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英 文 文 法 精 要

一、句型：英文句子有五種句型。

1. S ＋ V 【主詞＋動詞】 例：I read.

2. S ＋ V ＋ C【主詞＋動詞＋補語】 例：She is pretty.

3. S ＋ V ＋ O【主詞＋動詞＋受詞】 例：I read a book.

4. S ＋ V ＋ O ＋ O【主詞＋動詞＋受詞＋受詞】 例：He gave

me dolls.

5. S ＋ V ＋ O ＋ C【主詞＋動詞＋受詞＋補語】 例：He made

her happy.

二、句子的種類：

句子依其功能可分為敘述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句及祈願句。

1. 敘述句的功能是將事情予以陳述。如：The sun rises in the east.

2. 疑問句的功能是提出問題，可分為下列五種句型：

(1) 不含疑問詞的疑問句。 如：Do you want to go？

(2) 含疑問詞的疑問句。 如：What would you like？

(3) 選擇疑問句。 如：Are you fat or slim？

(4) 修辭疑問句。 如：a. What`s the use of worrying about it？

＝ It is no use worrying about it.

b. Who doesn`t like Mary？

＝ Everyone likes Mary.

(5) 附加問句。 如：It is a nice day , isn`t it？

3. 祈使句是用來表達命令或請求的句子。 如：a. Shut out！

b. Please open

the window.

4. 感嘆句是用來表現強烈情感的句子。 如：a. What a pretty girl

she is！

b. How pretty she

is！

5. 祈願句是用來表示祈願的句子。 如：a. May you succeed！

b. God bless you！

三、句子的結構：

依句子的結構可分為簡單句、合句、複句及複合句四種。

1. 簡單句：由一個主詞與一個述詞所組成。 如：I read fine books.

2. 合句：以對等連接詞連接兩個或兩個以上簡單句所組成的句

子。 如：I am a teacher and I read fine books

every day.

3. 複句：以附屬連接詞連接主句與子句所組成的句子。

如：Since I am a teacher , I read fine books every day.

4. 複合句：以對連接詞連接兩個複句或連接一個簡單句與一個

複句所組成的句子。

如：When I was a teacher , I read fine books every day and I keep

reading fine books now as well.

四、時式：動詞因動作與狀態發生時間的不同而產生時式的變化，英

文的動詞共有十二種時式，列表如下：

簡單式

現在式

過去式

未來式

完成式

現在完成式

過去完成式

未來完成式

進行式

現在進行式

過去進行式

未來進行式

完成進行式

現在完成進行式

過去完成進行式

未來完成進行式

五、簡單現在式：

1. 形式：

(1) I / We / You / They + 原形動詞（am / are / have）

(2) He / She / It + 原形動詞`s（is / has）

2. 功能：

(1) 表示現在發生的動作或狀態。如：I hear the music.

I am thirsty.

(2) 表示習慣性的動作或狀態。如：He goes to school early.

My father works in a

factory.

(3) 表示真理或事實。如：The sun sets in the west.

Actions speak louder than words.

(4) 談到時刻或節日表等時，用來代替未來。 如：The train

leaves Taipei at 9a.m.

The movie

starts at 2：00.

六、簡單過去式：

1. 形式： I / You / He / She / We / They ＋ 動詞的過去式（was /

were）

2. 功能：

(1) 表示過去發生的動作或狀態。 如：I went to see a movie

last night.

Jerry died in 1990.

(2) 表過去的習慣動作。

如：I went school by bike when I was a child.

He took a walk every morning when he lived in the

country.

七、簡單未來式：

1. 形式：助動詞 shall / will + 動詞原形

2. 功能：

(1) 表示發生於未來的動作或狀態。

如：I shall be twenty years old next month.

They will have an exam tomorrow.

(2) 表示本人的意志時，助動詞皆用 will。

如：No matter what you say , I will go with you.

He will join our team.

八、現在完成式：

1. 形式：has / have + 過去分詞

2. 功能：

(1) 表示到目前為止已完成的動作。 如：I have done the job.

He has see the

movie.

(2) 表示過去到現在的經驗。 如：I have been to H.K. several

times.

He has told me the same

story many times.

(3) 表示過去持續到現在的動作或狀態。

如：I have studied French since I was ten.

It has rained for three days.

