Presented by: AVINASH MAURYA

IT VI SEM 0829213008

Definition Background Applications Code in php Types of CAPTCHAs Breaking CAPTCHAs Proposed Approach Conclusion Reference

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CAPTCHA stands for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart

A program that can tell whether its user is a human or a computer.

The challenge: develop a software program that can create and grade challenges most humans can pass but computers cannot

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First used by Altavista in1997• Reduced SPAM add-url by over 95%

CMU/Yahoo!• Automated the creating and grading of

challenges PARC

• Relies on document image degradation to prevent successful OCR

• Conducted user-focused studies to assess the effectiveness of CAPTCHAs

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CAPTCHAs are based on open AI problems

Breaking CAPTCHAs help advance AI by solving these open problems

Improving CAPTCHAs help telling computers and human apart

Win-win situation

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Pessimal Print: A Reverse Turing TestAllison L. Coates, Henry S. Baird, Richard J. Fateman

Telling Humans and Computer Apart AutomaticallyLuis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, and John Langford

CAPTCHA: Using Hard AI Problems for SecurityLuis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas J. Hopper, and John Langford

Using Machine Learning to Break Visual Human Interaction Proofs (HIPs)Kumar Chellapilla, Patrice Y. Simard

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Free email services Online polls Dictionary attacks Newsgroups, Blogs, etc… SPAM

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i. Initializationii. Handwritten CAPTCHA Challengeiii. User Responseiv. Verification

Automatic Authentication Session for Web Services.

Internet

User

Authentication Server

Challenge

Response

User authentication

The user initiate the dialog and has to be authenticated by server

Internet

User

Authentication Server

Challenge

Response

User authentication

The user initiate the dialog and has to be authenticated by server

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<?phpsession_start();$ranStr = md5(microtime());$ranStr = substr($ranStr, 0, 6);$_SESSION['cap_code'] = $ranStr;$newImage = imagecreatefromjpeg("cap_bg.jpg");$txtColor = imagecolorallocate($newImage, 0, 0, 0);imagestring($newImage, 5, 5, 5, $ranStr, $txtColor);header("Content-type: image/jpeg");imagejpeg($newImage);?>

Captcha.php

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phpif ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST'){if ($_POST['captcha'] == $_SESSION['cap_code']) {// Captcha verification is Correct. Do something here!}else {// Captcha verification is wrong. Take other action}}?>

Verifying captcha code is equal or not

1-$_SESSION['cap_code'] - is having actual captcha code2-$_POST['captcha'] - user entered captcha code

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Javascript<script type="text/javascript" src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.4.2/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">$(document).ready(function(){$('#submit').click(function(){var name = $('#name').val();var msg = $('#msg').val();var captcha = $('#captcha').val();if( name.length == 0){$('#name').addClass('error');}else{$('#name').removeClass('error');}if( msg.length == 0){$('#msg').addClass('error');}else{$('#msg').removeClass('error');}if( captcha.length == 0){$('#captcha').addClass('error');}else{$('#captcha').removeClass('error');}if(name.length != 0 && msg.length != 0 && captcha.length != 0){return true;}return false;});var capch = '<?php echo $cap; ?>';if(capch != 'notEq'){if(capch == 'Eq'){$('.cap_status').html("Your form is successfully Submitted ").fadeIn('slow').delay(3000).fadeOut('slow');}else{$('.cap_status').html("Human verification Wrong!").addClass('cap_status_error').fadeIn('slow');}}});</script>

Text based• Gimpy, ez-gimpy• Gimpy-r, Google CAPTCHA• Simard’s HIP (MSN)

Graphic based• Bongo• Pix

Audio based

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Gimpy, ez-gimpy• Pick a word or words from a small dictionary• Distort them and add noise and background

Gimpy-r, Google’s CAPTCHA• Pick random letters• Distort them, add noise and background

Simard’s HIP• Pick random letters and numbers• Distort them and add arcs

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Bongo• Display two series of blocks• User must find the characteristic that sets

the two series apart• User is asked to determine which series

each of four single blocks belongs to

Difference? thick vs. thin lines

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PIX• Create a large database of labeled images• Pick a concrete object• Pick four images of the object from the

images database• Distort the images• Ask the user to pick the object for a list of

words

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DogPool

Pick a word or a sequence of numbers at random

Render them into an audio clip using a TTS software

Distort the audio clip Ask the user to identify and type the

word or numbers

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Most text based CAPTCHAs have been broken by software• OCR• Segmentation

Other CAPTCHAs were broken by streaming the tests for unsuspecting users to solve.

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Very similar to PIX Pick a concrete object Get 6 images at random from

images.google.com that match the object Distort the images Build a list of 100 words: 90 from a full

dictionary, 10 from the objects dictionary Prompt the user to pick the object from

the list of words

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Make an HTTP call to images.google.com and search for the object

Screen scrape the result of 2-3 pages to get the list of images

Pick 6 images at random Randomly distort both the images and

their URLs before displaying them Expire the CAPTCHA in 30-45 seconds

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The database already exists and is public

The database is constantly being updated and maintained

Adding “concrete objects” to the dictionary is virtually instantaneous

Distortion prevents caching hacks Quick expiration limits streaming

hacks

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Not accessible to people with disabilities (which is the case of most CAPTCHAs)

Relies on Google’s infrastructure Unlike CAPTCHAs using random

letters and numbers, the number of challenge words is limited

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