53. Sexual Reproduction in PlantsHow it works:

1. Pollen is produced and an insect or the wind carries pollen grains from the anther of another flower.

2. The pollen grains land on the stigma and a pollen tube grows down through the style to the ovary.

3. The nucleus of the pollen grain passes down the tube. It fertilizes the egg cell inside the ovule.

4. The fertilized egg cell develops into an embryo. The ovary becomes the fruit and the ovule becomes a seed - from which (once dispersed) the offspring plant will grow.

54. Digesting ProteinsStomach Acid, also called gastric acid, is one of the main secretions of the stomach. Chemically it is an acid solution consisting mainly of hydrochloric acid.Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids.Peptides are the family of short molecules formed from the linking of various amino acids.

Note: Proteins are polypeptide molecules. The distinction is that peptides are short and proteins are long.Protein is broken down into peptides by hydrochloric acid in the stomach and then into amino acids by digestive enzymes in the small intestine that are used by the body.

55. The Endocrine System

56. Animal BehaviorTerritorial behavior: anti-social tendencies in animals where territories are fixed and fiercely defended (Ex. Male Red-winged Blackbirds establish and defend territories with clearly delineated boundaries during the breeding season.)Instinctive behavior: inherited patterns of behavioral responses or reactions to certain kinds of stimuli (Ex. A spider spins a web.) Also called a Fixed Action Behavior.Learned behavior: insight learning is the ability to problem solve or to perform a correct or appropriate behavior the first time an animal is exposed to a situation (Ex. A chimpanzee stacks boxes to obtain a food object hung out of its reach.)Social behavior: behavior directed towards, or taking place between, members of the same species (Ex. Bottle-nose dolphins establish and maintain dominance by biting, chasing, jaw-clapping, and smacking their tails on the water.)

57. The Nitrogen CycleThe nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature.

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. A fuel cell converts the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in the process it produces electricity.58. Hydrogen Fuel CellsChemistry of a Fuel Cell

Anode side: 2H2 => 4H+ + 4e-

Cathode side: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2H2O

Net reaction: 2H2 + O2 => 2H2O

59. Biome AssociationWind erosion: the gradual wearing away and transportation of rock and soil by physical breakdown due to windDeciduous plant life: normally leafy plants that shed their foliage at the end of the growing seasonKarst topography: a three-dimensional landscape shaped by the dissolution of soluble layers of carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomiteShade-tolerant plant life: plants that thrive in the shade or only partial sun

60. Natural PondsBracket fungi: a grouping of individual mushroom caps that lie in a close planar groupingBlue-green algae: a kind of bacteria (cyanobacteria) that obtain energy through photosynthesis; can grow in colonies or sheets in fresh water and produce bad odorsNitrogen-fixing bacteria: a kind of bacteria associated with plants that combine free nitrogen of the air with other gasesYeast: single-celled fungi that are normal inhabitants of soil, vegetation, marine and other wet environments

Homeostasis is the ability of a system to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable, constant condition, by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments, controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms.61. Regulating Body TemperatureIncreased perspiration and breathing rates help to cool the body and regulate temperature.

Ecological succession is the change in the types species of an ecological community observed over time. The biological diversity in a given area is affected by ecological succession.62. Biological DiversitySeasonal fires can help control the growth of forest communities in grassland areas, such as the Everglades in Florida, maintaining the biodiversity of natural ecosystems.

The 2009 Florida Statutes / Title XLVIII K-20 EDUCATION CODE / Chapter 1003 PUBLIC K-12 EDUCATION 1003.47 Biological experiments on living subjects states

Nonmammalian vertebrates, excluding birds, may be used in biological experiments, provided that physiological harm does not result from such experiments.63. Living Subjects

Have a plan for managing time and materials in your classroom!64. Materials Management

65. MetersA galvanometer is a meter used for measuring electric current.

A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several functions in one unit. The most basic include an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter.

An odometer is a meter designed to measure distance traveled.

An ohmmeter is a meter designed to measure electric resistance in ohms.

The 2009 Florida Statutes / Title XLVIII K-20 EDUCATION CODE / Chapter 1006 SUPPORT FOR LEARNING 1006.063 Eye-protective devices required in certain laboratory courses

Eye-protective devices shall be worn by students, teachers, and visitors in courses including, but not limited to, chemistry, physics, or chemical-physical laboratories, at any time at which the individual is engaged in or observing an activity or the use of hazardous substances likely to cause injury to the eyes.66. Eye Protection

67. Calculating DensityDensity tells us how much matter fills a unit of volume for a given substance.

Density = Mass Volume

To find density of a given object you need to know the objects mass and the objects volume.

Mass can be measured on a scale or balance.

Volume can be measured by water displacement in a beaker, graduated cylinder, or other volume instrument.

68. Scientific ProcessesCollecting Data: collecting pieces of information for future organization and interpretationOrganizing Data: after collecting pieces of information, data may be organized into graphs, charts, etc. for interpretationForming Hypotheses: the formation of a suggested explanation of a scientific phenomenon or reasoned proposal suggesting a possible correlation between phenomenaControlling Variables: making sure factors that may influence the results of an experiment remain constant

69. VariablesIndependent Variable: the variable which is manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenonDependent Variable: the observed phenomenonThe experimenter should limit the number of variables being tested to one kind of material. Different detergents may not yield the same results on different materials!

70. Shocking ScientistsAlessandro Volta: an Italian physicist known especially for the development of the electric battery in 1800James Watt: a Scottish instrument maker whose improvements on the steam engine helped advance the Industrial RevolutionGeorg Ohm: developed the law for the proportionality of current and voltage in a resistor --> I = V R(current = voltage resistance)Andre-Marie Ampere: a French physicist who is generally credited as one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism

71. Reactants and ProductsThe reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid:

2HCl + calcium carbonate --> calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)--> CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O

The rate of this reaction can be measured by following the rate at which carbon dioxide is formed. This can be done by conducting the reaction in an open flask on an electric balance (weighing machine). As the carbon dioxide escapes to the air, the mass of the flask will decrease.

72. Science as InquiryStructured Inquiry: The teacher gives students a problem to investigate along with the method and materials, but not expected outcomes. Students must decide which data to collect and interpret to discover scientific relationships.Guided Inquiry: The teacher gives students a problem to investigate along with the materials, but not the method or expected outcomes. Students must design the experiment and figure out which data to collect and interpret to discover scientific relationships.Open Inquiry: The students figure out everything. They determine questions for investigation, procedures to follow, collect and interpret data to discover scientific relationships.Verification Activity: The students are given everything. Often called a cookbook activity because students know the steps and the suspected outcome before starting the experience.

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