九、過去完成式：

1. 形式：had + 過去分詞

2. 功能：

(1) 表示過去已完成的動作，通常發生在另一過去動作之前。

如：We had sold every ticket by last night.

I had finished my lunch before you arrived.

(2) 表示過未實現的願望或計劃。

如：I had hoped to learn French.

We had intended to visit you last year.

十、未來完成式：

1. 形式：will /shall have + 過去分詞

2. 功能：

(1) 表示未來某時前已完成之動作或經驗。

如：I shall have finished my lunch at 1 p.m.

He will have read the papers by the time she arrives.

(2) 敘述事情持續到未來某時已有若干時間。

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如：He will have worked here for three years by next month.

(3) 表示推測現在。 如：Mary will have received my letter now.

十一、現在進行式：

1. 形式：

(1) I / You / He + am / are / is + 現在分詞

(2)We / You / They + are + 現在分詞

2. 功能：

(1) 表示現在正在進行的動作。

如：He is reading a book.

I am playing tennis now.

(2) 表示在近期內即將發生的事或計劃未來要做的事。

如：I am leaving here tomorrow.

He is going to H.K. next week.

We`re getting married in June.

(3) 表示狀態、情感、感官等動詞無進行式。

例：belong、contain、love、like、see、feel…

如：(正) The house belongs to my father.

(誤) The house belonging to my father.

(正) He loves swimming.

(誤) He is loving swimming.

(正) I see something there.

(誤) I am seeing something there.

十二、過去進行式：

1. 形式：was / were + 現在分詞

2. 功能：

(1) 表示過去正在進行的動作。

如：I was watching TV when you called last night.

What were you doing at this time yesterday？

(2) 表示過去的習慣。

如：He was always daydreaming in class when he was small.

Whenever I visited her , she was always cooking in the

kitchen.

十三、未來進行式：

1. 形式：shall / will be + 現在分詞

2. 功能：

(1) 表示未來某時將要進行的動作。

如：I shall be having dinner at this time tomorrow.

What will you be doing at 8 p.m.？

(2) 表示預定的未來動作。

如：I shall be seeing you next week.

She will be going to H.K. next week.

十四、現在完成進行式：

1. 形式：has / have been + 現在分詞

2. 功能：表示從過去某時持續到現在仍在進行的動作。

如：It has been raining all afternoon.

I have been waiting for her for one hour.

十五、過去完成進行式：

1. 形式：had been + 過去分詞

2. 功能：表示動作從較早的過去持續到過去某時，而該動作

在過去某時仍在進

行。

如：John had been studying Chinese for two years before he

came to Taiwan.

Up to that time I had been living in H.K.

十六、未來完成進行式：

1. 形式：shall / will have been + 現在分詞

2. 功能：表示過去發生的動作將持續到將來某時，而該動作

在將來某時仍可能

在進行。

如：I shall have been working for this company for two years

by next month.

It will have been raining for two weeks by next Sunday.

十七、子句：

子句是由含主詞與述詞的字群所組成。

若能表達完整的意思，則稱為句子。

若需藉附屬連接詞來引導，則稱為附屬子句。

附屬子句又分為形容詞子句、名詞子句及副詞子句三種。

十八、名詞子句：

名詞子句在複句中的功能相當於名詞。

1. 作主詞：

That Tom likes swimming is known to everyone.

2. 作受詞：

I don`t know why she is crying.

3. 作動詞補語：

That fact is that he doesn`t tell lies

4. 作虛主詞 it 的實主詞：

It is important that you keep your eyes open.

5. 放在介系詞之後：

He made a list of what the box contained.

十九、形容詞子句：

形容詞子句在複句中的功能相當於形容詞，其是由一個關係

詞引導，所以又稱為關係子句。

1. 由關係代名詞 who / which / that /whom 所構成的形容詞子

句。

如：The man who(＝that) lives next door is very kind.

John works for a company which(＝that) manufactures TV

sets.

The man whom I wanted to see was gone.

2. 由關係形容詞 whose / which 所構成的形容詞子句。

如：A widow is a woman whose husband is dead.

3. 由關係副詞 when / where / why 所構成的形容詞子句。

如：The hotel where we stayed was very nice.

Tell me a time when I can visit you.

That`s the reason why he failed.

