ii( mc0.52 3 dica cirolhcordyh M80.0 fo )iii( mc03 3 .dica cirtin M80.0 fo

md/lom ni( noitartnecnoc eht enimreteD )c( -3 .gniwollof eht fo )

)i( mc0.02 ,dica ciruhpluS 3 mc0.03 sesilartuen hcihw fo 3 fo noitulos edixordyh muissatop fo .noitartnecnoc M2.0 )ii( mc0.21 dica cirtiN 3 mc0.52 htiw yltcaxe stcaer hcihw fo 3 .M52.0 noitartnecnoc fo etanobrac fo noitulos a fo

)d( H alumrof eht ni X fo m.a.R enimreted ot enod saw taht tnemirepxe na si gniwollof ehT 2 H2.X 2O

snoituloS

01AB - erp noitulos a H slatsyrc detardyh fo g3.6 gnivlossid yb derap 2 H2.X 2 .ertil 1 ni O

11AB – .ertil 1 ni edixordyh muidos fo g0.8 gnivlossid yb deraperp noitulos a mc0.52 3 s woleb elbat ehT .noitulos edixordyh muidos eht htiw detartit neht dna dettepip saw noitulos dica fo .stluser swoh

PXE HGUOR 1 TS 2 DN 3 DR

etterub laniFmc( gnidaer 3)

0.31 5.52 0.83 0.33

etterub laitinImc( gnidaer 3)

0.0 0.31 5.52 0.02

mc( ecnereffiD 3) 0.31 5.21 5.21 0.31 )i( 11AB ,noitulos edixordyh muidos fo ytiralom eht etaluclaC )ii( tcaer fo noitauqe etirW H dica cisabid eht neewteb noi 2 .snoitulos edixordyh muidos dna X )iii( .noitulos 01AB fo noitartnecnoc ralom eht enimreteD

15

)vi( .X fo .m.a.R eht etaluclaC )0.61 = O ,0.1 = H(

)a( H ,dica ciruhplus fo ssam tahW 2 OS 4 mc0.52 esilartuen yltcaxe ot deriuqer eb lliw 3 M2.0 fo ?noitulos HOaN )0.61 = O ,0.23 = S ,0.1 = H( )b( OSuC( etahplus II reppoc fo slatsyrc detardyh eraperp dluow uoy woh ebircseD 4 Hn. 2 gnitrats eht sa dica ciruhplus etulid dna etanobrac )II( reppoc gnisu )O

tbo ot desu eb dluow etanobrac fo ssam tahW .slairetam OSuC fo elom 10.0 nia 4 Hn. 2O )0.61 = O ,0.21 = C ,5.36 = uC( %63 saw ssam ni ssol eht dna yltneg detaeh erew slatsyrc detardyh ehT )ii(

.I .egnahc rehtruf on litnu yltneg detaeh era slatsyrc detardyh nehw snoitavresbo ebircseD .II t ni n fo eulav eht enimreteD OSuC ,alumrof eh 4 Hn. 2 .O

3 RETPAHC

SDNUOPMOC DNA NEGORTIN smelborp devloS

.1 .serutarepmet hgih ta muidos dna muisengam htiw stcaer negortiN )a(

)i( .snoitcaer fo snoitauqe etirW )ii( oitcaer fo snoitauqe etirW .retaw htiw ecsevreffe stcudorp ehT .sn

rewsnA

)i( gM3 )s( N + )g(2 gM 3 N )s(2 aN6 )s( N + )g(2 aN2 3 N )s(

)ii( gM 3 N )s(2 H6 + 2O )l( )HO(gM3 )s(2 HN2 + )g(3 aN 3N )s( H3 + 2O )l( HN + HOaN3 )g(3

evitcani si negortin elihw ria fo trap evitca eht si negyxO )b( )i( tnemetats siht nialpxE

25

)ii( ?evitcani negortin si yhW

rewsnA )i( eht ni nrub ton od secnatsbus tsom dna nrub ton seod negortiN .negyxo ni nrub secnatsbus tsom dna noitsubmoc stroppus negyxO .sag )ii( N ,negortin ni dnob elpirt ehT .etaicossid ot ygrene fo tol a seriuqer dna gnorts yrev si N )c( ra na swohs margaid ehT .negortin fo noitcelloc dna noitaraperp rof tnemegnar

noitsubmoC ebut sgninrut reppoC N )g(2 taeh retaw

noitulos edixordyh muidoS hguorT

)i( ht si tahW fo esoprup e )i( edixordyh muidoS )ii( sgninrut reppoC )iii( .ebut noitsubmoc eht ni dna noitulos edixordyh muidos eht ni rucco taht snoitcaer rof noitauqe etirW )vi( yna etatS owt .detcelloc sag eht ni seitirupmi

)v( ortin tuoba uoy llet noitcelloc sag fo dohtem eht seod tahW .neg )iv( .detcelloc eb neht dna deird eb tsrif dluoc sag eht woh tsegguS

rewsnA )i( OC brosba ot desu si edixordyh muidoS .I )g(2 ria eht morf

ria eht morf negyxo evomer ot desu era sgninrut reppoC .II )ii( HOaN2 )qa( OC + )g(2 aN 2 OC )qa(3 H + 2O )l(

uC2 )s( O + )g(2 OuC2 ( )s )iii( ruopav retaw dna )nogra .g.e( sesag elbon eb lliw seitirupmi owT )vi( .ria revo yreviled drawpu yb gnitcelloc neht dna dica ciruhpluS .cnoc hguorht gnissap tsrif yb deird eb nac sag ehT

)d( ot desu eb yam dna yrotarobal eht ni dekcots yllausu era slacimehc owT .gnitaeh yb negortin ecudorp

)i( eht emaN owt slacimehc )ii( negortin ecudorp ot rucco taht snoitcaer fo snoitauqe etirW )iii( .yrotarobal eht ni derots ton etirtin muinomma si yhW

rewsnA )i( .edirolhc muinomma dna etirtin muidoS )ii( ONaN )s(2 HN + 4 taeh lC HN + lCaN 4 ON 2

HN 4 ON )s(2 taeh N )g(2 H2 + 2O )l(

35

)iii( evisolpxe dna elbatsnu si etirtin muinommA

)e( ;etatS )i( derutcafunam si negortin woH )ii( .negortin fo sesu eerhT

rewsnA

)i( .ria fo noitallitsid lanoitcarf yb derutcafunam si negortiN )ii( rutcafunam eht rof desu si negortiN ainomma fo e

noitanimesni laicifitra rof nemes .g.e egarots rof muidem treni dna dloc a sa desu si negortin diuqiL .leuf tekcor a sa desu si negortiN

.2 .sgnidaeh nevig eht rednu yltcerroc ti etelpmoC .negortin fo sedixo eht ot srefer woleb elbat ehT )a(

O edix mroF

- alu noitaraperP seitreporp lacimehC

)i( suortiN ro edixo negortiN

edixO )I(

N2O I ?tnilps gniwolg htiw noitcA II ?reppoc toh htiw noitcA III

)ii( cirtiN ro edixo negortiNedixO )II(

VI reppoc gnitaeH yletaredom ni

dica cirtiN .cnocONH 3.

uC3 s( ) +ONH8 )qa(3

ON(uC3 3) )qa(2 +ON2 )g( H4 + 2O )l(

?negyxo htiw noitcA .V ylgnorts htiw noitcA .IV

?surohpsohp gninrub eldnac gninrub a sehsiugnitxE

ruhplus gninrub dna II norI htiw noitcA .IIV

?etahplus

)iii( negortiNro edixoid

negortiN edixo )VI(

IIIV gnitaeHON(bP 3)2 ro

.cnoc gnitcaerONH 3 htiw

yb reppocgnitaeh

- fo noitsubmoc stroppuSsurohpsohp gninrub

- gninrub sehsiugnitxEruhplus dna eldnac

- wol ta diuqil wolleYN si serutarepmet 2O4.

- gnimraw nO sesopmoced

N2O4 ON2 )g(2

XI neewteb muirbiliuqE041 0 026 dna C 0?

rewsnA

.I HN( fo erutxim a gnitaeH 4)2 OS 4 ONK dna 3. .II tnilps gniwolg a seldniker tI .III negortin mrof ot reppoc toh yb decuder si tI

45

N2O )g( uC + )s( OuC )s( N + )g(2 .VI ON

.V N sag nworb der a mrof ot negyxo htiw stcaeR O2. ON2 )g( O + )g(2 ON2 )g(2

.IV edixO )II( negortin ni nrub ot seunitnoc surohpsohp gninrub ylgnortS .IIV .etahplus )II( nori osortin ,tcudorp noitidda nworb a smrof tI

4OSeF )qa( ON + )g( OSeF 4 ON. )s( .IIIV ON 2

.XI ON2 2 ON2 )g( O + )g(2

)b( rtin fo sedixo fo elbat a si woleB .elbat eht etelpmoC .stset dna seitreporp lacisyhp rieht dna nego edixO seitreporp lacisyhP stseT

)i( edixo suortiNN2O

.I ?ruoloC llems ylkcis teewS

.II ni ytilibuloS fo Hp dna retaw

?noitulos .III cirtin htiw noitcA

?edixo

- gniwolg a seldniker tI.tnilps

- A htiw dellif ebut tset revo detrevni dna sag

dna devomer ,retaw yldetaeper nekahs

sevlossid noos.yletelpmoc

)ii( ,edixO cirtiN ON

.VI ?ruoloC - elbulosni tsomla

sumtil ot lartuen dna.repap

- nworb krad a smroF )II( norI htiw dilos

etahplus ?ria fo tceffE .V

)iii( negortiNON edixoid 2

?ruoloC .IV - otni sesnednoC

12 ta diuqil 0C

- llems gnitatirrIsuonosiop dna

ni ytilibuloS .XI

fo Hp dna retaw ?noitulos

?ruoloC .IIV

sumtil tew no tceffE .IIIV?repap

sag fo ebut tseT .X

detrevni ?retaw revo

rewsnA

.I N2O )g(2 sselruoloc si .II noitulos lartuen a evig ot retaw ni elbulos ylriaF .III N2O )g( .edixo cirtin htiw noitcaer on sah .VI ON )g( ria ni sag nworb der a smrof

.V ON )g( sag sselruoloc a si

55

ON2 )g( O + )g(2 ON2 )g(2 .IV ON )g(2 sag nworb der a si .IIV ON )g(2 i sag nworb der a s .IIIV ON )g(2 .repap sumtil der no tceffe on sah tub der ot repap sumtil eulb snrut

.XI 2 = noitulos fo Hp dna elbulos yrev si saG .X .retaw htiw sllif ebut tset dna sevlossid ylidaer retaw revo detrevni dna ebut tset otni dellif saG

.3Q d a si woleB .wollof taht snoitseuq eht rewsna ot ti esU .X sag tcelloc dna eraperp ot desu sutarappa fo tnemegnarra fo margai

)a( emaN )i( X saG )i( Y diuqiL )ii( Z diloS

rewsnA

)i( ainommA )ii( retaW )iii( edixO muiclaC

)b( ?Z dilos fo esoprup eht si tahW )ii( snoitauqe htiw nialpxE .X sag fo noitaraperp eht ni Z sa esoprup emas eht evres tonnac gniwollof eht fo hcae yhw

.I edirolhc muiclaC .II dica ciruhpluS

rewsnA

)i( sag eht yrd ot desu si Z diloS )ii( tlas xelpmoc a mrof ot X sag htiw stcaer edirolhc muiclaC .I

lCaC 2 HN8 + 3 lCaC 2 HN8. 3 luS .II ;sag ainomma cisab eht htiw stcaer osla dica ciruhp

HN2 )g(3 H + 2 OS )l(4 HN( 4)2 OS )s(4

65

)i( )c( sdrawnwod detlit ksalf demottob dnuor eht si yhW )ii( ?X sag tuoba uoy llet ti seod tahw dna tnemirepxe siht ni detartsnomed si noitcelloc sag fo dohtem tahW )iii( W ?retaw revo detcelloc ton X sag si yh

.X sag gnicudorp noitcaer rof noitauqe etirW )d( .rewsnA )HO(aC )s(2 HN2 + 4 lC )s( HN2 )g(3 H + 2O )l( lC6 + )s(3

rewsnA carc yam siht sa ksalf toh otni kcab gninnur ruopav desnednoc tneverp oT .ti k

)i( .ria naht esned ssel si sag eht swohs dohtem ehT .ria revo sag fo yreviled drawpU )ii( HN ,X saG 3 .retaw ni elbulos yrev si

.deraperp eb nac X sag fo noitulos suoeuqa na woh margaid no etartsullI )i( )e(

.retaw ni sag elbulos tsom eht si X saG )ii( si X sag fo noitulos suoeuqa nA )71=X( ertil rep smarg ni noitartnecnoc siht etaluclaC .M51

rewsnA

X sag )i( )e( lennuF hguorT retaW

ssam evitaler x selom = ssaM )ii( )71x51( = ertil/g552 =

)f( ot noitauqe na etirW .noitulos cisab ylkaew a smrof ainomma suoeuqA .retaw ni ainomma fo ruoivaheb eht etartsulli

rewsnA

HN )qa(3 H + 2O )l( HN 4+

)qa( HO + -)qa(

)g(

75

)i( negyxO dna riA ni tcaer X sag seod snoitidnoc tahw rednU )ii( ( ni snoitcaer fo noitauqe etirW .evoba )i

rewsnA )i( )tP( tsylatac detaeh fo ecneserp ni tcaer lliw ti tub yliranidro ria ni tcaer ton seod )ainomma( X saG .I

.tsylatac fo ecnesba dna ecneserp eht ni htob negyxo htiw stcaer )ainomma( X saG .II )ii( negyxo dna ria htob tsylatac fo ecneserp eht nI tcudorp emas evig ot tcaer

HN4 )g(3 O5 + )g(2 tP ON4 )g( H6 + 2O )l(

)ainomma( X htiw stcaer negyxo erup ylno tsylatac fo ecnesba eht nI HN4 )g(3 O3 + )g(2 N2 )g(2 H6 + 2O )l(

;nehw snoitcaer fo snoitauqe etirw dna snoitavresbo eht etatS )h( )i( p si X saG edixO II reppoc detaeh revo dessa )ii( .noitulos ainomma detartnecnoc htiw elttob a raen dleh si cirolhcordyh detartnecnoc otni deppid dor ssalg A

rewsnA )i( o stup decudorp sag dna sesnednoc diuqil sselruoloC .dilos nworb der ot segnahc edixO II reppoc kcalb ehT sumtil ot lartuen si ti dna tnilps gninrub a ff

.repap

:noitauqE HN )g(3 OuC + )s( uC )s( H + 2O )l( N + )g(2

)ii( .demrof era edirolhc muinomma fo semuf etihw detartnecnoC

:noitauqE HN )g(3 lCH + )g( HN 4 lC )s(

.4Q ydutS .ssecorp rebaH rof trahc wolf a si woleB .wollof taht snoitseuq eht rewsna dna ti

P saG fo noitacifiruP P sag rosserpmoC Q dna P sesaG Q dna

Q saG

gnilcycer pmup

Y rebmahC ainommA resnednoc

85

ataC cityl retrevnoc HN diuqiL 3 egarots ot HN 3 H + 2 N + 2

)a( meht etatS ,sesoprup owt evah lliw emil ados ,egats noitacifirup eht nI )i( emaN )ii( eerht .noitacifirup erofeb Q dna P fo erutxim eht ni dnuof seitirupmi

opmi ti si yhW )iii( .seitirupmi evomer ot tnatr rewsnA

)i( .edixoid nobrac dna ruopav retaw htob evomer oT )ii( sesag elboN dna selcitrap tsud ,edixonom nobraC )iii( .evitceffeni ti ekam dna tsylatac nosiop seitirupmI

