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5G Millimeter-Wave and Device-to-Device Integration
By: Niloofar BahadoriAdvisors: Dr. B Kelley,
Dr. J.C. Kelly
Spring 2017
Outline
• 5G communication Networks• Why we need to move to higher frequencies?• What are the characteristics of mmWave band communications?• What are the challenges in using mmWave?• How mmWave challenges can improve D2D communication performance?• Challenges of D2D mmWave • Hybrid D2D network• Simulation Result
Network Specification 5G 4G
Peak Data Rate 10 Gb/s 100 Mb/s
Mobile Data Volume 10 Tb/s/k𝑚2 10 Gb/s/k𝑚2
E2E Latency 5 ms 25 ms
Energy Efficiency 10% current consumption
Number of Devices 1 M/k𝑚2 1 k/k𝑚2
Mobility 500 km/h -
Reliability 99.999% 99.99%
5G networks
Existing solutions to improve network capacity:• Increase Available BW
• Carrier Aggregation• Cognitive Radio
• Spectrum Reuse• D2D Communication • Small Cell network
• Increase Spectral Efficiency • Massive MIMO• Spectrum Sharing
Even though some of these techniques can boost performance significantly, there is no clear
roadmap on how to achieve the so far defined 5G performance targets.
Carrie #1: 20 MHz
Carrie #2: 20 MHz
Carrie #3: 20 MHz
Carrie #4: 20 MHz
Carrie #5: 20 MHz
100 MHz
5G networks
AM Broadcast
TV Broadcast
Cellular Communication
Wi-Fi
Equivalent Spectrum
U.S. Frequency AllocationThe Radio Spectrum
Source: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NTIA Office of Spectrum Management
• Microwave band is referred to as Sweet spot due to its favorable propagation characteristics• Low frequency bands have been almost used up• It is difficult to find sufficient frequency bands in the microwave range for 5G improvements• mmWave with high bandwidth can be a potential solution for 5G communication• However, wave propagation in mmWave band has specific characteristics that should be considered
in design of network architecture
3 GHz 57-64 164-200 300 GHz
Cellular communication
54 GHz 99 GHz 99 GHz
Oxygen molecule Absorption Water Absorption
Potential available bandwidth
mmWave Communication
Candidate Bands
27.5–28.35 31.225–31.3
29.1–29.25 71-76
31.075–31.225 81-86
31.0–31.075 92-95
Atmospheric Absorption• Raindrops are roughly the same size as the radio wavelengths (millimeters) and therefore cause scattering
of the radio signal • The rain attenuation and molecular absorption characteristics of mmWave propagation limit the range of
mmWave communications
mmWave Characteristics
Source: E-band technology. E-band Communications. [Online]. Available: http://www.e-band.com/index.php?id=86.
The rain attenuation and atmospheric
absorption do not create significant
additional path loss for cell sizes on the order
of 200 m.
mmWave CharacteristicsHigh Propagation Loss and Sensitivity to Blockage• mmWave communication suffers from high propagation loss 𝑃𝐿 ∝ 𝑓2
• Electromagnetic waves have weak ability to diffract around obstacles with a size significantly larger than the wavelength
• For example, blockage by a human attenuate the link budget by 20-30 dB• Only LOS communication is efficient.
Frequency Band (GHz)
PLE- LOS PLE- NLOS Rain Attenuation @200 m (dB)
Oxygen Absorption
@200 m (dB)
28 1.8~1.9 4.5~4.6 0.9 0.04
38 1.2~2 2.7~3.8 1.4 0.03
60 2.23 4.19 2 3.2
73 2 2.45~2.69 2.4 0.09
𝐹 𝑑 = 𝑃𝐿(𝑑0) + 10𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝑑
𝑑0
Path-loss Exponent (PLE)
LOS path
NLOS path
NLOS suffer from high attenuation
mmWave CharacteristicsDirectivity• To combat severe propagation loss, high gain, directional
antennas are employed at both transmitter and receiver• Beamforming is a key enabling technology of mmWave
communication• With a small wavelength, electronically steerable antenna
arrays can be realized as patterns of metal on circuit board
Directional antenna High gain at one
directionvery low gain in all
other directions
IBM: The packaged transceiver operates at frequencies in the
range of 90-94 GHz. It is deployed as a unit tile,
combining 4 phased array ICs and 64 dual-polarized
antennas.
