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A
MINOR PROJECT-III
REPORT
ON
HIGHWAY ALERT SIGNAL LAMP
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF THE DEGREEE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
Session-2010-2011
SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-
Mr. LOKESH FARHANA PERWEEN
LECTURER BRANCH E&C(5th SEM)
ELECTRONICS & COMM. DEP’T ROLL NO-5EC 28
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT
JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTWith profound respect and gratitude I take the opportunity to express my sincere thanks
to PROFF. LAKSHMI NARAYAN (H.O.D Of ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION) for providing me support to complete my project on
“HIGHWAY ALERT SIGNAL LAMP”.
We here especially thankful to all my teachers & lecturers ,colleagues, friends and well-
wishers who have always a good word for me, including a source of strength for taking
this venture.
During the course of preparation of this project , we had the advantage of generous help
of many but in particular, we wish to acknowledge with thanks the inspiration and
encouragement provided by our professor, MR LOKESH without which this project
work would not have seen the light of the day.
FARHANA PERWEEN 5EC-28
2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project titled “HIGHWAY ALERT SIGNAL LAMP” submitted
by FARHANA PERWEEN, B.Tech-5th (Electronics & Communication) is student’s own
work carried out my supervision and guidance. The matter embodied in this report is
original in character and has not been submitted under any other project.
Head of department
Electronics and communication
Jaipur national university
3
ABSTRACT
The project that we have done here can be used for safe highway driving. The lamp
automatically emits brilliant tri-colourlight when a vehicle approaches the rear side of the
vehicle. And turns off when the approaching vehicle overtakes.
This Ultra-bright blue yellow and redheads of the signal alert lamp emits very bright light
to alert vehicle's driver even during daytime, giving additional safety during night or
when we need to stop our vehicle on the side of the highway. The circuit saves
considerable battery power. 12v DC supple to the circuit can be provided by the car
battery with proper polarity.
High way alert signal lamp is used in vehicles for safe highway driving. The lamp
automatically emits the brilliant tricolour light when a vehicle approaches the rear side of
the vehicle and alerts the driver by this indication about the approach of the vehicle from
behind.l2v DC supply to the Circuit can be provided by car battery with proper polarity.
.4
TOPIC OF CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO.
Introduction…………………………………………7
Components Used….……………………………….8
Circuit Diagram……………………………………..9
Working Principle…………………………………..10
Study Of Component………………………………..11-18
555 Timer
Transistors (BC548, BC558,L14F1)
Resistors
Capacitor
LEDs
Battery
PCB
Apendix…………………………………………………19
Conclusion………………………………………………20
Reference………………………………………………..21
5
A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
HIGHWAY ALERT SIGNAL LAMP
6
1. INTRODUCTION
The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of lighting and signalling devices
mounted or integrated to the front, sides, rear, and in some cases the top of the vehicle.
The purpose of this system is to provide illumination for the driver to operate the vehicle
safely after dark, to increase the conspicuity of the vehicle, and to display information
about the vehicle's presence, position, size, direction of travel, and driver's intentions
regarding direction and speed of travel. Driving lamp" is a term deriving from the early
days of night time driving, when it was relatively rare to encounter an opposing vehicle.
Only on those occasions when opposing drivers passed each other would the dipped or
"passing" beam be used. The full beam was therefore known as the driving beam. Turn
signals are required to blink on and off, or "flash", at a steady rate of between 60 and 120
blinks per minute (Although some operate slower than this). International regulations
require that all turn signals activated at the same time (i.e., all right signals or all left
signals) flash in simultaneous phase with one another; North American regulations also
require simultaneous operation, but permit side markers wired for side turn signal
functionality to flash in opposite-phase. Worldwide regulations stipulate an
audiovisual telltale when the turn signals are activated; this usually takes the form of one
combined or separate left and right green indicator lights on the vehicle's instrument
cluster, and a cyclical "tick-tock" noise generated electromechanically or electronically. It
is also required that audio and/or visual warning be provided to the vehicle operator in
the event of a turn signal's failure to light. This warning is usually provided by a much
faster- or slower-than-normal flash rate, visible on the dashboard indicator, and audible
via the faster tick-tock sound.
Turn signals are in almost every case activated by means of a horizontal lever (or "stalk")
protruding from the side of the steering column, though some vehicles have the lever
mounted instead to the dashboard. The outboard end of the stalk is pushed clockwise to
activate the right turn signals, or anticlockwise for the left turn signals. This operation is
intuitive; for any given steering manoeuvre, the stalk is pivoted in the same direction as
the ateering wheel must be turned.
7
2. COMPONENTS USED
R1 = 8.2k
R2 = 4.7k
R3 = 10k
R4 = 100
R5 = 470
R6 = 22k
R7 = 33k
IC 555
Capacitor
Darlington Phototransistor (L14F1)
Transistor
LEDs
8
3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
9
WORKING PRINCIPLE
This is the signal lamp for safe highway driving. The lamp automatically emits brilliant
tricolour light when a vehicle approaches the rear side of your vehicle. It emits light for
30 seconds that turns off when the approaching vehicle overtakes. The ultra-bright blue,
white and red LEDs of the signal lamp emit very bright light to alert the approaching
vehicle’s driver even during the day, giving additional safety during night or when you
need to stop your vehicle on side of the highway. The circuit saves considerable battery
power.
