5sistem muskular phys

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System Muscular


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Chapter 4 2

Tipe jaringan otot

Otot Rangka Menempel pada tulang

Multiple nukleus

Lurik, sadar dan tak sadar (reflek)

Otot Polos Dinding organ dalam, pembuluh darah, mata, kelenjar, kulit

Nukleus single, terletak pada pusat

Tidak lurik/polos, tak sadar

Otot Jantung Pada jantung

Nukleus single, terletak pada pusat

Lurik, tak sadar


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Chapter 4 3

Muscular System Functions

Body movement

Maintenance of posture

Respiration Production of body heat

Communication

Constriction of organs and vessels Heart beat


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Chapter 4 4

Sifat otot

Dapat berkontraksi

Ability of a muscle to shorten with force

Dapat dieksitasi

Capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus Dapat diregangkan

Muscle can be stretched to its normal resting lengthand beyond to a limited degree

Elastis Ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after

stretched


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Organization I:


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Chapter 4 6

Structure & organizational level of Skeletal Muscle


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Chapter 4 7

Sarcomere = the basic contractile unit


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Chapter 4 8

THE SKELETAL MUSCLE


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Chapter 4 9

Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle fiber

Sel otot

Muscle fiber sel yang memanjangsilindris, terdiri dari

Sarcolemma = membran plasma

Sarcoplasma = cytoplasma glycogen &myoglobulin

organel nukleus

mitokondria

sarcoplasmic reticulum = REsuperorganel MYOFIBRIL terdiri darimyofilamen tipis dan myofilamen tebal


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10Chapter 4

Z line Z line


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Chapter 4 11

THE SARCOMERE


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Chapter 4 12

Myofilamen tebal (Myosin)

Mengandung proteinyang disebut myosin. one myosin

moleculemyosin heads(cross bridges)

myosin tails


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Chapter 4 13

Myofilamen tipis (Actin)

Filamen tipis mengandung protein Actin

Tropomiosin

troponin

actinmonomerstropoyi


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Chapter 4 14

Muscle Physiology

Muscles consist of many muscle fibers(cells) connected in bundles

Muscle fibers are made up of myofibrils

Strength training akan meningkatkan

jumlah myofibril dan ukuran otot =hypertrophy

Penurunan jumlah myofibril dan ukuran

otot = atrophy


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Chapter 4 15

Jenis fiber otot Slow-twitch fibers otot tipe lambat

Tahan lelah

Kontraksi tidak secepat dan sekuat otot tipe cepat

Bergantung pada sistem energi oksidatif

Fast-twitch fibers otot tipe cepat Kontraksi cepat dan kuat

Cepat lelah

Lebih bergantung pada sistem energi nonoksidatif


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Chapter 4 16

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION


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Chapter 4 17

The Motor Unit

Back muscles

1:100

Finger muscles

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Eye muscles

1:1


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Chapter 4 18

WHAT HAPPEN AT THE NEUROMUSCULARJUNCTION?

RELEASE OF ACh BREAKDOWN OF ACh


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Chapter 4 19

Skeletal Muscle Contraction: Mechanism

Figure 12-11a: Excitation-contraction coupling

1. Neuron motorik melepaskan asetilkolin pada neuro-muscular junction

2. Terjadi potensial aksi akibat ikatan antara reseptor-asetilkolin


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Chapter 4 20

Skeletal Muscle Contraction: Mechanism

Figure 12-11b: Excitation-contraction coupling

3. Potensial aksi bergerak sepanjang t-tubulus

4. Potensial aksi menyebabkan saluran Ca 2+ terbuka, ion Ca masuk kedalamsitoplasma

5. Ion Ca terikat pada troponin., ikatan molekul aktin dan miosin bertambah kuat


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Chapter 4 21

AP & MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Troponin has

binding sites for

1)G actin

2)Tropomyosin

3)Ca2+


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Chapter 4 22

Energy for Contraction:ATP & Phosphocreatine

Aerobic Respiration Oxygen Glucose

Fatty acids 30-32 ATPs

Anaerobic Respiration Fast but

2 ATP/glucose PhosphocreatineATPs


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Chapter 4 23

Central "Feeling"

Lactic acid

Peripheral

Glycogen depletion

Ca2+ interference

High Pi levels

ECF high K+ ACh depletion

Muscle Fatigue: Causes not well known

Figure 12-14: Locations and possible causes of muscle fatigue


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Chapter 4 24

Physiological Effects of StrengthTraining

Meningkatkan massa dan ukuran otot

Meningkatkan penggunaan dan koordinasi motorunit

Meningkatkan kekuatan tendon, ligamen dan tulang Meningkatkan cadangan energi dan suplai darah ke

otot

Memperbaiki kadar lemak darah dan proses biokimia


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Chapter 4 25

Tipe kontraksi otot

Kontraksi isometrik = kontraksi otot tanpaperubahan panjang otot

Kontraksi isotonik = kontraksi otot yang

menyebabkan perubahan panjang otot


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Chapter 4 26

Isotonic and IsometricContractions


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Chapter 4 27

Awas :Suplemen dan obat otot

Suplemen yang digunakan untuk meningkatkanpertumbuhan otot

Anabolic steroids

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)

Growth hormone

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

Beta-agonists

Protein, amino acid, and polypeptide supplements and so-called metabolic optimizing meals


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Chapter 4 28

Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids

Liver damage and tumors

Reduced HDL

High blood pressure, heart disease, cancer

Depressed immune function Psychological disturbances

Depressed sperm and testosterone production;breast development in males

Masculinization in women and children

Premature closure of bone growth centers


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Chapter 4 29

Suplemen yang digunakan untukmempercepat penyembuhan Creatine monohydrate

Chromium picolinate

Suplemen yang digunakan untukmeningkatkan intensitas latihan dan tidakmudah lelah

Amphetamines Caffeine



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Chapter 4 30

Suplemen untuk meningkatkan ketahanan

Erythropoietin

Darbepoetien

Suplemen untuk kontrol berat badan Diethylpropion, phentermine

Caffeine, PPA, ephedra

Dinitrophenol

Diuretics



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Chapter 4 31

Age-Related Changes inSkeletal Muscle

Aging is associated with a loss of musclemass

Rate increases after 50 years of age

Regular exercise training can improvestrength and endurance

Cannot completely eliminate the age-related loss

in muscle mass


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Chapter 4 32


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Chapter 4 33

nuclei stripes myofibrils


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Chapter 4 34

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