)b( ;yfitnedi dna secruos eht etatS )i( P saG )ii( Q saG

rewsnA

)i( gortin niatbo ot riA P sag ,ne )ii( Q ,sag negordyh niatbo ot retaw ro snobracordyH

)c( .ainomma fo erutcafunam eht rof snoitidnoc eht era tahW )i ;esu ot yrassecen ti si yhW )ii(

.I erusserp hgiH .II erutarepmet hgiH rewsnA

)i( 054 fo erutarepmeT 0C atac nori ,serehpsomta 052 fo erusserP .tsyl

)ii( ainomma fo dleiy rehgih ruovaf serusserp hgiH .I .noitcaer fo etar eht pu sdeeps erutarepmet hgiH .II

)d( .ainomma ecudorp ot Q sag dna P sag neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )i(

?delcycer era sgniht owt tahW )ii( pes ainomma si woH )iii( ?sesag detcaernu eht morf detara

rewsnA

)i( N )g(2 H3 + )g(2 HN2 )g(3 )ii( Y rebmahc morf taeh dna sesag detcaernU )iii( .diuqil otni esnednoc ot gnilooc yb sesag detcaernu morf detarapes si ainommA

)e( Y rebmahc emaN )i(

lpxE ?Y rebmahc fo esoprup eht si tahW )ii( .nia

95

rewsnA

)i( regnahcxe taeH )ii( citylatac eht morf ygrene taht serusne sihT .sesag detcaernu ot retrevnoc citylatac eht morf sesag eht morf taeh refsnart oT tub detsaw ton si retrevnoc

erp ot derrefsnart - .sesag tnatcaer eht taeh

etatS )i )a .5Q ruof a fo sesu ainomm )ii( dna ainomma neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW

.I noitulos dica )V( surohpsohP .II .noitulos dica cirtiN

rewsnA )i( :era ainomma fo sesU - esaerg evomer ot seirdnual ni desU - ref a sa dna sevisolpxe fo erutcafunam ni desu ,etartin muinomma fo erutcafunaM rezilit - dica cirtin fo erutcafunaM - etanobrac muidos fo erutcafunaM

)ii( .I HN3 )g(3 H + 3 OP )qa(4 HN( 4)3 OP )qa(4 .II ONH )qa(3 HN + )qa(3 HN( 4 ON )qa(4

stnemele tahw tuo dnif ot desu tnemegnarra latnemirepxe na si woleB )b(

.sniatnoc ainomma B edixO II reppoc kcal ebut noitsubmoC fo selbbuB Y saG taeH emilkciuQ enots ecimuP ecI rekaeB X diuqiL

)i( ; fo esoprup eht si tahW .I enots ecimuP .II hc sti si tahw dna emilkciuQ ?eman lacime .III ecI

)ii( emaN .I X diuqiL .II .hcae rof tset eht si tahw dna ,Y saG

06

)iii( .ebut noitsubmoc ni noitavresbo nialpxe ot edixO II reppoc dna sag ainomma neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW

rewsnA )i( ohtla( gniliob dna mrof ot selbbub llams elbane lliw enots ecimuP .I ew hgu

.htooms eb lliw )siht diova dluohs sag ainomma yrd ot desu si ti dna edixo muiclac si emilkciuQ .II

.ti esnednoc dna ruopav retaw yna looc ot si ecI .III )ii( negortin si Y saG .II retaw si X diuqiL .I

reppoc suordyhna etihw snrut X diuqiL .repap sumtil ron retawemil no tceffe on sah tub tnilps gninrub a ffo stup Y saG .eulb ot etahplus )iii( OuC3 2 + )s( HN )g(3 N )g(2 H3 + 2O )l( uC3 + )s(

.ebut noitsubmoc ni tfel eudiser nworb der A

)c( wollof taht snoitseuq rewsna dna etelpmoc , woleb elbat eht ydutS ;

:gnidda no snoitauqe cinoi gninialpxe dna snoitavresbO ).qa( ni noI

noituloS fo spord wef A

HN )qa(3

fo spord wef AHOaN )qa(

ssecxEHN )qa(3

HOaN ssecxE )qa(

gM )i( A +2 etatipicerp etihW HO2 - )qa( gM + +2 )qa(

)HO(gM )s(2

I

aC )ii( +2 tihW etatipicerp e HO2 )qa( - +

)HO(aC )s(2

16

lA )i( B +3

nZ )ii( +2

bP )iii( +2

eF )I( C +2

eF )ii( +3

uC )iii( +2

etatipicerp etihW HO3 )qa( - lA + +3 )qa(

)HO(lA )s(3

etatipicerp etihW HO2 )qa( - nZ + +2

)HO(nZ )s(2 V

neerg ytriD etatipicerp

eF +2 )qa( HO2 + )qa( - )HO(eF )s(2

IIIV etatipicerp eulB

X

II III

etatipicerp etihW bP +2 )qa( HO2 + - )qa(

)HO(bP )s(2

IIV

nworb hsideRXI etatipicerp

IX

etihW etatipicerp

id sevloss )HO(nZ )s(2 +

HN4 )qa(3 HN(nZ 3)4 +2 )qa( HO2 + - )qa(

eulb layoRI1X noitulos

etatipicerp etihWsevlossid

)HO(lA )s(3 HO3 + - )HO(lA )qa(4 -

VI

IV

)i( I derebmun secaps eht rof elbat eht etelpmoC - IIX )ii( i tahW .C dna B ,A snoisivid eht fo hcae ni snoi eht tuoba nommoc s )iii( aC .I yhw nialpxE +2

)qa( HN ni etatipicerp a mrof ton od snoi )qa(3 )HO(lA noi xelpmoc ehT .II 4

-)qa( HN ni mrof ton seod )qa(3 .noitauqe tnaveler yna esU .

)vi( ;fo alumrof eht eviG

.I )II(B ni etatipicerP )V(B dna .II )IIX(C dna )VI(B ni noi xelpmoc ehT

rewsnA

)i( .I HO2 -)qa( gM + +2

)qa( )HO(gM )s(2 etatipicerp etihW

26

.II HO3 )qa(- lA+ )qa(

+3 )HO(lA )s(3 etatipicerp etihW

nZ ,etatipicerp etihW .III +2)qa( HO2 + )qa(

- )HO(nZ )s(2

)HO(nZ .VI )s(2 HO2 + )qa(- )HO(nZ 4

2- )qa( etatipicerp etihW sevlossid

bP ,etatipicerp etihW .V )qa( 2 HO2 + )qa(

- )HO(bP 42-

)qa(

,sevlossid etatipicerp etihW .IV )HO(bP )s(2 HO2 + -)qa( )HO(bP 4

2-)qa(

.IIV eF ,etatipicerp neerg ytriD +2)qa( HO2 + )qa(

- )HO(eF )s(2

eF ,etatipicerp nworb hsiddeR .IIIV +3)qa( HO3 + -

)qa( )HO(eF )s(3

eF .XI +3)qa( HO3 + -

)qa( )HO(eF )s(3

uC .XI +2)qa( HO2 + -

)qa( )HO(uC )s(2

ipicerp eulB .X uC ,etat +2)qa( HO2 + )qa(

)HO(uC )s(2

)HO(uC .IX )s(2 HN4 + )qa(3 HN(uC 3)4+2

)qa( HO2 + -)qa(

sevlossid etatipicerp eulB

)ii( HOaN ssecxe ni etatipicerp etihw a mrof snoi eht lla A nI )qa( elbulos etatipicerp etihw a mrof snoi eht lla B nI HOaN ssecxe ni )qa(

setatipicerp edixordyh deruoloc mrof snoi eht lla C nI

)iii( HO hguone htiw ti edivorp tonnac ainomma os ainomma naht esab regnorts a si edixordyh muiclaC .I - )qa( .etatipicerp a mrof ot

.esab kaew a si ainommA .II

HN )qa(3 H + 2O )l( HN 4+

( )qa HO + -)qa(

HO eht dna snoi otni detaicossid yllaitrap ylno si tI - )ho(la eht mrof ot wef era demrof snoi -

4 ainomma tsoM .sexelpmoc edixordyh rehto ro noi xelpmocHN ,selucelom devlossid sa stsixe 3 selucelom eht htiw mrof sexelpmoc elbissop erehW .)qa( HN(nZ ni sa 3)4

+2 HN(uC dna 3)2+2

)vi( )HO(lA = )II(B ni etatipicerP .I 3

)HO(bP = )V(B 2

)HO(nZ = )VI(B noi xelpmoc ehT .II 42-

)qa( HN(uC = )IIX(B 3)4

+2)qa(

.6Q dica cirtin fo erutcafunam eht hcihw otni segats eerht setartsulli woleb margaid ehT .tilps eb nac retaw

detaeH B dna A C munitalP dna gnilooc

ezuaG rewoT B 03 0C

36

cirtiN dica

riA dna ainommA I EGATS II EGATS III EGATS

)a( .C dna ,B ,A sesag eht emaN

rewsnA ON ,edixo cirtin si A )g(

riA si B ON ,edixoid negortin si C 2

)b( ta noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )i( I egatS )ii( II egatS )iii( III egatS

rewsnA

)i( HN4 )g(3 O5 + )g(2 ON4 )g( H6 + 2O )l( )ii( ON2 )g( O + )g(2 ON2 )g(2 )iii( ON4 )g(2 H2 + 2O )l( O + )g(2 ONH4 )l(3

)c( fo esoprup eht si tahW )i( ?ezuag munitalp detaeH )ii( ?rebmahc gnilooC )iii( ?skcirb nekorB

rewsnA

)i( tsylatac a sa stca ezuag munitalp detaeH )ii( edixoid negortin mrof dna tcaer ot ria dna edixo cirtin fo erutxim looc oT )iii( rof aera ecafrus egral a edivorp oT .retaw ni evlossid ot negortin

)d( .deniatta erutarepmet siht si woh dna ria dna ainomma neewteb noitcaer rof deriuqer si erutarepmet tahW rewsnA

007 si erutarepmet ehT - 009 0 ecno tub yllacirtcele ezuag munitalp gnitaeh tsrif yb deveihca si erutarepmet sihT .C eht sniatniam noitcaer morf taeh ,strats noitcaer.deriuqer sa erutarepmet

)e( .III dna II ,I segats yfitnedi ot desu eb yam naht smret evitpircsed etairporppa tsegguS

rewsnA I egatS – noitadixo citylataC – ainomma fo II egatS – im ria/edixo cirtin fo gnilooC .erutx III egatS – .egats noitprosbA

46

cnoc gnidda nO .demrof etatipicerp neerg ytrid A .dedda saw noitulos edixordyh muidos etuliD ,Y noitulos neerg elap a oT )f( eht dica cirtin detartne

noitulos edixordyh muidos gnidda nO .wolley denrut Y noitulos neerg snoitauqe gnisu snoitavresbo nialpxE .demrof won etatipicerp nworb a.Y ni noi eht gniyfitnedi

rewsnA eF si Y ni noi ehT +2

eF +2)qa( HO2 + -

)qa( )HO(eF )s(2 – etatipicerp neerg ytrid

eF ,dica cirtiN .cnoc gnidda nO +2 eF ot desidixo saw +3 . eF +2

)qa( ON + -)qa(3 eF +3

)qa( ON + 2 O + 2-)qa(

)f( ;dna dica cirtiN .cnoc neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )i( .dica ciruhplus etulid fo ecneserp ni etahplus II norI )ii( ruhpluS

rewsnA )i( ONH2 )qa(3 OSeF6 + )qa(4 H3 + 2 OS qa(4 ) eF3 2 OS( 4) )qa( H4 + 2O )l( ON2 + )g( )ii( S )s( ONH4 + )l(3 OS )g(2 ON4 + )g(2 H2 + 2O )l(

.dica cirtin fo sesu owt etatS )h( .rewsnA

- ONaN .g.e sresilitref etartin fo erutcafunaM 3 - .evisolpxe na dna resilitref a htob ,etartin muinomma fo erutcafunaM

)i( f eht ot detcejbus saw Q dna P sdnuopmoc fo erutxim A gniwollo

.stset .dilos enillatsyrc neerg thgiL :ecnaraeppA :A

.demrof etatipicerp neerg ytrid A .noitulos edixordyh muidos lid fo spord wef a dedda saw erutxim fo noitulos a oT :B ad a evag noitulos ot )III( etarrefonaycaxeh muissatop fo noitiddA .C dna llems tnegnup sah saG .decudorp osla sag nworb der A .etatipicerp eulb kr

.der ot sumtil eulb tew segnahc lCeF .qa fo noitiddA .D 3 sag nworb der a dna noitulos neerg thgil a evag noitulos ot

fo ytitnauq llams a dedda saw ebut tset ni erutxim eht oT .E H .cnoc 2 OS 4 .mrof osla semuf nworB .gnitaeh no nees ebut tset fo edis no spord yliO . .F .decudorp sag nworb der dna demrof noitulos nworB sebut tset ni noitulos ot ciruhpluS .cnoc fo spord wef a ddA

.I .ecnerefni ruoy etirw snoitavresbo eht fo hcae nI .II ecudeD .erutxim ni tneserp snoina dna noitac eht

.rewsnA .I A - eF niatnoc erutxiM +2 uC ro +2 .stlas

B - eF +2 snoi ylekil C - eF +2 ON .demrifnoc snoi 2

- ylekil osla snoi D – ON g.e snoi gnicudeR 2

- tneserp noi E – ON 3

- ON dna snoi 2- ylekil snoi

F - eF +2 N dna O2- demrifnoc snoi

56

.II eF +2 )noitaC( ON 2

- ON dna 3- .)snoina(

.7Q snrut ni sebut tset a ni detaeh slobmys tnemele eurt ton ,R dna Z Y ,X ,W fo nehw snoitavresbo fo drocer a si woleb elbat ehT .

etartiN snoitavresbO

W X Y Z Q

yltneg nO ot strap relooc ni gnisnednoc semuf ymaets gnitaeh dnuos gnilkcarc gnitaeh regnorts nO .diuqil sselruoloc a ecudorp

er decudorp sag dna draeh si - nworb deR .tnilps gniwolg a sthgil etihw yrevlis a dna der sumtil eulb tew snrut decudorp sag

nednoc si diuqil .des

.decudorp era semuf etihW .diuqil sselruoloc a otni stleMer sag dna strap looc ni sesnednoc diuqil sselruoloC - seldnik

.tfel si eudiser oN .tnilps gniwolg

er decudorp saG .draeh dnuos gnilkcarc a gnitaeh gnorts nO - eulb teW . tnilps gniwolg a sthgil der a dna der ot egnahc sumtil

nehw nworb si ti tub wolley si tfel eudiseR .decudorp sag nworb.toh

er decudorp saG .diuqil sselruoloc a otni tlem slatsyrc etihW -

nehw demrof si eudiser wolley elap a dna tnilps gniwolg a sthgiletaeh ylgnorts yrev si dilos .d

sselruoloc dna semuf ymaets gnitaeh yltneg no dilos neerg A

gnitaeh regnorts nO .ebut tset fo strap relooc ni sesnednoc diuqiler demrof sag dna draeh si dnuos gnilkcarc - gniwolg a sthgil

