5454thth Regiment Regiment http://www.history.com/topics/

draft-riots/videos#gilder-lehrman-massachussetts-54th

Chapter 15 Chapter 15 Section 4

• Explain how opposition to the war caused problems for both sides.

• Identify the reasons that both sides passed draft laws.

• Describe the economic hardships the war caused in the North and the South.

• Describe the contributions of women to the war effort.

ObjectivesObjectives

• habeas corpus – constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment

• draft – a system of required military service

• income tax – tax on the money people receive

• inflation – general rise in prices

Terms and PeopleTerms and People

How did the Civil War affect people and politics in the North and the South?

The pain created by the Civil War did not only affect soldiers and slaves.

In the North and the South, men and women from all walks of life had to cope with the pains of war.

Focus QuestionFocus Question

Not all northerners supported a war to end

slavery.

In addition to dividing the nation, the Civil War also caused divisions within the North and South.

Not all white southerners supported a war to defend slavery or

secession.

Divisions Over the WarDivisions Over the War

In the South, support for the war varied from state to state.

Regions with large slaveholding plantations supported the war more than poor back country regions.

Georgia and North Carolina opposed the war.

South Carolina objected to officers from other states leading their troops.

Division in the South Division in the South

Northerners were also divided over the war.

Many opposed the

Emancipation Proclamation.

Some believed the South had

a right to secede.

Others blamed Lincoln and the Republicans for forcing the war.

Those who opposed the war were strongest in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana.

Division in the NorthDivision in the North

Northern Democrats who opposed the war were called Copperheads.

Copperheads were seen as a threat to the Union.

Division in the NorthDivision in the North

-The Copperhead Party- In Favor of a Vigorous Prosecution of the Peace!Harper’s Weekly, February 28, 1863

[…] “From the beginning this war has been conducted like a political campaign, and it has been the folly of the party in power that they have assumed, that numbers alone would win the field in a contest not with ballots but with musket and sword. But numbers, you have had… the largest, best appointed, best armed, fed and clad host of brave men, well organized and well disciplined, ever marshaled. [W]ith a Congress swift to do the bidding of the Executive; without opposition anywhere at home; and with an arbitrary power which neither the Czar of Russia, nor the Emperor of Austria dare exercise; yet after nearly two years of more vigorous prosecution of war than ever recorded in history… you have utterly, signally, disastrously- I will not say ignominiously- failed to subdue ten millions of ‘rebels.’” […]

-Clement L. Vallandigham (OH-D) Speech to the U.S. House of Representatives, January 14, 1863

• Does this person support or condemn the war?• On what grounds did they support or condemn the war?

• preventing men from volunteering for duty

• encouraging soldiers to desert

• helping prisoners escape

• creating peace groups

People on both sides tried to disrupt the war effort. Some tactics included:

Both Lincoln and Davis responded by suspending habeas corpus in some places during the war.

Dealing with Disruptions and Dealing with Disruptions and Lincoln and Davis RespondLincoln and Davis Respond

Suspending Habeas Suspending Habeas CorpusCorpusHabeas Corpus – a

constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment ◦ Empowers judges to

order that imprisoned persons be brought into court to determine if they are being legally held

North more than 13,000 arrested and jailed without trials

Desertion on Both Sides and Desertion on Both Sides and Both Sides Establish a Draft Both Sides Establish a Draft

Location Who Served Time

North - 1863

White men ages 20 to 45 3 years

South – April 1862

White men ages 18 to 35 (later changed to 50)

3 years

Desertion was a major problem on both sides.

Both sides instituted a draft to meet the need for troops.

Draft ExceptionsDraft Exceptions

Exceptions – for wealthy◦ South – men with 20 or

more enslaved did not have to serve

◦ North – pay govt. $300 to avoid draft

◦ One year pay for many workers

Both sides allowed draftees to hire substitutes to serve in place

“Poor Man’s Fight”

This led to violent riots in the North.

Both sides allowed draftees to hire substitutes to serve in their place. Wealthy people were able to avoid the draft.

Poor men could not avoid the draft.

Both Sides Establish a Both Sides Establish a DraftDraft

NYC Draft RiotsNYC Draft Riotshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=P96_YIAROb0 Questions to Consider:

◦Why did the draft provoke so much rage among working class men?

◦What groups were targeted during the New York City draft riots? Why?

◦How did Lincoln deal with the draft riots?

The war was costly for both sides. The South was less able than the North to bear these costs.

The War and Economic The War and Economic StrainsStrains

Northern Industry Benefits Northern Industry Benefits ◦Northern industry booms

Provide goods for Union needed in war Plenty of jobs Draft causes shortage

◦War still takes toll economically ◦Congress acts to earn money for nation

The Union took two major steps to pay the costs of fighting the war.

Congress levied the first income

tax in August 1861.

The Union printed $400

million of paper money. This led to inflation, or a general rise in

prices.

Economic Strains in the Economic Strains in the NorthNorth

The South struggled to maintain its economic stability.

Shortages of goods caused

inflation.

Food shortages led to riots in some cities.

The Union blockade disrupted

Southern trade.

Union armies destroyed crops.

Enslaved people particularly suffered, because Confederate soldiers often seized what they had.

Economic Strains in the Economic Strains in the SouthSouth

Inflation in the SouthInflation in the South

$18 shoes in 1862 $800 in 1864Beef 12c./lb. in 1862 $8 in 1865

Women on both sides contributed to the war by:

• joining the armies

• becoming spies behind enemy lines

• taking over businesses and farms

• working in factories

The war gave women the opportunity to take on careers from which they had been excluded, such as teaching.

Women in North & South Women in North & South Contribute to the WarContribute to the War

Barriers to women especially fell in the field of nursing.

Elizabeth Blackwell – first female physician trained nurses for the Union army.

Harriet Tubman, who led many slaves to freedom, served as a Union nurse.

Clara Barton, a Union nurse, set up the American Red Cross.

Clara Barton

War Creates New Opportunities for War Creates New Opportunities for WomenWomen

Dorthea Dix becomes head of Union Army nurses