Slide 1

Slide 2 Slide 3 Slide 4 Slide 5 Slide 6 6 Slide 7 Slide 8 8 Slide 9 9 Slide 10 10 Slide 11 11 Slide 12 12 Slide 13 Slide 14 Hadrons: color singlets white states Slide 15 Slide 16 Slide 17 Slide 18 antisymmetric in color Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22 22 Slide 23 Slide 24 24 Slide 25 25 Slide 26 Slide 27 Slide 28 Slide 29 Slide 30 Slide 31 Slide 32 Quantum Field Theory: Finestructure constant becomes function of energy or scale due to quantum fluctuations of electron-positron pairs => partial screening of bare charge of the electron at distances less than the compton wavelength of the electron Slide 33 + 33 Slide 34 34 Slide 35 OPAL ALEPH L3 DELPHI 35 Slide 36 36 Slide 37 Slide 38 Slide 39 Slide 40 Slide 41 as as Slide 42 3 Quarks: u,d,s Slide 43 Slide 44 Slide 45 Slide 46 Slide 47 Effective potential between quark and antiquark: Slide 48 Slide 49 Large distance: linear term Slide 50 Slide 51 Slide 52 Slide 53 Slide 54 Slide 55 Slide 56 bound states: simplest color singlets bound states: simplest color singlets Slide 57 Slide 58 Nuclear Forces indirect consequences .of color force. nuclear force : gluonic force nuclear force : gluonic force ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Van-der-Waals force : electromagnetic force Van-der-Waals force : electromagnetic force Slide 59 Slide 60 Slide 61 Slide 62 Slide 63 nucleon mass in limit of vanishing quark masses: const. calculable, error about 10 %. Exp: 938.272 MeV Exp: 938.272 MeV Slide 64 :about 250 MeV Mass: confined field energy Slide 65 Nuleon mass: QCD mass and mass contributions from the quark masses QCD u d s QED QCD u d s QED Slide 66 m(quark)=0 axialvector currents also conserved Slide 67 chiral symmetry: very light pions, but no SU(2) singlet with small mass Slide 68 Slide 69 Slide 70 Slide 71 Slide 72 Slide 73 Slide 74 deep inelastic scattering electron proton variables Q 2 = 4 E E sin 2 /2 x = Q 2 /2M p (E E) Q 2 measures resolution modern experiments measure Q 2 < 10 5 GeV 2 > 10 -18 m = r p /1000 x measures inelasticity x = 1 elastic 0 < x < 1 inelastic E E photon Slide 75 probability that a quark carries fraction of parent proton s momentum is q( ) ( 0< < 1 ), then Slide 76 Slide 77 Slide 78 Slide 79 79 Slide 80 80 Slide 81 Slide 82 Slide 83 Slide 84 Fermilab Slide 85 Slide 86 86 Slide 87 87 Slide 88 Slide 89 Slide 90 Slide 91 Slide 92 e +, e (28 GeV) p (920 GeV) Slide 93 electron proton quark a deep inelastic scattering event at HERA Slide 94 Slide 95 Slide 96 where the logarithm comes from (collinear singularity) and then convolute with a bare quark distribution in the proton: pxp q 0 (x) + + + 2 + 2 Slide 97 Slide 98 scaling violations and QCD quarks emit gluons! Q1Q1 Q 2 > Q 1 The structure function data exhibit systematic violations of Bjorken scaling: Slide 99 Slide 100 Slide 101 Slide 102 Slide 103 bound states of QCD Slide 104 104 Slide 105 105 Slide 106 106 Slide 107 107 Slide 108 108 Slide 109 109 Slide 110 110 Slide 111 111 Slide 112 112 Slide 113 113 Slide 114 114 dibaryons thus far not observed Slide 115 115 Slide 116 116 Slide 117 117 Slide 118 118 Slide 119 119 Slide 120 120 experiment: quark gluon states and gluonia not observed. Slide 121 Slide 122 Quark-Gluon-PlasmaQuark-Gluon-PlasmaQuark-Gluon-PlasmaQuark-Gluon-Plasma atomsnucleusplasma Slide 123 Slide 124 Slide 125 Slide 126 Slide 127 Slide 128 quark gluon plasma: inside neutron stars ? Slide 129 129