.demrof si eudiser kcalb a dna demrof sag nworb deR .tnilps

)a( guS .X etartin eht fo ytitnedi eht tseg rewsnA

HN ,etartin muinommA 4 ON 3

)b( .Q dna Y fo setartin eht fo ytitnedi eht tsegguS rewsnA

ON(bP = Y 3)2 ON(uC = Q 3)2

)c( .ytivitcaer fo redro gnisaerced rieht ni Q dna Z ,Y ,W setartin eht fo slatem eht tsiL

rewsnA Z Y Q W

Z dna W fo ytitnedi eht tsegguS )d(

rewsnA

66

ON(gH ,etartin II yrucreM = W 3)2 ONaN ,etartin )muissatop ro( muidoS = Z 3 ONK ro 3

)e( Q fo etartin eht eman ecneh dna Q gnitaeh no desnednoc diuqil sselruoloc eht yfitnedI

rewsnA II reppoc detardyH ,retaW etartin

f( ON(uC ,etartin II reppoc detardyh fo noitisopmoced eht rof noitauqe decnalab a etirW ) 3)2 H3 . 2 .O

rewsnA ON(uC2 3)2 H3. 2O )l( OuC2 )s( ON4 + )g(2 O + )g(2 H6 + 2O )l(

)g( .tlas muinomma fo noitaraperp eht fo noitpircsed etelpmocni na si woleB

.sutarappA dica cirtin etuliD

Q R

P .egnaro lyhtem fo spord 3 htiw ainomma suoeuqa etuliD

mc0.52 3 .P reniatnoc otni dedda saw ainomma suoeuqa etulid fo stluseR – .sgnidaer etteruB

hguoR 1 ts 2 dn 3 dr

mc( laniF 3) 0.52 5.42 8.84 5.42 nI mc( laiti 3) 0.0 0.0 4.42 0.0

ecnereffiDmc( 3)

0.52 5.42 4.42 5.42

)i( mc0.52 esilartuen ot deriuqer dica fo emulov eht saw tahw stluser fo elbat eht morF 3 ?noitulos ainomma fo )ii( der si ti sdica ni dna wolley si ilakla ni egnaro lyhtem fo ruoloc eht fI - .egnaro .egnaro lyhtem fo ruoloc eht si tahW

.I dne tA - noitcaer fo tniop .II edixordyh muidos nI .III .dica cirtin etulid nI

)iii( .dica cirtin etulid fo ytiralom eht etaluclac ,M2 yltcaxe saw ainomma suoeuqa etulid eht fI )vi( .demrof etartin muinomma fo ssam mumixam etaluclaC

1 = H( )0.61 = O ,0.41 = N ,0. )v( ?desu dica fo emulov eht ni rorre eht si tahW

76

.B mc0.52 dna nekat won saw reniatnoc naelc A 3 eht otni nur neht saw Q sutarappa morf dica fo emulov emaS .dedda saw rotacidni oN .dedda ilakla fotbo ot desu saw erutxim sihT .reniatnoc .tlas nia

)i( .noitulos mrof tlas niatbo ot desu ssecorp eht emaN )ii( deriuqer sutarappa eht lla emaN )iii( nialpxE .desu eb dluohs htab retaw A )vi( .deniatbo si slatsyrc fo ruoloc tahW

rewsnA mc5.42 = emuloV )i( .A 3

dne ta kniP .I )ii( - tniop wolleY .II HN ni )qa(3 – HN( 4 HO )qa( ) deR.III - .dica cirtin ni egnarO

HN fo seloM )iii( )qa(3 ( = 2/ 0001 )0.52 x elom500.0 =

:noitauqE HN )qa(3 ONH + )qa(3 HN 4 ON )qa(3 rO HN 4 HO )qa( ONH + )qa(3 HN 4 ON )qa(3 H + 2O )l(

1:1 si oitar eloM 500.0 = dica fo eloM

o ytiraloM ONH f 3 ( = 50.0 / 5.42 )0001 x M40.2 = )i( HN seloM )qa(3 selom = HN 4 ON 3 elom50.0 = )iii( ni noitauqe morf )1:1 si oitar(

tuB HN 4 ON 3 )3x61+41+4x1+41( = 08 =

ssaM )08x50.0( = g0.4 =

)ii( )noitartit( dica fO .lov ni rorrE pord1 = mc50.0 = 3

egnahc ruoloc .e.i dne ta - .pord 1 yb desuac si tniop

.B rewsnA )i( noitaropavE )ii( .ezuag eriw dna dnats dopirt ,rekaeb ,renrub nesnub ,elbicurc ro hsid noitaropavE )iii( elttil taht os wol tpek si erutarepmet serusne htab retaw erofereht gnitaeh no sesopmoced etartin muinommA .srucco noitisopmoced )vi( .etihw era slatsyrc etartin muinommA

SNOITSEUQ ECITCARP

)a( etatS owt .negortin fo seitreporp lacimehc owt dna lacisyhp )b( eseht etatS .yrotarobal eht ni negortin gniraperp ni desu ylnommoc sdohtem owt era erehT owt noitauqe gnivig sdohtem rojam ro tnatropmi rof

.devlovni snoitcaer )c( ;dilos a ecudorp ot erutarepmet moor ta negortin htiw stcaer muihtiL

)i( noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )ii( .retaw dna dilos neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )iii( ?euqinu noitavresbo siht si yhW

)d( ivig ria eht fo sesag eht emaN noitisopmoc egatnecrep gn

86

)e( negortin fo erutcafunam fo dohtem eht si tahW )i( .negortin fo erutcafunam eht etats ylfeirB )ii(

.negortin fo sesu eerht etatS )iii( )f( .elbaT cidoireP eht ni noitisop sti yfitnedi ot negortin fo doirep dna puorg eht esU

)a( .2Q sedixo eht fo hcae rof esu eno etatS

)i( )edixo suortin( edixO )I( negortiN )ii( )edixo cirtin( edixO )II( negortiN )iii( )edixoid negortin( edixO )VI( negortiN

)b( .negortin fo edixo na gniraperp fo dohtem a swohs woleb margaid ehT

dna X fo erutxiM

muissatoP Z sag etartin

hguorT retaW

taeH )i( n muinomma ecnatsbus elgnis eht fo daetsni desu neeb evah etartin muissatop dna X sdilos fo erutxim a ,Z edixo eht ecudorp oT .X dilos emaN .etarti )ii( tub desu ton si etartin muinomma taht ti si yhW ?Z sag ecudorp ot desu etartin muissatoP dna X stlas owt fo erutxim a )iii( .Z sag emaN )vi( .sag gnicudorp snoitcaer rof snoitauqe etirW

)c( )i( ON ,edixO VI negortin woh nialpxE 2 .etartin II dael morf detcelloc dna decudorp si )ii( celloc edixo VI negortin si mrof tahw nI .detcelloc edixo eht fo alumrof ralucelom lautca eht eviG .det

.retaw dna tlas ,edixO II negortin secudorp reppoc no dica cirtin detartnecnoc yletaredom fo noitca ehT )d( .noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW

ats dna negortin fo sedixO eerht emaN )i( )e( .hcae rof seitreporp lacisyhp owt et

.negortin fo sedixo fo snoitcaer gniwollof eht etelpmoC )ii( .I N2O )g( taeh der + .II P )s(4 N + 2O )g( etihw fo duolc dna sag a ekoms .III ON )g( O + )g(2 .t.r

.VI ON )g( P + )s(4 ylgnortS( )ecnatsbus gninrub + .V OSeF )qa(4 ON + )g( .IV ON 2 041 0 – 026 0C + .IIV ON )g(2 P + )s(4 + )ecnatsbus gninrub ylgnortS( .IIIV ON )g(2 H + 2O )l( +

96

.3Q C .X dnuopmoc nwonknu no enod erew woleb elbat eht ni nevig stset ebut tset elpmiS .wollof taht snoitseuq rewsna dna secnerefni eht etelpmo

tseT

noitavresbO

ecnerefnI

.A X fo ecnaraeppA

.B detaeh saw X ecnatsbuS neht dna tsrif ta yltneg

.ylgnorts

.C noitulos edixordyh muidoS .liDdemraw dna ssecxe ni dedda

dna enillatsyrc si diloS.ruoloc nworb der a sah

diuqil sselruoloC fo strap looc ni sesnednoc

decudorp saG .ebut tset ot sumtil tew der snrut

a gnitaeh rehtruf nO .eulb eulb tew snrut hcihw sag .decudorp si der ot sumtil

redwop nworb der A.tfel eudiser

.etatipicerp nworb deR

saG der tew snrut tahtdecudorp sumtil

eF +3 eb ylekil noi.tneserp

HN 4+ eF , +3 dna

taht noi sesopmoced

.g.e sag cidica ot OS 32- OS , 42- .cte ,

eb ot ylekiLtneserp

I

.D muirab fo spord wef A dedda saw noitulos edirolhc

fo spord wef a yb dewollofetulid .dica ciruhplus

demrof etatipicerp etihw A II

neht dna X noitulos eraperP .Emc1ot 3 mc1 dda noitulos fo 3 fo

emos dna dica ciruhplus etulid.mraw dna sgnilif nori

ot sag negordyh eht lla wollA on litnu noitulos hguorht elbbub

ef a ddA .egnahc rehtruf spord w.HOaN .lid

semoceb noituloS

desiruoloced etatipicerp neerg ytrid A

demrof

III

)a( I secnerefni eht etelpmoC )i( – elbat ni III

tneserp elucelom yna dna detceted snoi eht lla rof alumrof etirW )ii( )b( ?E tset ni nori fo noitca eht si tahW )i(

hW )ii( ?E tset ni cniZ fo daetsni desu nori si y .noitauqe na gnisu yb E tset ni negordyh fo noitcudorp eht nialpxE )iii(

)c( HN( alumrof eht evah ot thguoht si X dnuopmoc ehT 4)x eF y OS( 4)4 2. )i siht si tlas fo epyt tahW )ii y dna x fo seulav elbissop tsegguS

)d .C tset ni sag enilakla gnicudorp noitcaer rof noitauqe cinoi etirW )i( lluf gnisu nialpxe dna yrotarobal eht ni noitcaer siht fo noitacilppa na eviG )ii(

07

.noitauqe lacimehc HN( ,tlas etamorhcid muinomma egnaro nehW )e( 4)2 rC 2 O7

aeh si rC( edixo neerg a det 2O3 .demrof era stcudorp rehto owt dna negyxO ,) .noitisopmoced eht rof noitauqe na etirW

4Q ;si noitcaer cimrehtoxe eht rof noitauqe ehT .ssecorp rebaH eht yb negordyh dna negortin morf derutcafunam si ainommA .

N2 H3 + 2 HN2 3

)a( ?nwohs noitauqe eht yb detneserper siht si noitcaer fo epyt tahW )b( ?yhw dna sesag tnatcaer morf devomer yllausu era seitirupmi tahW )c( ?ainomma fo erutcafunam eht rof snoitidnoc eht era tahW )i( )iii( .deveihca si noitidnoc hcae woh yltcaxe etatS

)d( woh nialpxE ;fo gnilcycer fo ecnatropmi eht dna sesag detcaernu morf detarapes si ainomma

)i( sesaG )ii( taeH

tnatropmi yllaicremmoc owt fo alumrof eht evig dna emaN )i( )e( .ainomma fo sdnuopmoc

.deman sdnuopmoc eht fo ecnatropmi eht etatS )ii( )i( )f( ni negortin ro edixo negortin ot desidixo eb nac ainommA .esac hcae ni retaw gnimrof osla negyxo fo ecneserp

tnereffid owt eht hcihw ni snoitauqe etirw dna snoitidnoc etatS .demrof era stcudorp

r gniwollof eht etelpmoC )ii( :meht ecnalaB ;dna ainomma fo snoitcae

OuC .I )s( HN + )g(3 + + lC .II )g(2 HN + )g(3 + + HN .III )g(3 lCH + )g( + + HN .VI )qa(3 H + 2O )l( + +

)g( md1 ,ainomma dna edixo II reppoc neewteb noitcaer eht nI 3 usaem sag eht fo .detcaer saw erutarepmet moor ta der )i( demrof retaw fo ssam eht saw tahW )ii( erusserp dna erutarepmet moor ta demrof sag negortin fo emuloV

snoitidnoc erusserp dna p.t.r ta sag fo elom 1 ,0.61 = O ,0.1 = H( md42 = 3)

Q .noitulos enilakla na kaew a evig ot retaw ni sevlossid sag ainommA )a(5

)i( .siht wohs ot noitauqe na etirW )ii( etirw edixordyh muiclac dna edirolhc muinomma htiw gnitratS .I

.noitcaer rof noitauqe inomma rof tnega gniyrd emaN .II a

.III ?desu si noitcelloc sag fo dohtem tahW

.VI .deraperp os sag morf deraperp eb nac ainomma fo noitulos a woh wohs ot margaid warD

17

)iii( o spord wef a gnivah retaw rednu denepo saw nwod edispu dleh ksalf demottob dnuor a fo htuom eht ta ebut rebbur a fo pilc ehT hp f der A .nielahthpone.noitavresbo siht nialpxE .demrof niatnuof

)vi( ainomma fo noitulos ni dnuof selucelom dna snoi eht lla fo alumrof eht etirW )v( na ni sdnob tnelavoc owt eht etatS HN 4

+ noi )iv( mma fo noitulos a ot dedda si edixo muiclac dilos nehw devresbo si tahW .aino

;rucco nac snoitcaer gniwollof ehT )b(

)i( uC2 )s( ON2 + )g( OuC2 )s( N + )g(2 )ii( OSeF )qa(4 ON + )g( OSeF 4 ON. )qa( )iii( ON2 )g( O + )g(2 ON2 )g(2

.rucco snoitcaer eht fo hcae od snoitidnoc tahw rednU )c( artin muissatop dna dica ciruhplus etulid fo erutxim a nehW .revo sllitsid yllaudarg diuqil wolley elap a yltneg detaeh era et )i( diuqil wolley elap eht saw tahW )ii( etartin muissatop dna dica ciruhplus etulid neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )iii( wolley elap diuqil eht saw yhW )vi( arappa ssalg lla na ni deraperp si dica cirtiN nialpxE .sut

)v( cirtin etulid tneiciffus ni etartin muissatop fo g51 gnitcaer yb deniatbo diuqil wolley elap eht fo ssam mumixam eht si tahW .dica

)d( uorogiv a saw erehT .draobpuc emuf a ni reppoc fo g0.1 evlossid ot desu saw evoba )c( ni diuqil wolley elap ehT a dna noitulos eulb a gnicudorp ;noitcaer s.redwop kcalb a ecudorp ot semuf nworb erom on litnu detaeh saw noitulos ehT .sag nworb der

)i( .diuqil wolley elap eht dna reppoc neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )ii( decudorp saw dilos kcalb fo ssam tahW

uC( )1 = H ,41 = N ,93 = K ,61 = O ,46 =

ainomma fo sesu eerht etatS )i( )a(6Q dna ainomma neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )ii(

.I H ,dica ciruhpluS 2 OS 4 .II H ,dica cirohpsohP 3 OP 4 .III ONH ,dica cirtiN 3

s edixordyh muidos suoeuqa ekil ,ainomma suoeuqA )b( eF ekil snoitac htiw etatipicerp a mrof lliw noitulo +2 eF , +3 uC , +2 lA , +3 gM , +2 bP , +2 nZ dna +2 ton seod tI .

aC htiw etatipicerp a mrof +2 )i( setatipicerp fo noitamrof rof elbisnopser noi rof alumrof etirW )ii( eF htiw etatipicerp nworb eht rof noitauqe etirW +3 noi snoitulos tlas )iii( nZ htiw setatipicerp ehT +2 uC dna +2 HN ssecxe ni evlossid lliw )qa(3

