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04/18/23 1
Non-Revenue Water Management : The Non-Revenue Water Management : The Case of Entebbe , UgandaCase of Entebbe , Uganda
Presented byPresented by
Harrison MutikangaHarrison Mutikanga
At At
The SWITCH PILOT TRAININGThe SWITCH PILOT TRAINING
Capital Inn - Entebbe, UgandaCapital Inn - Entebbe, Uganda
2929thth July 2010 July 2010
04/18/23 2
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
i. Definitions, Terminologies & Problem Identification
ii. IWA Water Balance Methodology
iii. NRW Contributing Factors
iv. Tools for Managing Water Losses
v. Entebbe NRW Case Study
vi. Conclusions
Basic Definitions
NON-REVENUE WATER
(NRW)
APPARENT
LOSSES
(Commercial Losses)
REAL
LOSSES
WATER SUPPLIED
(System input Volume)
REVENUE WATER
(Billed Consumed Water)
=-
=
=•Physical losses from pipes , joints & fittings (Leakage & Bursts)
•Service reservoirs overflows
Meter readings, illegal connections, illegal use
NRWWater Losses
(Real + Apparent)= + Unbilled Authorised
Consumption
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Basic Definitions
Water Losses occur as two distinct types:
Real Losses (Leakage) – physical losses
Apparent (Commercial) Losses: water used by customers but not properly measured and paid for
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What is the Problem?
Technical: Not all water Supplied by a utility reaches the customer
Financial & Economic: not all the water supplied is paid for
Terminology: Lack of standardized definitions of water and revenue water losses
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NRW in African Cities
Source: (WSP-World Bank, 2009)
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NRW in Asian Cities (2001)
Source: (McIntosh, 2003)
Less than 20% of population served in Delhi gets 24-hr
water service
Best-Practice Frontier
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IWA WB Methodology
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Importance of Water Balance
Provides answers to the following questions:Why is water lost ?Where is it lost ?How is it lost ?
Formulating reduction strategies and prioritizing investments
Tool for communication & benchmarking
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Contributing Factors to NRW
Old infrastructure
Road Works
High Pressures
Abuse of Fire hydrants
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Contributing Factors to NRW
Meter inaccuracies, Meter-bypass, Theft / illegal connections
Meter inaccuracies, Meter-bypass, Theft / illegal connections
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Tools for Managing Real Losses
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Tools for Managing Apparent Losses
WOA
WSZ
ServiceReservoir
ServiceReservoir
DMA
Meter
DistributionInput
WTW
DMAs as Leakage ManagementTools
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Pressure Management as a Tool
Source: McKenzie, 2009
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Network Hydraulic Modeling as a Tool
Introduce PRV to reduce high pressure and leakage
Increase pressure to reduce low pressure complaints
Leakage analysis Design pressure management schemesNetwork Planning DMA OptimizationMains Replacement
Assessing ELL
Annual Cost£/Yr
Base/BackgroundLosses
Losses fromreported bursts
Lossesfromunreportedbursts
Levels of loses Ml/d0
ALC cost
Cost of Water
Total cost
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Entebbe NRW Case Study
Introduction
The performance of Entebbe network
Initiatives undertaken to improve
NRW
Benefits
Challenges & lessons
Introduction
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Entebbe is located 34km south of Kampala
It is the 3rd largest town out of the 22 towns operated by NWSC,
Started operations in 1950
Estimated area population 215,000
Service coverage is about 70%
Performance History
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Network Performance
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System Characteristics
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Water Balance – 2003 (m3/year)
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Water Balance – 2007 (m3/year)
NRW Performance Indicators
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Commercial & Physical Loss PIs
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Leakage Component Analysis
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Reasons for NRW Improvement
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Reasons for NRW Improvement
Developed a compressive 5 yr action plan - using a participatory approach & with clear time bound objectives & strategies – (reduce NRW from 32% to 15 % by 2008)
Established a GIS system & carried out comprehensive documentation & mapping the whole network area
Shared experience & information with sister utilities on the challenges & initiatives of NRW reduction – e.g WUP & WEDC forum
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Undertook pilot studies of the distribution network & technically isolate 3 discrete zones
Set up of three DMAs – with demarcated customer accounts,
Aligned the organization structure to the Zones and allocated staff & other resources for accountability enhancement (Territorial Management Concept)
Appointed Zonal leaders accountable for the Zones performance
Aligned the billing system with the Zones for easy monitoring
Set targets for each Zone & established an incentive mechanism to drive performance
Carried out regular performance monitoring of the Zones
Reasons for NRW Improvement
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Reasons for NRW Improvement
Entebbe Area – District Meter Areas (DMAs)
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Reasons for NRW Improvement
Organization Structure focused on NRW reductions
Initiatives to address Leakage
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Established a standby 24 hrs leak management unit – speed and quality of repairs –leakage handling efficiency (identified leaks repaired in < 6hrs)
Trained staff on effective leak detection, repair & monitoring (in house & external training) & equipped them with newly acquired leak detection equipments
Established a more pro-active leak detection & repair programme
Sensitized & encouraged the public to vigorously report water leaks/bursts – attached a reward ($1.5 -3) for @ case reported
Computerised the leaks reporting register for easy
tracking & monitoring
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Initiatives to address Leakage
Routine inspection & servicing of valves & fire hydrants
Leak clustering for better monitoring of network condition thus planning for replacement.