IBM Breakthrough Could Alleviate Mobile Data Bottleneck
IEEE RFIC 2014 Seattle, WA
D2D Communication
D2D communication allows mobiles to establish a direct connection without traversing the eNodeB (or BS).D2D is a key component in the context of IoT, since a substantial fraction of the traffic is generated and consumed locally.Eliminating the eNodeB from the transmission path leads to:• Higher spectral efficiency• Lower signaling overhead• Higher energy efficiency• Increase the coverage of cell edge UEs• Reduce the traffic load of BS
However, these gains can only be achieved if we can overcome several challenges faced by D2D communication.
D2D Communication
Main problem in D2D: Interference Management
D2D over ISM band (using WiFi)• Devices compete to achieve channel
access• Little interference control• Quality of communication is not
guaranteed.
D2D over licensed band• Guaranteed communication quality• Require accurate interference management
between cellular and D2D users
Several techniques are proposed to solve these challenges. Still D2D link capacity is significantly affected by the network density:• Insufficient communication bandwidth• Significant interference caused due to the omni-directional nature of communication
mmWave Shortcomings Advantage for D2DSome of the mmWave communication challenges are desirable features for D2D communication: • High path loss• Directional beam forming
• Less interference • Improve spatial reuse
• High bandwidth• Supports high throughput D2D applications
Challenges• Narrow beam width• Low antenna height in D2D communication comparing to BS heightMakes devices more vulnerable to blockage which may cause difficulty to fulfill D2D device discovery and beam alignment.
Hybrid communication: works on mmWave in Line-of-Sight (LoS) case and switch back to microwave in case of blockage, and exchange control signaling in microwave to aid the alignment for mmWave.
mmWave D2D integration
Beam alignment protocol1. BS finds that there is a UE who wants to communicate directly with another UE in its cell 2. BS broadcasts this information as a D2D-link-set-up-request to both UEs. 3. DUE pair receive the request and prepare for the beam alignment process (micro wave
band)4. DUE A will send channel probing signals from each of its sectors in a cycle, and B will
receive at each of its sectors and keep recording the signal strength (𝐴𝑘 × 𝐵𝑛)5. BS gets the feedback of the power strength from B and convey information to A.
LoS Link: If the mmWave power received by B in some sector is greater than a minimum power threshold (T), BS will send A the information: mmWave communication.Blockage: If none of B’s sectors received enough power higher than the threshold, which shows there are blockages in the link, BS will inform A to communicate with B on micro wave band
6. A begins to communicate with B in micro wave or mmWave. 𝑃11 ⋯ 𝑃1𝑛⋮ ⋱ ⋮𝑃𝑘1 ⋯ 𝑃𝑘𝑛
Ak…A1 Bn…B1
mmWave D2D integration
AssumptionsLocation of BSs: The locations of the BSs form a homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP) 𝜙 on the plane with density 𝜆𝐵 and all BSs employ constant downlink transmission power 𝑃𝐵.Location of DUEs: The D2D users form another homogeneous PPP 𝜙 on the plane with density 𝜆𝐷 . The DUE reuse the downlink resource of the cellular links. Blockage model: The blockages are modeled as another PPP of buildings independent of the communication network. Each point of the building PPP is independently marked with a random width, length, and orientationBeam-Forming : In millimeter wave band, antenna arrays at the base stations and DUEs are all adopted for directional communication. Angle gain between the transmitter beam and the receiver beam is denoted as 𝐺(𝜃𝑡, 𝜃𝑟), and the maximum achievable array gain is 𝐺(0, 0). In microwave band they use omni-directional antenna.Beam Alignment: Due to small size of antenna, they can be used in large scale at equipment to obtain high gain communication. The main beams of the transceiver antennas are perfectly aligned with each other when transmission is being carried on.