.I HN fo spord wef a nehw nees si tahW )qa(3 ?esac hcae ni dedda si .II HN ssecxe nehw nees si tahW )qa(3 ?esac hcae ni dedda si .III c owt eht gnicudorp snoitcaer eht rof snoitauqe etirW .snoitulos rael

)vi( aC yhw nialpxE +2 HN yb detatipicerp ton era snoi )qa(2 . )v( HOaN .ssecxe ni elbulos etatipicerp etihw mrof hcihw snoi eerht eht fo alumrof etirW .I )qa( .noitulos

ht eht fo hcae rof mrof snoitulos raelc eht nehw demrof snoi fo alumrof etirW .II .snoi eer bP fo ecneserp hsiugnitsid uoy dluow woH .III +2 lA fo taht morf noitulos ni snoi +3 .

ciruhpluS .cnoc gnitaeh yb yrotarobal eht ni deraperp si dica cirtiN )c(

ssalg eht fo elcatpecer ehT .troter ssalg a ni etartin muissatop htiw dica

27

.ti revo gninnur retaw dloc htiw ksalf demottob dnuor a ot sdael troter

.ksalf eht ni mrof stelpord ylio dna troter eht ni nees era semuf nworB )i( .dica ciruhplus fo taht dna dica cirtin fo tniop gniliob erapmoC )ii( t edisni semuf nworb eht era tahW .nialpxe ot noitauqe etirW .troter ssalg eh )iii( ?retaw dloc fo esoprup eht si tahW )vi( .stelpord ylio eht fo noitcudorp eht rof noitauqe etirW

)v( .nialpxE .desu si sutarappa ssalg lla nA

)d .tnega gnisidixo na sa dna dica lacipyt a sa htob stcaer dica cirtiN )i( eerht eviG .elbissop erehw snoitauqe htiw etartsulli dna dica lacipyt a sa dica cirtin wohs taht seitreporp )ii( .dica cirtin fo snoitcaer owt eseht nialpxE

nZ4 )s( ONH01 + )qa(3 ON(nZ4 3)2 H5 + 2O )l( N + 2O )g(

gM )s( ONH2 + )qa(3 ON(gM 3) qa H + )g(2

)etulid yreV(

)iii( .snoitcaer gniwollof eht etelpmoC .I H2S )g( OHN2 + )qa(3 + + ON .II P )s( ONH5 + )qa(3 + + ON 2 .III C )s( ONH4 + )qa(3 OC )g(2 H2 + 2 + O .VI ONH4 + S )qa(3 H2 OS 4 + ON + 2

.V ONH )qa(3 OSeF + )qa(4 H + 2 OS 4 eF 2 OS( 4) qa(3 ) + ON + )g( .IV ONH )qa(3 uC + )cnoC( )s( + +

)vi( .evoba )iii(d ni snoitcaer eht no dica cirtin tuoba euqinu si tahW

)e( etatS eerht .dica cirtin fo sesu

VI RETPAHC

sdnuopmoc dna ruhpluS

smelborp devloS .1 of ssecorp hcsarF eht setartsulli woleb margaid ehT .ruhplus fo noitcartxe r

)mta51( ria toH rehto owt dna X tcudorP secnatsbus

,retaw toH 071 0 mta01 ,

37

sepip cirtnecnoc eerhT

ro sertem 002 eht woleb erom

dnuorg

stisoped ruhplus stisoped ruhplus 5 4 3 2 1

)a( .dne ta B epip fo tuo gnimoc secnatsbus owt rehto eht dna X emaN )i( nialpxE ?X tcudorp si etats tahw nI )ii(

rewsnA )i( .ria dna retaw era secnatsbus owt rehto eht dna ruhpluS = X )ii( 071 woleb stlem ruhpluS .etats netlom nI 0 .C

)b( esoprup eht si tahW ;fo

)i( repuS - ?retaw detaeh )ii( ?ria toH rewsnA

)i( ruhplus eht tlem oT )ii( .erusserp rednu sepip eht pu ruhplus ecrof oT

)c( 071 ta retaw detaehrepus si woH 0 .deniatbo C

:rewsnA .snoitidnoc erusserp rehgih rednu retaw eht lioB

)d( eht htiw 5 dna 4 ,3 ,2 ,1 sworra eht yfitnedI .ti hguorht gnissap ecnatsbus tcerroc

:rewsnA ,retaw toH = 1 secnatsbus rehto dna X tcudorp = 2 ,ria toH = 3 secnatsbus rehto dna X tcudorP = 4 retaw toH = 5

)e( ;sag larutan morf detcartxe eb osla yam ruhpluS )i( rf detarapes edihplus negordyh si woH HC ,sag larutan htiw erutxim a mo 4 )ii( egordyh erom sesidixo neht ruhplus ehT .demrof tsrif era retaw dna edixoid ruhplus ,edihplus negordyh fo noitadixo laitrap nI .ruhplus ot edihplus n

.I snoitcaer fo snoitauqe etirW .II ot sdeen edihplus negordyh fo noitcarf tahW .noitadixo laitrap eht ni edixoid ruhplus ot detrevnoc eb

:rewsnA )i( stnevlos laiceps ni debrosba si edihplus negordyh ehT – H etarebil ot dedda dica larenim neht dna noitulos enilakla 2 .S )ii( H .I 2 O + S )g(2 OS )g(2 H + 2O )l(

H2 2 OS + S )g(2 H2 + S3 2O

morF .II .edixoid ruhplus ot ria ni desidixo eb ot sdeen edihplus negordyh eht fo driht eno ylno evoba snoitauqe

47

311 ta stlem ruhpluS )a(.2Q 0 061 tuoba ta dna gnitaeh rehtruf no snekrad tI .ylisae swolf hcihw ,diuqil rebma raelc a ot C 0 na nworb hsidder semoceb ti C d

444 ta sliob tI .suocsiv 0 .niaga elibom semoceb ti hcihw erofeb sag hsinworb a gnimrof C )i( devresbo segnahc eht nialpxE )ii( S sa sliob ruhplus ehT 8 0001 ta hcihw tub selucelom 0 S ,selucelom cimotaid mrof yam C 2 nom era selucelom ,llits serutarepmet rehgih ta dna .cimotao

.I ruhplus fo smrof suoesag eerht eht ot nevig si eman tahW – S8 S , 2 ?S dna

.II segnahc eht rof snoitauqe decnalab etirW .III .nialpxE .setats lacisyhp eerht lla ni yportolla syalpsid ruhpluS

.rewsnA )i( S sa stlem ruhpluS 8 vom ylisae nac eseht dna sgnir S otni kaerb sgnir esehT .e 8 eht ekam dna elgnatne esehT .sniahc gnol mrof ot nioj noos hcihw sniahc

.retrohs emoceb dna kaerb sniahc ehT .kcalb dna niaga elibom semoceb diuqil eht gnitaeh rehtruf nO .suocsiv ruhplus

)ii( yhportollA .I S .II )s(8 gnir( ) S )l(8 061( )niahc( 0 )C

S001 )l(8 )niahc( S001 )l(8 444( 0 )C S )g(8 S4 )g(2 0001( 0 )C S )g(2 S2 )g( 0001 >> 0 .C

)iii( ts diuqil eht nI .ruhplus citsalp dna ruhplus cibmohr ,cinorhconom ylniam seportolla eerht sah ruhplus wonk ew etats dilos nI ew eta ni ruhplus evah oslaS htiw ruhplus ynnur netlom .g.e smrof ciportolla 8 .sniahc ruhplus htiw ruhplus netlom ,sgnir

S evah osla ew etats suoesag eht nI )g(8 0001 woleb sgnir fo smrof ni 0 S ot nwod kaerb hcihw tub C 2 S cimotaonom ot neve dna )g( h ta selucelom rehgi.serutarepmet

)a( etatS eerht .ruhplus cibmohr dna cinorhconom neewteb secnereffid

:rewsnA

cibmohR cinilconoM

slatsyrc lardehatcO slatsyrc ekil eldeeN 69 woleb elbatS 0C 69 evoba elbatS 0C

511 ta stleM 0C 021 ta stleM 0C wolley thgirB wolley elaP

neD mc60.2( rehgih ytis -3) mcg89.1( rewol ytisneD -3)

)b( .ruhplus morf gnitrats snoitcaer sesirammus woleb emehcs ehT

A B ,eF

57

O taeH 2 taeh , stcudorP

D ,C E dna ONH .cnoC 3 S L nobraC ,toh etihW F diuqi

taeh dna C tnegaeR taeh B + D

F dna E ,D ,C ,B ,A stcudorp emaN

:rewsnA OS = B ,SeF = A 2 H = C , 2 OS 4. H = D 2 ON = E ,O 2 SC = F , 2

)c( etatS eerht .ruhplus fo sesu

rewsnA ;dica ciruhplus fo erutcafunam ni desu si ruhpluS : - sehctam fo gnikam - .sgurd dna sedicignuf ,sedicitcesni fo erutcafunaM

tes a si woleb margaid ni tnemegnarra ehT .3Q - tcelloc dna eraperp ot desu pu

.edixoid ruhplus yrd H .cnoC 2 OS 4 revoc draC ecnatsbuS X OS 2 taeH M diuqiL

)a( )i( X ecnatsbus emaN )ii( snoitavresbo ruoy etatS )iii( esoprup sti etats dna M diuqil emaN )vi( .noitcelloc sag fo dohtem eht emaN

:rewsnA

67

)a( )i( reppoC )ii( of noitulos eulb ,der snrut sumtil tew dna ,llems tnegnup sah sag ,sag fo selbbuB .demr )iii( .edixoid ruhplus yrd ot dica ciruhpluS )vi( .ria revo yreviled drawnwoD

etatS )i( )b( owt yrassecen si gnitaeh yhw snosaer

.deriuqer si ecnatsbus rehto tahw edixoid ruhplus eraperp ot desu si etihplus muidos nehW )ii( .)i()b( rewsnA

)b( ruhpluS .cnoC morf ti esaeler ot deriuqer si gnitaeh dna sag elbulos yrev a osla si edixoid ruhplus dna detaeh nehw reppoc sesidixo dica ci .noitulos ;dica ciruhplus ro cirolhcordyh .g.e dica etuliD )ii(

)c( ni sevlossid edixoid ruhplus nehw demrof tcudorp eht emaN )i( .alumrof sti rof noitauqe etirw dna retaw )ii( .hguorht delbbub si )snoitidnoc tsiom ni( edixoid ruhplus nehw nees si tahW

.I .dica cirtiN .cnoC .II noitulos IIV etanagnam muissatoP .III noitulos enimorb deR .VI noitulos tcartxe rewolf der ro eulB

auqe etirW )iii( I )ii( ni snoitcaer fo snoit - .evoba VI

.tnega gnihcaelb a sa edixoid ruhplus revo enirolhc egatnavdasid eno dna egatnavda eno etatS )vi( rewsnA

)c( )i( .dica suoruhpluS

H2O )l( OS + )g(2 H2 OS )qa(3 )ii( b erutxim dna decudorp si edixoid negortin nworb hsiddeR .I .mraw semoce

knip elap ot segnahc noitulos etanagnamrep elpruP .II .sesiruoloced noitulos enimorb deR .III

.desiruoloced semoceb tI .VI )iii( ONH2 .I )l(3 OS + )g(2 H2 OS )l(4 ON2 + )g(2

OnMK2 .II )qa(4 OS5 + )g(2 H2 + 2O )l( K2 OS )qa(4 OSnM2 + )qa(4 H2 + 2 OS )qa(4 I OS .II )g(2 rB + )l(2 H + 2O )l( H2 OS )qa(4 rBH2 + )qa(

OS + eyD .VI 2 H2 + 2O )l( H + )negordyH + eyD( 2 OS 4 )vi( orf negyxo fo noitca yb desrever netfo si siht dna noitcuder yb sehcaelb edixoid ruhplus elihw noitadixo yb sehcaelb enirolhC .ria eht m - era klis dna looW .enirolhc yb dehcaelb nehw degamad yllausu

)d( .edixoid ruhplus fo sesu eerht etatS

.rewsnA - .segnops dna warts ,klis ,loow hcaelb oT - OSH(aC erutcafunam oT 3)2 doow hcaelb ot desu - .repap fo erutcafunam ni etihw plup - ehsauqs tiurf dna sffutsdoof ot evitavreserP .sdiuqil eht fo noitadixo gnitneverp dna negyxo htiw gnitcaer yb s - .cte dica ciruhplus fo erutcafunam rof ssecorp tcatnoc ni desU

)e( .tfel tisoped wolley dna redwop etihw a dna semuf nworb gnicudorp edixoid ruhplus ni nrub ot seunitnoc muisengam gninruB

nehW .smrof dilos wolley ,edihplus negordyh fo raj sag a revo detrevni si edixoid ruhplus fo raj sag a )i( .semuf nworb ro dilos wolley dna dilos etihw eht emaN

77

)ii( .srucco snoitcaer eht fo hcae woh nialpxE )iii( .semuf nworb eht nialpxE )vi( noitcaer fo snoitauqe decnalab etirW .s

:rewsnA

)i( .ruhplus si dilos wolley dna edixo muisengam si dilos etihW )ii( t niatniam ot desu neht si negyxo ehT .negyxo dna ruhplus ot edixoid ruhplus sesopmoced muisengam gninrub fo taeh esnetni ehT fo gninrub eh

.muisengam - ht gnivlovni noitcaer rehto eht nI .retaw dna ruhplus ot edihplus negordyh sesidixo edixoid ruhplus sesag owt e )iii( .semuf nworb gnicudorp liob ot ruhplus sesuac muisengam gninrub fo taeh esnetni ehT )vi( ;snoitcaeR

gM2 )s( OS + )g(2 OgM2 )s( S + )s( dna

H2 2S )g( OS + )g(2 S3 )s( H2 + 2O )l(

leB .4Q wolf a si wo - .ssecorp tcatnoc yb dica ciruhplus fo erutcafunam eht ni segats laitnesse gniwohs trahc B

A OS 2 noitacifiruP riA OS + riA 2

gnitsaoR dna noitartlif riA gniyrd

1 egatS II egatS X rewot sesag etsaW noisrevnoc rebmahc ztrauQ III egatS etuliD retaw D VI egatS egarots oT

)a( rper ecnatsbus elbissop a emaN D dna C ,B ,A yb detnese rewsnA edihplus norI = A : edixO III norI = B

ruhplus dna negortin ekil sesag rehto dna edixoirt ruhpluS = C .edixoid

.muelO = D

87

)b( .delcycer era taht stcudorp ruof emaN

rewsnA dna negyxo ,dica ciruhplus ,edixoid ruhpluS )b( : .taeh

)c( ?dica ciruhplus fo erutcafunam rof snoitidnoc eht era tahW :rewsnA

1 fo erusserP - tsylatac ,serehpsomta 2 – V2O5 005 fo serutarepmet dna )tP( ro 0 .C

)d( ;ta snoitcaer fo snoitauqe etirW )i( I egatS )ii( III egatS )iii( )snoitauqe owt( VI egatS

)d( :rewsnA

)i( SeF4 )s( + O7 )g(2 eF2 2O3 OS4 + )g(2 )ii( OS2 )g(2 O + )g(2 OS2 )g(3 )iii( H2 OS )l(4 OS + )g(3 H2S2O7