Developed a medium term investment plan – replacement of old
pipelines of the water distribution network
12.4 Km of worn out pipes were replaced
more than 60% of the network is currently
less than 5 Years old
04/18/23 35
Initiatives to address CL
Carried out investigations to detect & cut–off illegal connections from the mains
Declared Monday an illegal connection day – investigating cases of suspected illegal connections
Worked closely with local communities to identify illegal cases & meter vandalism
Offered incentives/rewards to informers of illegal users – ($32 for commercial, UGX $20 for domestic & $3 to staff)
Established fines/ penalties for illegal connections – $305 + 2 yrs estimated consumption
Established amnesty programmes to woo back illegal consumers
04/18/23 36
Initiatives to address CL
Regular spot checks on large customers & construction sites
Spot checks and auditing of meter readings + rotation of meter readers (every 6 months)
Meter testing in the laboratory and replacing meters that under-register consumption
Universal metering of customer accounts - (all accounts metered & over 70% of the meters are less 6 yrs old)
04/18/23 37
Initiatives to address CL
Prompt updating of customer database –NCs updated within 2 days
Effective disconnection for non-payment - some customers disconnected from the main
Right sizing of meters based on customer demand profiles for effective recording of consumption esp. bulk meters
Introduced New Connection Policy – NWSC procures & install all water pipes & fitting and also maintains the service line – standardization of pipes & fittings - quality
Costs and Benefits
04/18/23 38
Reduced NRW from 32% to 17% – reducing operating costs & saved more water for sales
Reduced leak repair costs – improved network performance
Strengthened staff capacity in water loss reduction
Enhanced public awareness & improved corporate image
Challenges
04/18/23 39
Sustaining and improving performance further (Economic levels of leakage –ELL and Economic levels of apparent losses – ELAL).
Improving the accuracy of the individual components of the water balance for clear prioritisation of actions and investments
Re-zoning the network into hydraulic zones & DMAs
Accurate data for GIS and constructing network hydraulic models
Elimination of Illegal connections – dynamic problem
Appropriate NRW indicators to promote utility benchmarking
Lessons Learned
04/18/23 40
Reducing NRW is an on-going activity and not a one-off exercise
NRW is expensive and needs investment to be reduced - is self financing in the long run.
Combating commercial losses requires less investments but high mgt commitment, community support & appropriate incentives
Pilot area projects are recommended for testing new techniques and quantifying costs and benefits of NRW reduction
Staff involvement & ownership is critical for successful reduction of NRW
Utility performance benchmarking is a powerful tool for reducing NRW.
Network Assets
Service Levels
Revenue Collection
Investment Strategy
Year 3
Treatment Works
Shareholders
Sustainable Water Services
04/18/23 42
Conclusions
NRW is a problem for most Utilities worldwide
The water balance & PIs are effective tools for assessment of NRW and for performance benchmarking
The Entebbe case study demonstrates that significant water savings can be made even in developing countries with appropriate technical support and training
Address poor governance & institutional challenges
The Shared experience during this training should be a catalyst for action to save and conserve water
04/18/23 43
Thank you for your Attention
Our Shared Objective:“Sustainable water services thru NRW reduction”