The circuit is built around two timer ICs NE555(IC1& IC2). IC1 is designed as a
standard monostable, while IC2 is designed as an astable. Darlington Phototransistor
L14F1 (T1) is used as a photosensor to activate the monostable. The collector of
Phototransistor T1 is connected to trigger pin 2 of IC1, which is normally kept high by
resistor R1. When headlight from an approaching vehicle illuminates the phototransistor,
it conducts to give a short pulse to IC1, and the output of IC1 goes high for a 4 period
determined by resistor R2 and capacitor C1. The output of IC1 is fed to the base of
transistor T2 via resistor R3. Transistor T2 conducts to drive transistor T3 and its
collector goes high to take reset pin 4 of IC2to high level. This activates astable IC2,
which switches on and off the LED chain alternately. The intermittent flashing of LEDs
gives a beautiful tricolour flashing effect. 12 volt DC supply to the circuit, can be
provided by your vehicle battery with proper polarity.
10
4. Components Used
555 IC
The 555 IC is available as an 8-pin metal can, an 8-pin mini DIP(dual in package) or a
14-pin DIP. This IC consists of 23 transistors, 2 diodes and 16 resistors.
Pin 1(Grounded Terminal):- All the voltages are measured w.r.t this terminal.
Pin 2(Trigger Terminal):- This pin is an inverting input to a comparator that is responsible
for transition of flip-flop from set to reset.
Pin 3(Output Terminal):- Output of the timer is available at this pin.
Pin4(Reset Terminal):- To disable or reset the timer a negative pulse is applied to this pin
due to which it is referred to reset terminal.
Pin 5(Control Voltage Terminal):- The function of this terminal is to control the threshold
and trigger levels.
Pin 6(Threshold Terminal):- This is the non-inverting input terminal of comparator1,
which compares the voltage applied to this terminal with a reference voltage of +2/3 Vcc.
Pin 7(Discharge Terminal):- This pin is connected internally to the collector of transistor
and mostly a capacitor is connected between this terminal and ground.
Pin 8(Supply Terminal):- A supply voltage of +5V to +18V is applied to this terminal
w.r.t ground.
.
Fig. 2: IC555
11
Monostable mode
Monostable multivibrator often called a one shot multivibrator is a pulse generating
circuit in which the duration of this pulse is determined by the RC network connected
externally to the 555 timer. In a stable or standby state, the output of the circuit is
approximately zero or a logic-low level. When external trigger pulse is applied output is
forced to go high (» VCC). The time for which output remains high is determined by the
external RC network connected to the timer. At the end of the timing interval, the output
automatically reverts back to its logic-low stable state. The output stays low until trigger
pulse is again applied. Then the cycle repeats. The monostable circuit has only one stable
state (output low) hence the name monostable.
Fig.3: Circuit Diagram of Monostable Multivibrator
Waveform
Fig.4: Output Waveform of IC555 in Monostable Mode
12
Astable mode
The astable multivibrator generates a square wave, the period of which is determined by
the circuit external to IC 555. The astable multivibrator does not require any external
trigger to change the state of the output. Hence the name free running oscillator. The
time during which the output is either high or low is determined by the two resistors and
a capacitor which are externally connected to the 555 timer. The figure shows the 555
timer connected as an astable multivibrator. Initially when the output is high capacitor C
starts charging towards Vcc through RA and RB.
Fig.5: Circuit Diagram of 555 timer in Astable Mode
Waveform
Fig.6: Output waveform of 555 timer in Astable Mode
13
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is
made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals.
Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input)
power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. Some transistors are packaged
individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.The transistor is
the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and its presence is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems.
Fig.7: Transistor
RESISTOR
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its
terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's
law
V = IR
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
most electronic equipment.
Fig.8: Resistor
14
Capacitor
A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated
by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a
mechanical force between the plates. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single
constant value, capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric
charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice the
dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors
and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field
strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
They are widely used in electronic circuit to block the flow of direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interferance, to smooth the output of
power supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in radio frequency
equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.
fig.9:Capacitor
15
LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as
indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a
practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but
modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths,
with very high brightness.When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched
on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the colour of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present
many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,
longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability
and reliability
Fig.10: LEDs
16
Battery
The battery cells create a voltage difference between the terminals of each cell and
hence to its combination in battery.
When an external circuit is connected to the battery, then the battery drives electrons
through the circuit and electrical work is done. The battery has become a common power
source for many household and industrial applications, and is now a multi-billion dollar
industry.
Fig.11: Battery
17
PHOTOTRANSISTOR
Phototransistor is Like diodes, all transistors are light-sensitive. Phototransistors are
designed specifically to take advantage of this fact. The most-common variant is an NPN
bipolar transistor with an exposed base region. Here, light striking the base replaces what
would ordinarily be voltage applied to the base. So, a phototransistor amplifies variations
in the light striking it. Note that phototransistors may or may not have a base lead (if they
do, the base lead allows you to bias the phototransistor’s light response. Here we use
Darlington Phototransistor (L14F1) as a photosensor to activate the monostable IC1. The
collector of phototransistor T1 is connected to trigger pin2 of IC1, which is normally kept
high by resistor R1.When headlight from an approaching vehicle illuminates the
phototransistor. It conduct to give a short pulse to IC1.
Fig.12: Darlington Phototransistor
18
CONCLUSION
In this project I have learned a lot about the SIGNAL LAMP scenario in the field of
communication. This circuit is used for safe highway driving. This circuit inform the
driver about the approaching vehicle. It also help the driver if the driver wants to stop for
sometime on highway. It saves battery power.
19
REFRENCE
http:// www.wikipedia.com/
http://www.circuitstoday.com /
http://www.allaboutcircuit.com/
20