H2S2O )l(7 H + 2O )l( H2 2 OS )l(4

)e( ;si tahW )i( ?egats noitacifirup ta devomeR )ii( ?X rewot fo esoprup ehT )iii( ?VI egats rof eman etairporppa ehT

)e( :rewsnA

)i( .selcitrap tsud dna retaW )ii( u si tI .sesag gnimocni looc ot ,rebmahc noisrevnoc morf sesag toh morf taeh refsnart ot regnahcxe taeh a sa des )iii( .egats noitprosba sa nwonk si VI egatS

?seitirupmi evomer ot ecnatropmi ti si yhW )e(

:rewsnA tac nosiop( evitceffeni tsylatac ekam seitirupmI )e( )tsyla

)f( fo etar )ii( muirbiliuqe ta dica eht ecneh dna edixoirt ciruhplus fo dleiy )I( no gniwollof eht fo hcae fo tceffe eht si tahW .noitcaer

erutarepmeT .I tsylataC .II .ria ssecxE .VI erusserP .III

)i( )f( .I ereht cimrehtoxe si noitcaeR .dica fo dleiy wol ot sdael erutarepmet ni esaercni na erof .II .dleiy no tceffe on sah tsylataC .III .emulov ni noitcuder htiw demrof era stcudorp sa dica fo dleiy esaercni lliw esaercni erusserP .VI cco muirbiliuqe ni tfihs a sa dica fo dleiy esaercni lliw ria ssecxE .edixoirt ruhplus erom gnicudorp thgir eht ot sru .demusnoc eb lliw edixoid ruhplus evisnepxe erom ehT

)ii( .I .noitcaer fo etar sesaercni erutarepmet ni esaercni nA .II noitcaer drawrof fo etar sesaercni tsylataC

97

.III of fo etar esaercni lliw esaercni erusserP .stnatcaer fo noitartnecnoc eht sesaercni sesag rof erusserp ni esaercni nA .noitcaer drawr

.VI .noitcaer drawrof fo etar ni esaercni na ecneh dna noitartnecnoc esaercni lliw ria ni esaercni nA

)g( ssecorp tcatnoc eht ni srucco noitullop latnemnorivne woh nialpxE ?dellortnoc si ti woh dna

rewsnA dna edixoid ruhplus sesag cidica secudorp ssecorp tcatnoc ehT : htiw tcaer dna erehpsomta otni kael yam esehT .edixoirt ruhplus .sdica ecudorp ot erutsiom

OS )g(2 H + 2O )l( H2 OS (3 )qa OS )g(3 H + 2O )l( H2 OS )qa(4

b dellortnoc si sesag eseht yb noitulloP .secafrus kcor dna latem sedorroc hcihw niar dica gnicudorp niar htiw xim lliw esehT hguorht sesag etsaw yna gnissap ygnibburcs( sesag dica eseht brosba ot noitulos suoeuqa enilakla .)

.retaw ni noitaicossid sti yb siht etartsulli ot noitauqe na etirW .dica gnorts a si dica ciruhpluS )a( .5Q

:)a( rewsnA H2 OS )qa(4 H2 + 2O )l( H2 3O+ OS + 4

2-)qa( ro

H2 OS )qa(4 H2 +)qa( OS + 4

2-)qa(

)b( taw fo stnemele eht sevomer dica ciruhplus detartnecnoC ;htiw noitcaer sti rof noitauqe etirW ,sdnuopmoc ynam morf re

)i( C ,lonahtE 2H5 061 ta HO 0 .C )ii( C ,esoculG 6H 21 O6

)b( rewsnA

)i( C2H5 HO )l( H + 2 OS )l(4 C2H )g(4 H( + 2 OS )qa(4 H + 2O )l( ) )ii( C6H 21 O )s(6 H + 2 OS )l(4 C6 )s( H6( + 2O )l( H + 2 OS )qa(4 )

)c( tartnecnoc nehw nees si tahW ;ot dedda si dica ciruhplus de )i( ?)tnilps nedoow( esolulleC )ii( ?slatsyrc etahplus reppoC

)c( rewsnA

)i( .tnilps fo ecafrus no mrof selbbub dna kcalb ot derrahc semoceb tnilps nedoow ehT )ii( .redwop etihw ot nrut slatsyrc etahplus reppoc eulb ehT

)d( necnoc fo ytiliba ehT .edixonom nobrac fo noitaraperp eht ni fo esu edam neeb sah sdnuopmoc morf retaw fo stnemele evomer ot dica ciruhplus detart ydutS

.wollof taht snoitseuq rewsna dna woleb margaid eht dica ciruhpluS .cnoC

OC )g(

08

hguorT retaW

)HOOCH(dica cionahteM

)i( ?ksalf ni nees si tahW )ii( .noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )iii( :dica eht gnicudorp tsrif ,spets owt ni srucco noitcaer dica cionahtem fo ecalp ni desu si )aNOOCH( etaonahtem muidos nehW

.I pets tsrif eht si noitcaer fo epyt tahW ? .II .snoitcaer owt eht rof snoitauqe etirW

)vi( H dica cilaxo tnemirepxe ralimis a nI 2C2O4 .dica cionahtem fo ecalp ni desu eb nac dica cisabid a , .I noitcaer fo snoitauqe etirW .II .edixonom nobrac erup teg ot detarapes sesag tcudorp eht era woH

)d( rewsnA

)i( fo selbbuB .ksalf mottob dnuor ni sag sselruoloc )ii( HOOCH )l( H + 2 OS )l(4 OC )g( H + 2 OS )qa(4 H + 2O )l( )iii( .tlas sti morf dica kaew a fo tnemecalpsiD .I

aNOOCH .II )s( H + 2 OS )l(4 HOOCH )l( OSHaN + )s(4 HOOCH )l( H + 2 OS )l(4 OC )g( H + 2O )l( H + 2 OS )qa(4

)vi( H .I 2C2O )l(4 + H2 OS )l(4 OC )g( OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l( H + 2 OS )qa(4 OC .II )g( OC tub lartuen si )g(2 OC etarapes ot elbissop erofereht si tI .cidica si )g( .noitulos edixordyh muidos suoeuqa hguorht ti gnissap yb erutxim morf

)e( .cipocsorgyh sa debircsed si dica ciruhpluS )i( W ?naem mret siht seod tah )ii( .yrotarobal eht ni deilppa neeb ciruhplus fo ytreporp siht sah esu tahW

)e( rewsnA )i( .ti ni devlossid gnieb fo tnetxe eht ot ton tub erehpsomta eht morf retaw brosba ot ytilibA )ii( .tnega gniyrd a sa desu si ciruhpluS .cnoC

nehW )a( .6Q dixoid ruhplus dna retaw htiw rehtegot demrof si edixoid nobrac ,laocrahc deredwop htiw detaeh si dica ciruhplus detartnecnoc ralimis A .e

.ruhplus htiw srucco noitcaer )i( .ruhplus dna nobrac htiw noitcaer rof noitauqe etirW )ii( ht ni srucco noitcaer fo epyt tahW nialpxE .sesac owt ese )iii( .stnemele owt eseht htiw tcaer ton seod dica cirolhcordyh taht ti si yhW

:rewsnA

)i( H2 OS )l(4 C + )s( OS )g(2 OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l(

H2 2 OS )l(4 S + )s( OS3 )g(2 H2 + 2O )l(

18

)ii( ecer( edixoid nobrac ot desidixo si nobraC .g.e snoitcaer xodeR .negyxo sesol ti sa edixoid ruhplus ot decuder si dica ciruhplus dna )negyxo sevi )iii( non htiw tcaer tonnac ti erofereht ytiliba gnisidixo on sah dica cirolhcordyH - .slatem

)b( tiw dica ciruhplus detartnecnoc gnitaeh yb yrotarobal eht ni deraperp si edixoid ruhpluS .reppoc h )i( .noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )ii( .dica ciruhpluS etulid htiw tcaer ton seod reppoc taht ti si yhW

rewsnA

)i( uC )s( H2 + 2 OS )qa(4 OSuC )qa(4 H2 + 2O )l( OS + )g(2

)ii( etuliD .dica morf negordyh ecalpsid tonnac ti erofereht ytivitcaer ni negordyh woleb si reppoC tnega gnisidixo sa tca ot ytiliba skcal osla dica ciruhplus.srucco noitcaer on erofereht

)c(

)i( ?sdica rehto fo noitaraperp eht ni fo esu edam era dica ciruhplus fo seitreporp tahW )ii( ;eraperp ot dedeen slacimehc eht emaN

.I dica cirtiN .II edirolhc negordyH

)iii( cae nI .snoitidnoc eht etats dna snoitcaer fo noitauqe etirw evoba )ii( ni esac h )vi( .ti htiw gnitcaer ni sdne dica ciruhplus detartnecnoc gnisu deraperp nehw hcihw dica eno emaN

)c( rewsnA

)i( .ytilibitalov wol sti dna dica gnorts a sa htgnerts stI )ii( ONK .I 3 .cnoc dna H2 OS 4

H .cnoc dna lCaN .II 2 OS 4 ONK .I )iii( )s(3 H + 2 OS )l(4 taeH OSHK )s(4 ONH + )l(3

taeH lCaN .II )s( H + 2 OS )l(4 OSHaN )s(4 lCH + )g(

.dica cionahteM )vi( HOOCH )l( H + 2 OS )l(4 OC )g( H + 2O )l( H + 2 OS )qa(4

;yb ruoivaheb dica lacipyt sti swohs dica ciruhpluS )d(

.I .edixoid nobrac dna retaw ,tlas a mrof ot etanobracnegordyh ro etanobrac a htiw gnitcaeR .II negordyh dna tlas a mrof ot latem a htiw gnitcaeR .III itcaeR .ylno retaw dna tlas a mrof ot esab a htiw gn

)i( ;rof tset eht si tahW

.I sag negordyH .II edixoid nobraC

)ii( .selpmaxe etairporppa gnisu III dna II ,I sesac eht fo hcae ni snoitcaer etartsulli ot snoitauqe etirW )iii( tasilartuen si III dna II ,I ni snoitcaer eht fo hcihW nialpxE ?noi )vi( .tlas eraperp ot elbissop ton ti si yhW

.I OSbP 4 ?dica dna etanobrac gnitcaer yb .II lCbP 2 ?dica dna etanobrac gnitcaer yb .III OSuC 4 ?dica htiw latem gnitcaer yb

28

.VI OSaC 4 hcae ni rewsna ruoy nialpxE .?dica htiw etanobrac gnitcaer yb .esac

rewsnA )d(

)i( .negordyh htiw dnuos ’pop‘ a secudorp tnilps gninruB .I .retaw emil htiw etatipicerp etihw a smrof edixoid nobraC .II

)ii( H .I 2 OS )qa(4 eF + )s( OSeF )qa(4 H + )g(2 H .II 2 OS )qa(4 OCnZ + 3 OSnZ )qa(4 OC + )g(2 H + 2O )l( H .III 2 OS )qa(4 OuC + )s( OSuC + )qa(4 H2O )l(

)iii( .ylno retaw dna tlas a mrof ot edixordyh latem ro edixo latem a htiw noitcaer a si tI .noitasilartuen si III noitcaeR )vi( OSbP elbulosni esuaceb etanobrac dael dna dica ciruhplus neewteb srucco noitcaer elttiL .I 4 stneverp demrof .noitcaer

lCbP elbulosni sa srucco noitcaer elttiL .II 2 .gnirucco morf noitcaer stneverp demrof .ytivitcaer ni negordyh woleb si reppoc esuaceb dica ciruhplus dna reppoc neewteb srucco noitcaer oN .III

a etanobrac muiclac neewteb srucco noitcaer elttiL .VI OSaC elbulos ylthgils eht esuaceb dica ciruhplus dn 4 .gnirucco morf noitcaer stneverp demrof )e( :woleb sa dedrocer dna enod erew snoitavresbo dna stset gniwollof eht Z dna Y ,X stlas ni snoina yfitnedi ot tpmetta na nI

tseT

noitavresbO

ecnerefnI

as ehT erew Z dna Y ,X stl.detset dna devlossid hcae

saw noitulos hcae oT )a( fo spord wef a dedda

ON(aB 3)2 noitulos spord wef a yb dewollof

ONH .lid fo 3

Z htiw etatipicerp oT )b( .lid dedda saw evoba

dica cirtiN saw y fo noitulos a oT )c(

pord wef a dedda fo s.noitulos etamorhcid

X )i( - hcihw etatipicerp etihw dna dica gnidda no secsevreffe

htiw etatipicerp etihw smrof sag.retaw emil

Y )ii( - hcihw etatipicerp etihw tnegnup a htiw secsevreffe

.dica fo noitidda no sag gnillems Z )iii( - tipicerp etihw ton eta

.dica yb detceffa

sniamer etatipicerp etihW

neerg denrut noitulos egnarO

I II

III VI

V

)e( rewsnA ;secnerefnI

.I etanobrac a eb ot ylekil si X .II etihplus a eb ot ylekil si Y

38

.III etahplus a eb ot demrifnoc si Z

.VI S evah ot demrifnoc si Z O32-

.V OS ,noi gnicuder evah ot demrifnoc si Y 32-

)f( etatS eerht ;fo sesu

)i( dica ciruhpluS )ii( setahpluS

)f( rewsnA

)i( HN( ,etahplus muinomma .g.e sresilitref fo erutcafunaM 4)2 OS 4 H(aC ,etahpsohpnegordyh muiclac , 2 OP 4)2 - secorp erofeb tsur evomer ot slatem fo tnemtaerT .gnisinavlag ro gninnit ekil ses - selibomotua rof srotalumucca ni desu osla si dica ciruhpluS )ii( OSaB ,etahplus muiraB 4 .stniap rof tnemgip a sa desu si - OSaC 4 resilitref etahpsohp repus eht ecudorp ot etahplusnegordyh muiclac htiw dexim resilitref a sa desu si . - OSaC( ,”siraP fo retsalP“ 4)2 H. 2 .senob nekorb gnittes rof desu si O

SNOITSEUQ ECITCARP

054 tuoba fo erutarepmet a ot detaeh si ruhplus dilos nehw ecalp ekat taht segnahc eht tneserper woleb smargaid ehT )a(1 0 eht rewsna ot smargaid esU .Caht snoitseuq .wollof t

511 0C 061 0C A B C 441 0C D

)i( 511 ta ruhplus eht ot sneppah tahW 0 .C )ii( .epahs sti ebircsed dna setats diuqil dna dilos htob ni elucelom ruhplus fo alumrof eht etirW )iii( 1 ta ruhplus eht ot sneppah tahW 06 0 ?C )vi( .etats sag ni selucelom ruhplus fo alumrof eht etirW

)v( erutcurts ralucelom eht gnitats C egats ta ruhplus fo etats eht ebircseD

)b ruhplus fo eportolla na smrof ti retaw dloc otni deruop si ruhplus diuqil ynnur toh nehW )i( eportolla siht emaN )ii( segnahc tahW .demrof eportolla eht emaN .sdrawretfa noos ecnatsbus elbailp tfos siht no rucco lliw )iii( ruhplus fo seportolla rehto morf tnereffid ecnatsbus siht si woH

48

)c( .wollof taht snoitseuq eht rewsna dna woleb margaid eht ydutS

eb reka ebut gnilioB retaw gnilioB

ruhplus fo noituloS enezneblyhtem nI

taeh dnats dopirT

)i( nnuf ni repap retlif a no ruhplus otno deruop tsrif saw enezneblyhtem toH ?siht fo esoprup eht saw tahW .le )ii( 69 evoba ebut gniliob eht ni nees eb lliw tahW 0 ?C

trats ti litnu emalf nesnub a ni detaeh dna noops gnitargalfed a fo dne eht no tup saw mrof deredwop ni ruhplus emoS .2Q .gninrub de