二十、副詞子句：

副詞子句在複句中相當於副詞，以修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞的

附屬子句。

如：He walks as if he were lame. (修飾動詞 walks)

I was late because I missed the bus. (修飾形容詞 late)

二十一、倒裝句：

有時為了強調句中的某一部份，而將一般敘述句的語詞位

置變動，其形成的句型稱倒裝句。

如：Hardly（Scarcely）had Mary arrived home when John called

her.

By no means shall I agree with this proposal.

No sooner had I realized I had taken the wrong train than it

began to leave.

Only when one loses his freedom does he know its value.

Woman as she is , she is very brave.

二十二、否定構句：

含有否定字詞或否定意思的句子，稱為否定句。

1. 否定句的形成：

(1) 加上否定字詞，

例：not、no、never….。

如：She is not pretty.

I have no money.

I had never said that.

(2) 加上否定含義的字詞，

例：few、hardly、seldom…。

如：I have few friends in class.

I could hardly understand you.

I seldom met John in these days.

2. 否定構句在意義上的分類：

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(1) 部份否定：是對事情的一部份加以否定，

例：not all、not every…。

如：Not all my friends are here. (並非我所有的朋友都

在此)

Not everyone agrees with the proposal. (並非每個

人都同意該計劃)

(2) 全部否定：是對事情的全部都加以否定，

例：neither、none、nobody…。

如：Neither of the sisters are pretty. (兩姊妹都不漂亮)

None of my friends are here. (我所有的朋友都不

在此)

(3) 雙重否定：指在一個句子中有兩個否定詞，表示肯

定的意思，

例：否定詞 + but (without) , no…。

如：Few people but love money. (幾乎人人愛錢)

It never rains without pouring. (禍不單行)

No pains, no gains. (天下無不勞而獲的)

二十三、語態：語態分為主動語態與被動語態兩種。

1. 主動語態的主詞行動者，其發出行動，及於他人或他物。

形式：主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞

2. 被動語態的主詞是行動的接受者，而其行動是來自他人

或他物。

形式：主詞 + am/are/is/was/were/be/…+ 過去分詞（+ by +

行動者）

3. 主/被動語態的時式：

(1) 簡單現在式：

Mary cleans this room every day.

This room is cleaned by Mary every day.

(2) 簡單過去式：

Mary cleaned this room yesterday.

This room was cleaned by Mary yesterday.

(3) 簡單未來式：

Mary will clean this room tomorrow.

This room will be cleaned by Mary tomorrow.

(4) 現在進行式：

Mary is cleaning this room right now.

This room is being cleaned by Mary right now.

(5) 過去進行式：

Mary was cleaning this room when I arrived.

This room was being cleaned by Mary when I arrived.

(6) 現在完成式：

Mary has cleaned this room.

This room has been cleaned by Mary.

(7) 過去完成式：

Mary had cleaned this room.

This room had been cleaned by Mary.

(8) 未來完成式：

Mary will have cleaned this room at 9 p.m.

This room will have been cleaned by Mary at 9 p.m.

ps.被動無未來進行式、現在完成進行式、過去完成進行式、

未來完成進行式。

二十四、常見的介系詞：

above、about、across、after、against、along、among、around、

at、before、behind、below、beneath、beside、between、beyond、

by、concerning、down、during、except、for、from、in、inside、

into、like、near、of、off、on、over、forward、through、throughout、

toward、under、until、unto、up、upon、with、without、within….

二十五、語氣：語氣是動詞表達思想的方式，可分為直述語氣、祈使

語氣及假設語氣。

1. 直述語氣是最普遍的語氣，用以敘述事實或詢問事情，

其包括了敘述句、疑問句與感嘆句。

He writes a good book.

Does he write a good book？

What a good book it is！

If he writes a good book , I will buy one.

2. 祈使語氣是用來表達命令、請求等意思，其主詞通常被

省略，並使用原形動詞。

Come here at once！

Close the window, please.

3. 假設語氣是用來表達非事實性的假設情況。 【條件子句

+ 主要子句】

(1) 與現在事實相反的假設：

If + 過去式, should/would/…+原形動詞

If I were you, I would take the job.

If I had enough money, I would buy a house.

(2) 與過去事實相反的假設：

If + had + 過去分詞, should/would/…+ have +過去分

詞

If I had been there, I would have stopped him.

If I had known the answer, I would have told you.

(3) 與未來事實相反的假設：

If + should + 原形, shall/will/should/would/…+ 原形

If he should lose the game, I shall (should) fell sorry.

If he should be sick, he would go to see a doctor.