mmWave D2D integration
Converge probability:𝑃 = 𝑃 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 > 𝑇
Microwave Mode:
𝛾𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜 =𝜇𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑟
−𝛼ℎ𝐷𝐷𝐼𝐵𝐷 +𝐼𝐷𝐷 +𝜎
2
mmWave Mode:
Probability of blockage : 𝑎 = 1 − 𝑒−𝛽𝑑 , 𝛽 =2𝜆 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒𝐸 𝑤 𝐸[𝐿]
𝜋
𝛾𝑚𝑚 =𝜇𝑚𝑚α 0 𝑔(𝑟0)
𝜎2 + σ𝑘=0𝐾−1𝜇𝑚𝑚α[𝜃𝑘]𝑔(𝑟𝑘)
Hybrid Mode: 𝑃 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 > 𝑇 = 𝑎 𝑃 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑚𝑚 > 𝑇 + 1 − 𝑎 𝑃(𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜 > 𝑇)
Parameter Value
Density of BSs 𝜆𝐵 1 × 10−6𝑚2
Density of DUEs 𝜆𝐷 1 × 10−5𝑚2
Density of Blockages 1 × 10−5𝑚2
Transmitting power of BS 𝜇 𝐵 30dBm
Transmitting power of DUE in micro wave 𝜇𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜 23dBm
Transmitting power of DUE in mmWave 𝜇𝑚𝑚 23dBm
SINR threshold T -10dB
Microwave Path loss exponent 3
mmWave path loss 4
Noise Power -87dBm
Average blockage width 50m
Average blockage length 50m
Carrier frequency in mmWave 28 GHz
Simulation result
Simulation Result
References[1] Mac Cartney, G. R., and Rappaport, T. S. 73 GHz millimeter wave propagation measurements for outdoor urban mobile and backhaul communications in new York city. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) (2014), IEEE, pp. 4862-4867.[2] An, X., Sum, C.-S., Prasad, R. V., Wang, J., Lan, Z., Wang, J., Hekmat, R., Harada, H., and Niemegeers, I. Beam switching support to resolve link-blockage problem in 60 ghz wpans. In 2009 IEEE 20th international Symposium on personal, indoor and mobile radio communications (2009), IEEE, pp. 390{394.[3] Azar, Y., Wong, G. N., Wang, K., Mayzus, R., Schulz, J. K., Zhao, H., Gutierrez, F., Hwang, D., and Rappaport, T. S. 28 GHz propagation measurements for outdoor cellular communications using steerable beam antennas in new Yorkcity. In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) (2013), IEEE, pp. 5143{5147.[4] Bai, T., Alkhateeb, A., and Heath, R. W. Coverage and capacity of millimeter-wave cellular networks. IEEE Communications Magazine 52, 9 (2014), 70{77.[5] Bai, T., and Heath, R. W. Coverage and rate analysis for millimeter-wave cellular networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 14, 2 (2015), 1100{1114.[6] Lei, L., Zhong, Z., Lin, C., and Shen, X. Operator controlled device-to-device communications in lte-advanced networks. IEEE Wireless Communications 19, 3 (2012), 96.[7] Collonge, S., Zaharia, G., and Zein, G. E. In uence of the human activity on wide-band characteristics of the 60 ghzindoor radio channel. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 3, 6 (2004), 2396-2406.[8] Niu, Yong, et al. "A survey of millimeter wave communications (mmWave) for 5G: opportunities and challenges." Wireless Networks 21.8 (2015): 2657-2676.
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