)a( ?devresbo eb lliw tahW )b( tauqe etirW .noitcaer fo noi )c( .dedda saw retaw emos deppots gninrub retfA .negyxo fo raj sag a otni derewol neht saw noops ehT

)i( emalf no nees saw egnahc tahW )ii( .derrucco taht noitcaer rof noitauqe etirw dna demrof saw taht noitulos emaN

)d( saw noitulos sumtil fo spord wef A .evoba )c( ni noitulos eht ot dedda .noitulos fo ruoloc eht saw tahW

)e( .ruoloc degnahc sumtil eht litnu pord yb pord noitulos eht ot dedda neht saw noitulos edixordyh muidoS )i( ?ruoloc wen eht saw tahW )ii( s eht dna edixordyh muidos neewteb ecalp koot noitcaer tahW ?noitulo )iii( .edixordyh muidos eht htiw noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW

.ylhguoroht dexim dna redwop ruhplus ot dedda saw redwop norI )a( .3Q

)i( .nori evael ot tuo ruhplus gnitteg fo yaw rehtona dna ruhplus evael ot tuo nori gnitarapes fo yaw eno tsegguS )ii( erutxim ehT .demrof saw SeF alumrof eht evah ot thguoht dilos kcalb a dna der dewolg nori eht dna detaeh saw

.I nialpxE ?ecalp koot egnahc tahW .II .noitcaer fo noitauqe etirw ,ria ni denrub si SeF nehW

)b( csevreffe dna dica cirolhcordyh etulid dedda saw SeF ,dilos kcalb eht oT H ,alumrof fo llems gge nettor htiw sag a fo ecne y .demrof saw S )i( ?y fo eulav ylekil tsom eht si tahW )ii( .dica cirolhcordyh dna edihplus nori neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW

58

)c( snoitcaer gniwollof eht ot detcejbus saw evoba )b( ni sag ehT .I negyxo ni tnrub saw tI .II .noitulos etamorhcid muissatop htiw nekahs saw tI

)i( ?esac hcae ni nees saw tahW )ii( H ,edihplus negordyh nehw noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW y ?ria ni snrub S

A .ssecorp tcatnoc yb dica ciruhplus fo erutcafunam eht ni segats swohs woleb margaid ehT .4Q B C

X saG denaelc sesaG detaeh sesaG sesaG

deird dnA 054 ot 0 dna ,C dessap ot desirusserP revo

Y saG 2- 3 serehpsomta tsylatac D devlossid saG H .cnoc nI 2 OS 4 E detulid tcudorP retaw htiW

)a( Y dna X sesag emaN )b( ?tcaer Y dna X sesag eht od erehW )c( Y dna X sesag rof noitcaer fo snoitauqe etirW )d( noitcaer fo noitauqe etirw dna D ta devlossid tcudorp emaN )e( ?sesag fo %89 ot sneppah tahW )f( enod si tahW ?sesag fo %2 htiw )g( .C ta tsylatac emaN )h( .E ta noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW )i( neewteb noitcaer fo noitauqe etirW

)a( etihplus muissatop dna dica ciruhpluS .liD )b( etihplus muissatop dna dica ciruhplus etuliD )c( .noitulos edirolhc muirab dna etahplus muisengaM

)j( etatS eerht dica ciruhplus fo sesu

.dica ciruhplus fo erutcafunam rof ssecorp tcatnoc eht nI )a( .5Q )i( .ogrednu yeht segnahc eht rof snoitauqe etirw dna slairetam gnitrats eht emaN )ii( .dica ciruhplus fo erutcafunam rof snoitidnoc eht era tahW )iii( taht snoitcaer rehto nialpxE .snoitauqe tnaveler yna esU .dica ciruhplus detartnecnoc fo noitamrof eht ot dael

)b( dica ciruhplus fo seitreporp lacimehc eerht etatS )c( mcg48.1 fo ytisned a sah ti dna dica ciruhplus %89 ni srerutcafunam morf dica ciruhpluS 3.

)i( ytiralom sti etaluclaC )ii( emulov tahW mc052 ekam ot desu eb lliw 3 .noitulos dica ciruhplus M2 fo )0.61=O ,0.23=S ,0.1=H(

)d( ;dna dica ciruhplus etulid neewteb snoitcaer rof snoitauqe cinoi etirW

68

)i( muisengaM )ii( etanobrac muidoS )iii( noitulos edixordyh muidoS )vi( noitulos etartin muiraB

X tnemelE )e( sa detneserper eb nac 23 X 61

.I X fo erutcurts cimota warD .II .noitarugifnoc cinortcele sti etirW

nobrac fo .son cimotA( elbat cidoirep eht ni ruhpluS dna negortiN ,nobraC stnemele eht ecalp ot woleb sdirg eht esU )ii( ,6 era ruhpluS dna negortiN 61 dna 7.)ylevitcepser

)iii( .stnemele eht fo sdoirep dna spuorg eht eviG puorG doireP

nobraC negortiN ruhpluS

V RETPAHC

.1 elpmaxe na gnivig woleb smret eht enifeD )a )i puorg lanoitcnuF )ii msiremosI )iii .seires suogolonroH

srewsnA .

)a )i A puorg lanoitcnuf senimreted taht elucelom eht fo noitrop eht si non eht yllausu ;seitreporp sdnuopmoc a - eht fo trap nobracordyh .elucelom

era selpmaxE - .senaklaonegolah rof ) I ,rB ,lC= ( X - )slohocla rof(HO

78

- C = C ,)senakla( H ro )senakla( – C = C – senykla .euqinu selpmaxe fo puorg tsal sihT

)ii msiremosI lacimehc emas eht htiw elucelom a fo ecnetsixe eht si .erutcurts tnereffid tub alumrof

selpmaxE – C4H 01 n sa tsixe nac )enatub( – enatub

HC 3 HC 2 HC 2 HC 3 rO 2 - enaporplyhtem

HC 3 HC(HC 3 HC ) 3

)iii seires suogolomoH .yllaudarg egnahc seitreporp lacisyhP .alumrof lareneg emas dna seitreporp lacimehc emas eht htiw sdnuopmoc fo puorg a si elpmaxE C ,senakla : nH 2+n2

)b golomoh a dna elbaT cidoirep eht ni puorg a erapmoC .seires suo

:rewsnA puorG .seires suogolomoH

.1 tnereffid sah tnemele hcaEalumrof

.2 nmuloc lacitrev ni stnemelE

emas htiw elbat cidoirep fosnortcele tsomretuo fo .on

.3 emas evah stnemelEseitreporp lacimehc

.1 tnereffid sah dnuopmoc hcaEareneg emas tub alumrof l

alumrof .2 emas htiw dnuopmoC

.puorg lanoitcnuf

.3 emas evah sdnuopmoC.seitreporp lacimehc

)c fo noitsubmoc eht rof snoitauqe etirW

)i C ,enehtE 2H6 )ii C ,enaporP 3H8

:rewsnA C2 )i 2H6 O5 + )g(2 OC4 )g(2 H6 + 2O )l(

C )ii 3H )g(8 O5 + )g(2 OC3 2 H4 + 2O )l(

)d .rucco ot senakla fo snoitcaer gniwollof eh rof yrassecen snoitidnoc eht etatS )i noitanegolaH )ii .noitsubmoC

rewsnA

)i )thgiL .v .u( thgilnuS )ii taeH

)e C ,enaporp fo noitanirolhcid wohs ot noitauqe etirW )i 3H8.

88

yt siht fo egatnavdasid eno etatS )ii fo sisehtnys rof noitcaer fo ep .senaklaonegolah

)iii .noitutitsbus yb srucco senakla fo noitanegolaH .tnemetats siht nialpxE

.rewsnA HC )i 3 HC 2 HC 3 lC2 + 2 HC 3 )lC(C 2 HC 3 lCH2 +

.deniatbo eb lliw stcudorp noitutitsbus fo erutxim A )ii )iii nehW mota eno erehw noitcaer fo epyt sihT .srucco niahc nobracordyh eht no negolah yb negordyh fo tnemecalper srucco noitanegolah secalper

.noitutitsbus dellac si rehtona )f .gniwollof eht fo seman citametsys eht eviG

)i HC 3 HC ,HC , 3 HC 3

)ii HC 3 HC 2 lC

)iii HC 3 HC 2 HC - HC 2 HC 3

HC 3

HC 2

HC 3

)vi lCHC 3

2 )i :rewsnA – enaporplyhtem )ii enahteorolhC )iii 3 – enaxehlyhte )vi .enahtemorolhcirt

)g .sdnuopmoc gniwollof eht fo alumrof larutcurts eht warD

n )i – enatnep 3 ,1 ,1 )ii - enatublyhtemirt

i 3 ,2 )ii – orolhcid – 5 – .enaxehlyhtem

.rewsnA HC )i 3 - HC 2 - HC 2 - HC 2 - HC 3

HC )ii 3 H HC 3 - C - C - HC 3

HC 3 HC 3

98

HC )iii 3 – HC – HC - HC 2 - HC - HC 3

lC lC HC 3

.2 tes ehT )a – ..X sag yduts dna eraperp ot desu saw woleb pu

.decudorp erew X sag fo sebut tset eerhT fo htuom eht ta dleh saw tnilps dethgil a nehw devresbo saw tahW )i

tset eno – ?ebut )ii tset egral A - revo dleh saw ebut retfa nekahs dna ebut tset siht ot dedda saw retaw emil elttil A .ti evoba tnilg dethgil eht htiw ebut tset eht

?devresbo saw tahW .gnireppots

)iii tset rehto ehT - ahW .esac hcae ni noitulos enimorB dna IIV etanagnom muissatop gnidda retfa nekahs erew sebut .devresbo saw t )vi .X sag emaN

)v .X sag fo noitaraperp eht rof noitauqe na etirW )iv .X sag fo noitsubmoc etelpmoc eht rof noitauqe na etirW )iiv oitauqe etirw .X sag gniraperp rof dohtem emas eht gnisu enahte eraperp ot desu eb nac hcihw muidos fo tlas elbatius a emaN .noitcaer fo n )iiiv .X sag tuoba su llet noitcelloc sag fo dohtem eht seod tahW

.rewsnA )a emalf eulb a htiw tnrub sag ehT )i

etatipicerp etihw a demrof retaw emil ehT )ii a saw ereht retaw enimorb nI .IIV etanagnam muissatop ni egnahc oN )iii

laudarg .thgil fo ecneserp fo esuaceb noitasiruoloced wols )vi enahtem si X saG

)v HC 3 aNOOC )s( HOaN + )qa( HC )g(4 aN + 2 OC ga(3 )iv HC )g(4 O2 + )g(2 OC )g(2 H2 + 2O )l( )iiv .etaonaporp muidoS

HC 3 HC 2 aNOOC )s( HOaN + )qa( C2H )g(6 aN + 2 OC ga(3

)iiiv sni si X saG .retaw ni elbulo

)b .tcudorp cinagro rojam eht gnivig yb snoitauqe gniwollof eht etelpmoC HC )i 3 H + lC 2 HOaN

C / dP

09

HC )ii 3 HC 2 HlAiL + lC 4 HC )iii 3 HC 2 rB uC / nZ +2

H+ HC2 )vi 3 enahteyxohte aN2 + I

HC )v 3 HC 2 rBgM H2O

HC )iv 3 OC ANO sisylortcelE

ClA )iiv 3 lCH +

)b2 .rewsnA HC )i 4 HC )ii 3 HC 3 HC iii 3 HC 3 HC )vi 3 HC 3

HC )v 3 HC 3 HC )iv 3 HC 3 HC )iiv 4

)c .senakla fo sesu eerht etatS

)c2 .rewsnA - .)lonahtem ,enyhte( sdnuopmoc rehto fo erutcafunam dna sag leuf sa desu si enahteM - htE daellyhteartet fo erutcafunam ni desu si ena - .cte enilesav ,slio leuf ,lortep sa desu senakla rehgiH

.3 :elpmaxe na gnivig smret gniwollof eht enifeD )a msiremosi lacirtemoeG )i

snobracordyH )ii noitarutasnI )iii

.noitcaer noitiddA )vi

i( )a(3 :rewsnA ) nobrac a tuoba noitator detcirtser ot eud serutcurts tnereffid owt htiw dnuopmoc a fo ecnetsixe eht si msiremosI lacirtemoeG - si C ge dnob elbuod nobrac – 2 –

,enetuB HC 3 H

C

C

HC 3 H

19

HC 3 snart( H – 2 – ),enetuB

C

C

HC H 3

negordyh dna nobrac fo pu edam sdnuopmoc era snobracordyH )ii C eneporp g.e ylno 3H6 C enaporp ro 3H8

ton si dnuopmoc a ni nobrac hcihw ni noitautis a si noitarutasnU )iii

ehcatta H ( enehte g.e smota rehto ruof ot d 2 HC = C 2) .detarutasnu era ) HC = cH ( enyhtE

sdnuopmoc erom ro owt hcihw ni eno si noitcaer noitidda nA )vi .tcudorp elgnis a evig ot enibmoc

)b .senekla gniwollof eht emaN

HC )i 2 = rB HC

H )ii H

C C

HC 3 HC = HC 2

HC )iii 2 HC HC = 2 HC( C 3)3

HC( )vi 3)2 HCHC = C 3

HC )v 3 HC 2 H

C

C HC H 2 HC 3

HC )iv 3 HC 2 H

C

C

HC 3 HC 2 H

HC H )iv 2

29

C C

H HC 3 HC 2

.rewsnA

enehteomorB )i atneP si C )ii - 3 ,1 – C ro eneid 3 ,1 si - eneidatnep

4 ,4 )iii - lyhtemid – I - enetnep 2 )vi – lyhtem – 2 - enetub

snart )v – 3 - enexeH si C )iv – 3 - enexeH

snarT )iiv – 2 – .enetnep

)c rof ealumrof larutcurts etirW 2 )i - eneporplyhteM 2 )ii – atublyhteM – 3 ,1 - - eneid

)iii enetubolcyC 4 ,4 )vi – tneplyhtemid – I - ene

3 )v – .enetnepolcyclyhteM

.rewsnA 2 )i - eneporplyhteM HC 3 - HC = C 2

HC 3 HC )ii - HC 2

HC HC 2

2 )iii - 3 ,1 atublyhteM – eneid H2 C = C - HC = C 2

HC 3 H

4 ,4 – lyhtemid – 1 – HC enetnep 3 - HC( C 3)2 – HC 2 – HC = HC 2

HC = CH

HCHC 3 3 ( – )enetnepodyclyhtem

H2 HC C 2

)d .meht emaN .enetnep fo sremosi fo alumrof larutcurts eht eviG

:rewsnA

HC 3 – HC 2 - HC = HC - HC 3 enetnep 2 ;

HC 3 – HC 2 - HC 2 HC = HC 2 enetnep 2 ;

39

HC 3 – HC - HC = HC 2 3 ; – lyhteM -I- enetub

HC 3

HC 5 – HC 2 – HC = C 2 2 ; – lyhtem – I – enetub

HC 3

HC 3 – C = HC - HC 3 lyhtem 3 ; - 2 – enetub

HC 3

H2 _________ C HC 2

HC 2 HC 2 enatubolcyc

HC 2

H2 HC _________ C 2

H2C HC enatubodyclyhteM

HC 3

H2 HC _________ C 2 enapporpolcyclyhtE HC

HC 2

HC 3

,alumrof emas sah hcaE C5H 01 )e .rewsna ruoy nialpxe dna eslaf ro eurt era eseht rehtehw etatS

senaklaolcyc htiw ciremosi era seneklA )i nobrac tuoba noitator eerf si erehT )ii – .dnob elbuod nobrac

)i(e rewsnA ,alumrof lareneg eht evah seneklA .eurT Cn H n2 cyc od os dna reffid erutcurts tub senaklaol

C ,enaxehodyc g.e 6H 21 - cilcyc C ,enexeh dna 6H 21 - .niahc thgiartS

)ii .rucco ton seod dna ysae ton si sihT .dnob nobrac a tsael ta gnikaerb ot tnuomatnat dnob elbuod a tuoba noitatoR .eslaF

.4 a sag ni ti tcelloc dna enehte eraperp ot desu erew woleb sutarappa ehT ) .wollof taht noitseuq rewsna dna margaid ydutS .sraj

49

Y dica ssecxe eht emaN )i ?mrof ot nigeb enehte sag eht seod erutarepmet tahw tA )ii

na emaN )iii .noitcaer siht ni mrof ot ylekil tcudorp rehto eht etatS .dedracsid erew dellif eb ot sraj sag eerht ro owt tsrif ehT )vi

.nosaer enehte fo seitreporp lacisyhp ruof etatS )v

sag tsal eht fo enO )iv – if no tes dna detceles saw dellif eb ot sraj a htiw er tnilps gninrub

.I rewsna ruoy nialpxe dna emalf eht ebircseD .II sraj tsrif eht fo eno esoohc ot ton tnatropmi si ti yhw etatS .III sag eht ni decalp si retaw emil nehw devresbo si tahW - .pu tnrub sah sag eht lla retfa raj .VI noitavresbo rehto yna etatS

.V C ,enehte fo noitsubmoc etelpmoc eht rof noitauqe etirW 2H4 .IV mc wef A 3 sag rehtona ni decalp saw retaw enimorb fo – noitavresbo eht nialpxe dna etatS .nekahs raj sag neht dna decalper revoc ,enehte fo raj .IIV mc wef a decalp saw raj sag tsal eht oT 3 p etulid fo ciruhplus etulid elttil a hcihw ot noitulos )IIV etanagnam muissatop( etanagnamrep muissato

.nialpxe dna snoitavresbo eht etatS .dedda neeb sah dica

.rewsnA dica ciruhpluS .cnoc si Y dicA )i

061 tuobA )ii – 071 oc )iii HC ,rehte lyhteiD 3 HC 2 – O - CH2 HC 3 )vi ylniam ria niatnoc dluow yehT

)v .ria sa ytisned emas eht yletamixorppa sah dna retaw ni elbulosni ,llems hsiteews sah ,sag sselruoloc a si enehtE )iv seneklA .emalf ytoos dna )suonimul( wolley a htiw snrub enehtE .)I

itroporp hgih a evah wolg nobrac desopmoced eht dna nobrac no

59

si emalF .erutan suonimul eht gnicudorp emalf eht fo taeh eht ni .tnrubnu epacse nobrac emos esuaceb ytoor

)II sag tsrif ehT - si enehte dna ria fo erutxim a dna ria niatnoc ot ylekil sraj .evisolpxe )III .etatipicerp etihw a demrof retaw emiL )VI sag eht fo edisni ehT - .ytsim dna yduolc saw raj

)V C2H )g(4 O3 + )g(2 OC2 )g(2 H2 + 2O )l( )IV non a mrof ot srucco noitcaer noitidda nA .desiruoloced retaw enimorb der ehT - 2 ;dnuopmoc deruoloc – .enahteomorbid

HC 2 HC = 2 rB + 2 HC rB 2 - HC 2 rB )g( )g(

)IIV yrev a ot decuder si etanagnamrep muissatop dna desidixo ylisae era seneklA .desiruoloced etanagnamrep muissatop elprup ehT knip elap.dnuopmoc

)b i ssecorp noitcaer ehT .noitcaer noitanimile fo elpmaxe na si ti dna noitardyhed sa nwonk si evoba )a( n

.smret eht enifeD )i )I noitcaer noitardyheD )II .noitcaer noitanimilE

)ii .tcudorp cinagro niam eht gnivig yb noitardyhed snoitcaer gniwollof eht etelpmoC

HC .I 3 HC 3 O H %59 H 2 OS 4

071 0C

HC .II 3 HC 2 HO lA 2 O3

003 – 053 0C

HC .III 3 HC 2 H HO 3 OP 4

002 - 052 0C

)iii ?snoitcaer noitardyhed eerht eht ot nommoc era tahW

)i( :rewsnA le eht hcihw ni eno si noitcaer noitardyheD .I dna negordyh stneme

yeht sa noitroporp emos ni dnuopmoc a morf devomer era negyxo .retaw ni era

dna elucelom a morf smota fo lavomer ot dael snoitcaer noitanimilE .II gnir no sdnob )elpirt ro( elbuod a fo noitamrof .srucco serutcurts

HC ,enehte si tcudorp eht III dna II ,I )ii( nI )ii 2 HC = 2

69

)iii - snoitcaer eht lla ni deriuqer erutarepmet hgiH - sdica era stsylatac ehT – dica siwel dna dica cirohpsohp ,dica ciruhplus

lA( 2 )3O - a lonahte morf trats snoitcaeR .retaw dna enehte ecudorp dn )c .wollof taht snoitseuq eht rewsna dna woleb trahc wolf eht ydutS

A ssecorP

B dna A sessecorp emaN )i

?tnatropmi B ssecorp si yhW .I )ii .III pmis gniwollof eht etelpmoC .enaporp dna enehte gnicudorp yb B ssecorp noitartsulli hcihw noitauqe el

C5H 21 H2O )g(

009 oC

.senekla suoesag fo ecruos larutan a emaN )iii

fo segasu lareneg dna dnamed eht etatS )vi .I dna sesaG .II .lio edurc mrof sdiuqil elitaloV

.srewsnA

)C gnikcarc si B dna noitallitsid lanoitcarf si A )i dna suoaesag fo ylppus eht tnemelppus ot tnatropmi si B ssecorP .I )ii

rehgih hcum ylevitaler a no era hcihw snobracordyh diuqil

liO edurC

gnidulcni sesaG detarutasni

snobracordyh italoV diuqil el

snobracordyh

reivaeH nobracordyh

snoitcarf

B ssecorP

segasu lareneGdnamed dna

segasu lareneGdnamed dna

erom tub sesu ynaM erofereht dna desilaiceps

rewol ylevitaler fodnamed

79

.dnamed C )II 5 H 21 H2Og C2H )g(4 C + 3H )g(8

009 0C

.muelortep ro lio edurC )iii fo erutcafunam dna sleuf gnithgil dna gnikooc sa desu era sesaG .I )vi

.hgih si dnamed ehT .noitasiremylop noitidda yb scitsalp l sa desu era sdiuqil elitaloV .II .niffarap dna lortep .g.e sleuf diuqi

.hgih yrev si dnamed ehT .5 )s(tcudorp niam eht gnivig yb snoitcaer gniwollof eht etelpmoC )a

HC )i 2 HC = 2 H + 2 N 041 0C

HC )ii 2 HC = 2 lC + 2 lcC 4

HC )iii 2 HC = 2 O + 2 taeh

)vi HC 2 HC = 2 lcH + )tcudorp rokinrokraM(

HC )iv 3 - HC = HC 2 lCH + edixoreP

itnA( - )tcudorp rokinrokram )a5 .srewsnA

HC )i 3 HC 3 HC lC )ii 2 - HC 2 lC

OC )iii )g(2 H dna 2O )l( )vi H3 C - HC 2 lC

)v HC 3 lCHC – HC 3 )iv HC 3 HC 2 - HC 2 lC

)b serusserp hgih tA 002 fo erutarepmet a dna serehpsomta 0001 tuoba fo 0 a ni dilos ssam ralucelom evitaler hgih a mrof ot enibmoc selucelom enehte C

.remonom sa nwonk si enehtE .tsylatac sa tca negyxo fo secarT .noitasiremylop sa nwonk ssecorp smret gniwollof eht enifeD )i .

.I remonoM .II remyloP .III noitasiremyloP

.snoitidnoc eht gnivig enehte fo noitasiremylop eht rof noitauqe etirW )ii

.srewsnA

ralucelom egral dliub ot pu nioj taht selucelom llams eht era sremonoM .I )i .sremylop dellac sdnuopmoc

.II ot selucelom llams ynam gninioj yb pu edam dnuopmoc a si remylop A .selucelom egral ecudorp

si remylop a mrof ot selucelom llams fo pu gninioj fo ssecorp ehT .III .noitasiremylop sa nwonk

89

HC n2 )ii 2 HC = 2 051 mta 0 - HC 2 - HC 2 - HC 2 - HC 2) n

002 o O ,C 2

)c .senekla fo sesu evif etatS

.srewsnA - enehteorolhc dna enehtylop fo erutcafunam eht rof desu si enehtE – )edirolhclynivylop( enehteorolhcylop fo erutcafunam rof - .scitsalp suoirav rof eneporpylop ekam ot desu si eneporP - .lonahte dna noitaregirfer ekam ot desu si enehtE - .rebbur laicifitra erutcafunam ot desu si eneidatuB )d .sremylop gniwollof eht fo hcae rof sesu eerht eviG

enehteyloP )i eneporpyloP )ii

cyloP )iii .enehteorolh

:srewsnA smlif citsalp dna gnigakcap ,sgab citsalp gnikam rof desu si enehteyloP )i

dna sreniatnoc doof ,stekcub ,sepor ekam ot desu si eneporpyloP )ii .slwob pu gnihsaw

ot desu si enehteorolhcyloP )iii cirtcele rof noitalusni ,staocniar ekam .sgnirevoc esactius ,sepip retaw ,selbac

.6 .enyhte eraperp ot desu tnemegnarra na si woleB )a

99

muiclac htiw stcaer hcihw retaw tuo ezeeuqs ot desu si taet rebbur ehT )i c CaC( edibra 2 etirW .edixordyh muiclac dna sag eht gnicudorp )

.noitcaer fo noitauqe H fo seitirupmi ,ria morf trapA )ii 2 HP ,S 3 A ro 5H3 ni dnuof yllamron era

?devomer sesag eseht era woH .llems luof a ti evig esehT .sag )iii etatS .snoitavresbo eht morf ecuded yam uoy sag eht fo seitreporp lacisyhp owt )vi :swollof sa detset sag dna detcelloc erew sag eht fo sebut tset ruoF

.I .nialpxe dna snoitavresbo etirW .sag htiw dellif ebut tset tsal eht fo htuom eht ta tnilps dethgil a tuP .II rd wef A .nialpxe dna snoitavresbo etatS .nekahs dna decalper reppots eht dna ebut tset rehtona ni tup erew retaw enimorb fo spo .III oitavresbo etatS .nekahs dna decalper reppots ,ebut tset rehtona ot dedda erew IIV etanagnam deifidica etulid fo spord wef A pxe dna sn .nial .VI txim ekahs dna reppots ecalper dna noitulos edirolhc )I( reppoc lacainomma fo spord wef a dda ebut tset gniniamer tsal eht oT etatS .eru

.nialpxe dna snoitavresbo

)i )a :srewsnA H2 )i 2O )l( CaC + )s( 2 )HO( aC )s(2 C + 2 H )g(2

)ii .elbulosni si enyhte elihw rehtegot dexim nehw yllaicepse retaw ni evlossid lliw sesag erehT )iii .retaw ni elbulosni dna sselruoloc si saG

)vi sah enyhte esuaceb si sihT .emalf ykoms yrev dna wolley a htiw snrub saG .I noitroporp hgih yrev a tnrub ton si nobrac sihT .negordyh ot nobrac fo .toos gnicudorp ylluf

senyklA .desiruoloced semoceb nworb der si hcihw retaw enimorb ehT .II ehT .snegolah htiw snoitcaer noitidda ni trap ekat dna detarutasnu era ekat ruoloc .raeppasid ot setunim wef a s

.III nM ot decuder snoi IIV etanagnam elpruP .knip elap ot desiruoloced noitulos elprup ehT +2 nM dna senykla fo ecneserp eht ni snoi +2 elap era snoi.knip

.VI T .slatem htiw stlas smrof enykla lanimret A .smrof etatipicerp wolley A ekil slatem fo snoi yb decalper steg dna ralop si enykla hcni fo negordyh ehuC + gA dna + .etatipicerp tlas mrof ot

.sdnuopmoc gniwollof eht emaN )i )b

.I HC( 3)3 HC C 2 HC C = C 3 .II HC 3 HC = C lC HC

)ii .senykla ruof tsrif eht fo alumrof eht eviG .I

etirW .II .senykla rof alumrof lareneg eht .meht eman dna enytnep fo sremosi fo alumrof larutcurts eht eviG .III

001

)iii :rof alumrof larutcurts eht eviG - .I 4 – tuborolhC – I – eny .II 3 – tneplyhteM – 3 – ne – 1 - eny .III 5 ,5 – xehlyhtemid – 2 – eny .VI axeh – 5 ,1 – neid – 3 – ny .e

i( B .rewsnA 5 ,5 .I ) – xehlyhtemiD – 2 – eny

3 .II – orolhC -I- .enytub

)ii C .I 2H2 C ,)enyhte( 3H4 )enyporp( C4 H6 C ,)enytub( 5H8 )enytnep(

C si alumrof lareneG .II nH8 .)enytnep(

HC .III 3 HC 2 HC 2 HC = C 1 – p enytne

HC 3 HC C = C 2 HC 3 2 – enytnep

HC 3 HC HC = C 3 – lyhtem -I- .enytnep

HC 3

)iii H .I 2 C - HC 2 – HC = C

lC

HC .II 3 – C = C - HC = C

HC H 3

HC 3

.III HC 3 - C - HC 2 - C = C - HC HC 3

.VI H2 C = C - C = C - HC = C 2

H H .smret eht enifeD )i )c

.I noitarutasnU .II noitarutaS

)ii fo snoitcaer gnisu evoba )i(c ni rewsna ruoy etartsullI

.I enyhtE .II enehtE .III enahtE

101

)i(c .rewsnA

eno sah dnuopmoc a hcihw ni etats a si noitarutasnU .I ro elbuod erom ro .sdnob tnelavoc elpirt

dnuopmoc a ni smota nobrac eht fo hcae hcihw ni etats a si noitarutaS .II .sdnob tnelavoc elgnis rof sah

)ii moc detarutasnU .dnob elpirt a sah ti esuaceb detarutasnu si enyhtE .I :noitcaer noitidda ogrednu sdnuop -

rB rB

H – C = C – rB2 + H 2 H C C H

rB rB

.noitcaer noitidda ogrednu osla lliw tI .dnob elbuod a sah enehtE .II

H rB

H2 HC = C 2 rB + 2 H H C C

rB H

noitcaer noitutitsbus ogrednu erofereht lliw dna detarutas si enehtE .III .thgilnus ro taeh fo ecneserp eht ni

H rB

HC 3 - HC 3 rB + 2 H C C H H + rB

H H

.enykla na morf enekla na gnihsiugnitsid fo syaw owt etatS )d

.rewsnA - ica cinorhc fo spord wef a gnidda no egnahc ruoloc elbavresbo on erofereht )wolley( dica cinorhc yb desidixo ton era senyklA .gnikahs dna d lliw senekla

.neerg ot wolley mrof ruoloc eht egnahc - .etanobrac negordyh ro etanobrac muidos htiw sag a secudorp tcudorp ecneh dna sdica cilyxobrac sdleiy senykla fo sisylonocO dna slonakla dleiy seneklA

ro etanobrac muidos no tceffe on htiw seironakla .etanobracnegordyh - .tnatsni si noitcaer eht senekla htiw elihw setunim wef a gnikat ylwols ylno retaw enimorb esiruoloced senyklA )e .senykla fo sesu ruof etatS

;rewsnA - CVP rof enehteorolhc fo erutcafunaM - tnevlos a ,enehteorolhcirt fo erutcafunaM - u si enyhtE negyxo htiw dexim nehw gnidlew ni des - tuB fo erutcafunaM -z- ne -I- .rebbur citehtnys rof eny )f .wollof taht snoitseuq eht rewsna dna woleb emehcs noitcaer eht ydutS

nZ E

201

D

A

la(HOK )c HNaN 2 rB2 2 HC = CH HC 2 HC 2 aN )s( HNaN ro 2

rB rB C XR B

Y

HC 2 HC = 2 Y tnegaer eviG )i E dna D ,C ,B ,A stcudorp eviG )ii

rewsnA B )i )f : rB( enimor 2) HC = HC = A )ii 2 rB

aN C = CH = B

C = CH = C – R

rB rB = D

C C H - H

rB rB H = E - C = C - .H

)g mc021 gniypucco X sag fo elpmas A 3 mc063 ni denrub saw yH ,C alumrof fo 3 mc003 deipucco sesag laudiseR .)ssecxe na( negyxo fo 3 gnissap retfa tubmc06 ylno noitulos edixordyh muidos hguorht 3 .snoitidnoc erusserp dna erutarepmet moor ta erusaem erew semulov llA .tfel saw sag fo

a etirW )i dnuopmoc rof ssecorp gninrub rof noitauqe decnalab lareneg .y dna x gnisu X )ii .noitulos edixordyh muidos fo esoprup eht saw tahW )iii .X dnuopmoc fo alumrof eht ecneh dna y dna x fo seulav eht enimreteD

)i ( g .rewsnA C )i x H )g(y + x ( + y O ) )g(2 OCx g(3 ) y + 2 H2O )l(

4 )ii sag cidica brosba ot desu si noitulos edixordyh muidoS – .edixoid nobrac )iii 063( = detcaer negyxo fO .loV – mc003 = )06 3

OC fO .loV 2 003 ( = demrof – mc042 = )06 3

301

R .lov eroferehT oita CxHy O : 2 OC : 2 042 : 003 : 021 = 2 : 5.2 : 1 = )noitauqe ees( 2 = x eroferehT + x ( ecneh y 5.2 = ) 4 + 2 eroferehT y 5.2 = 4 5.2 ( = y ecneh - 4 x ) 2 2 = C si alumrof erofereht 2 H2

.SNOITSEUQ ECITCARP

.1 C ,enaporP )i )a 3 H8 mret eht enifeD .nobracordyh a fo elpmaxe na si .nobracordyh

)ii lumrof lareneg a etirW .enakla htxis eht fo alumrof eht dna senakla rof a )iii .selucelom tnereffid eht fo noitarapes fo dohtem eht dna senakla fo ecruos niam eht emaN )vi .meht eman dna enaxeh fo sremosi larutcurts evif eht eviG

401

)b senekla ni erutcurts dna dnob fo epyt eht emaN )i )ii arrA :tniop gniliob gnisaercni fo redro ni gniwollof eht egn -

N – 2 ,2 ,enatnep – n ,enaporplyhtemid - .enahte dna enatub )iii .senakla fo seitreporp gniwollof eht ni sdnert eht nialpxe dna etatS

.I tniop gnitleM .II tniop gnilioB .III .ytisneD

)vi senakla rehtehw nialpxe dna etatS : ni evlossid -

.I retaW .II .rehte muelortep ekil stnevlos cinagrO

)c mret eht enifeD .sdnuopmoc detarutas era senaklA )i .detarutas

)ii :fo noitsubmoc etelpmoc eht rof snoitauqe decnalab etirW .I C ,enatub 4H 01 .II C ,enatnep 5H 21

)iii ton yllausu si noitsubmoc ,enigne rac a nI :etelpmoc - .I rac a ni sesag tsuahxe ni sdnuopmoc elbissop etatS .II .eman lacimehc sti dna toos fo ruoloc eht si tahW

)d h eht lla litnu snoitutitsbus evisseccus rehto dna noitutitsbusid ,noitutitsbusonom evah yam ew senakla fo noitanegolah nI alper era snegordy .dec

C( enahte fo noitutitsbusonom wohs ot noitauqe etirW )i 2 H6 ni ) artlu fo ecneserp - .taeh ro thgil teloiv

)ii .noitutitsbusonom wohs ot evoba )i( ni tcudorp ruoy esU )iii .enahte fo noitanegolah ni tcudorp lanif eht emaN

)e .sdnuopmoc gniwollof eht emaN

)i HC 3 HC 2 HC 2 HC 2 HC 3

)ii C( C 2H5)4

)iii HC 3 HC 2 HC 2 HC( C 3)3

)vi HC( HC 3)2 HC( HC 3 HC ) 3

)v HC 3 C( ta 2H5 HC ) 2 HC 2 lC

)iv HC( 3)2 C - HC 2

rB rB

)iiv HC 3 HC 2 rBHC 2

)iiiv HC 3 HC 2 HC - HC 2 HC 2 HC 2 rB

rB

)f :fo alumrof larutcurts eht eviG 2 )i – orolhC – 4 - lyhtem enaxeh

)ii 3 – lyhte – 3 – enatneplyhtem

501

)iii 2 ,1 – enatnepolcyclyhtemid )vi 1 ,1 ,1 – enahteorolhcirt

.2 .srewsna ruoy nialpxE .senekla fo seitreporp lacisyhp eerht etatS )a

)b .smret gniwollof eht neewteb hsiugnitsiD snobracordyh detarutasnu dna detarutaS )i

)ii isylordyH noitardyh dna s )iii snoitcaer noitutitsbus dna noitiddA )vi sremosi larutcurts dna sremosi lacirtemoeG

)c tset dellebalnu owt neviG - ae ni sag eht yfitnedi ot tuo yrrac yam uoy stset owt ebircseD .enahte gniniatnoc rehto eht dna enahte gniniatnoc eno ,sebut hc

tset -t .ebu

)d 3 fo sremosi lacirtemoeg eht warD )i – hcae gnillebal enexeh .yletairporppa

3 fo sremosi larutcurts owt tsael ta warD )ii – .meht eman dna enexeh

.3 morf sag a eraperp ot desu sutarappa fo tnemegnarra na si woleB )a icidem .niffarap lan

.detcelloc erew sag fo sebut tset eerhT

snoitavresbo etatS .ebut tset a ni Y sag nrub ot desu saw tnilps dethgil A )i )ii tset eht ot dedda saw retaw emiL - ?devresbo saw tahW .nekahs dna dekooc neht dna evoba )I( a ni ebut )iii tset rehtona ot dedda saw retaw enimorB - ?devresbo saw tahW .Y sag fo ebut )vi ?devresbo saw tahW .noitulos )IIV( etanagnam muissatop ot dedda saw ebut tset driht eht oT

)v )i(a ni snoitavresbo eht esU – .enekla na ro enakla na si Y sag rehtehw yfitnedi ot )vi( )iv .nialpxE ?niffarap eht naht selucelom rellams sah tcudorp eht taht stseggus tahW

)b tset egral eerhT .niffarap fo ecalp ni lonahte dna ecimup fo ecalp ni nialecrop gnisu tnemegnarra latnemirepxe ralimis a nI .detcelloc erew sag fo sebut

eht si tahW )i ?nialecrop fo esu )ii .devresbo saw tahW .ebut tset a ni sag etingi ot desu saw tnilps dethgil A )iii ?devresbo saw tahW .nekahs dna dekroc neht dna tnrub saw sag eht retfa retaw emil dedda saw evoba ebut tset eht oT

601

)vi nam muissatop dedda saw ebut tset tsal eht oT ?devresbo saw tahW .noitulos )IIV( etanag )v HC( lonahte no derrucco taht noitcaer rof noitauqe etirW 3 HC 2 )HO

)c .evoba )b( dna )a( ni snoitcaer ebircsed ot desu si mret tahW

.4 .smret gniwollof eht fo hcae enifeD )a

seires suogolomoh )i )ii remylop )iii i larutcurts .msiremos

)b 2 fo sremosi lla warD – enetub – .meht fo hcae emaN .larutcurts dna lacirtemoeg htob )c .seman CAPUI rieht yb sdnuopmoc gniwollof eht fo hcae emaN

rB )i rB rB )ii H

C C C C

H H rB H

H )iii 2 HC )vi

H2 HC C H2 HC C

H2 HC C H2 HCHC C 3

HC 2

)d .gniwollof eht fo hcae rof alumrof larutcurts eviG 2 )i – lyhtem -2- enetub

)ii 4 ,1 – eneidatnep )iii 4 ,4 ,2 – lyhtemirt -I- .enetnep )vi snarT – e – .enetub

)e .snoitcaer gniwollof eht ni stcudorp eht eviG

HC )i 2 HC = 2 rB + 2 lCC 4

HC )ii 2 HC HC = 3 rBH + )tcudorp rokinrokram(

)iii HC 2

H2C HC lCH + )tcudorp rokinrokram(

H2 HC C C 3

HC 2

H )vi 2 HC C 2

701

H + HC 2 tcudorP )ssecxE(

HC CH

HC

)f .enehte morf devired sdnuopmoc era gniwollof ehT H2C LC H C = enehteorolhC H2C HC = enehtelynehP

C6H5 F2 F C = C 2 enehteoroulfarteT

.enehte ekil sremylop noitidda mrof lla yehT

.snoitcaer noitasiremylop noitidda gniwollof eht etelpmoC )i .I F F F F

C + C = C C

F F F F

H n2 .II 2 F C = C

C6 H5

)ii ylop“ xiferp eht gnidda yb sremonom eerht eht fo hcae morf devired sremylop eht emaN – )iii ti rof sesu eerht tsael ta eviG .edirolhclynirylop sa nwonk ylnommoc si enehteorolhc morf remylop ehT . )vi .noitasiremylop noitidda mret eht enifeD

.5 .alumrof a sa woleb nwohs dnuopmoc hcae fo eman eht eviG

)i H )ii H H H H )iii H H

C C C H H C C H H C H H C

H H H H H H H

H H H )v H H )vi

801

H C C C H C C

H H H H lC )a dnob elbuod a sniatnoc alumrof hcihW )b .meht emaN .seires suogolomoh ro ylimaf emas eht ot gnoleb secnatsbus xis eht fo eerhT )c nI .snoitavresbo eht nialpxe dna etatS .retaw enimorb htiw nekahs saw )vi ( ecnatsbuS dna ”noitcaer noitidda“ smret eht esu noitanalpxe ruoy

.”dnuopmoc detarutasnu“ )d .thgilnus fo ecneserp swollof sa stcaer )ii( dnuopmoC

H H H H

H lC + H C C 2 thgilnuS C C C H lCH +

H H H H

.”noitcaer noitutitsbus“ smret eht nialpxe ot noitauqe siht esU

.6 .wollof taht snoitseuq rewsna ot woleb noitcaer eht esU )a HC )g(4 O2 + )g(2 OC )g(2 H2 + 2 ,O = H - lomJk888 -

stnatcaer emaN )i

)ii dorp emaN stcu )iii nialpxE ?cimrehtodne ro cimrehtoxe noitcaer eht sI )vi HC elucelom eht sI 4 nialpxE ?detarutasnU rO detarutaS

)v fo gninaem eht etatS = H - lom Jk888 -1? )b C ,enatnep fo sremosi eerht rof alumrof larutcurts etirW 5 H 21 .meht emaN . )c ,gnikcarc smret ehT rp eht yfissalC .sessecorp suoirav ebircsed ot desu era noitasiremylop dna sisylordyh noitanegordyh ,noitallitsid lanoitcarf sesseco

: taht esoht otni selucelom llams lareves otni selucelom egral nwod gnikaerb evlovnI )i

)ii m regral fo pu gnidliub evlovni selucelom llams ynam ro wef a morf selucelo )iii .lla ta noitcaer lacimehc yna evlovni ton od I

)d rof ealumrof larutcurts warD

1 ,1 ,1 )i - enaporporolhcirt )ii 3 ,1 natub – enaid )iii 2 – .enaporplyhtem

.7 C ,enaporP )a 3 H8 nobracordyh a fo elpmaxe na si

)i nobracordyh mret eht enifeD )ii senakla rof alumrof lareneg eht etirW )iii .enakla htxis fo alumrof dna eman eviG )vi .senakla suoirav eht fo noitarapes fo dohtem eht dna senakla fo ecruos niam eht emaN

)b atcer ehT .sdnuopmoc nobrac emos rof ealumrof fo tsil a si woleB .emas eht ylirassecen ton era hcihw ,sniahc nobrac tneserper selgn

)i HC = C 2 )ii HC 3

901

H

)iii HN 2 )vi HO .I ?snobracordyh era owt hcihW .II enekla na ot taeh yb desopmoced eb dluow owt hcihW .III taeh nehw ainomma tuo evig dluow eno hcihW .emil ados htiw de .VI .citsalp a mrof ot noitasiremylop noitidda yb tcaer dluow dnuopmoc hcihW

)c siD .scitsalp no tceffe taeh ebircsed ot desu era remylop gnittesmreht dna citsalp )gninetfosomreht( citsalpomreht smret ehT .smret owt eseht hsiugnit

.8 oleB )a emos fo stniop gniliob dna alumrof larutcurts ,eman fo elbat a si w

.wollof taht snoitseuq rewsna ot elbat eht esU .senykla

emaN alumroF larutcurtS ( tniop gnilioB 0 )C enyhtE

enyporP tuB – I – eny tneP – I – eny

H - C = C - H HC 3 – C C = - H HC 3 HC 2 - C = C - H HC 3 HC 2 HC 2 HC = C

- 57 - 32 9

04

)ii .senykla ni dnob fo epyt eht nialpxe dna etatS )iii .ria fo taht htiw enyhte fo ytisned eht erapmoC

,21 = C ( )23 = 0 ,41 = N ,1 = H

)b .snoitcaer noitidda ni trap ekat senyklA )i smret eht fo gninaem eht etatS .”snoitcaer noitidda“

)ii :wollof taht snoitseuq eht rewsna dna ti ydutS .enyhte rof emehcs noitcaer a si gniwolloF -

011

.I E ,D dna C ,B ,A stcudorp emaN .II r eht dna tnegaer eht gnivig C tsylatac eht emaN noitidnoc erutarepmet thgi .III .enyhte ot edimorb negordyh dna edidoi negordyh fo ytivitcaer neewteb ecnereffid eht si tahW .VI lCeF fo elor eht si tahW 3 ?enyhte fo noitanirolhc ni

.V cnereffid eht etatS .enyhte yb desiruoloced eb lliw retaw enimorb dna enimorb htoB .stcudorp dna ytivitcaer ni e .IV .B ecudorp ot enyhte fo noitsubmoc etelpmoc eht rof noitauqe decnalab a etirW

)c senykla fo sesu owt etatS )d fo erutcurts warD )i

)I 3 ,3 – lyhtemiD – I – enytub )II 3 – enyxeh

)ii HC( .I emaN 3)2 HC = C HC

.III HC ( C = CH 2)4 HC 3

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6. Chemistry Form Three q&a1