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This document contains Confidential Information of Baker Hughes Incorporated (Baker) and is furnished to the customer for information purposes only. It isrequested that this document not be reproduced in any way whatsoever, in part or in whole, or distributed outside the customer organization without first obtainingthe express written authorization of Baker. This document is the property of Baker and returnable on request of Baker. March, 1999, Baker Hughes

Baker Oil Tools

FLUID PUMPING SERVICESTECHNICAL UNIT

Baker Low Fine Gravel

Product No. 492-04

Description

Baker Low Fine Gravel is a high-quality, non-fractured silica sand designed specifically for sandcontrol applications.

Features and Benefits

The low fines content of Baker Low Fine Gravelcontributes to high pack permeability.

The low oversized content ensures that theeffective size of the gravel is small enough tocontrol the formation sand for which it isrecommended.

Excellent roundness and sphericity and lowincidence of fractured grains minimize finesgeneration during pumping and handling.

The high quartz content helps ensure thatsubsequent acidizing will not result indamaging precipitates or threaten packintegrity.

Baker Low Fine Gravel is available in threestock sizes to meet the requirement of mostwells and can be obtained in other size rangesby special order.

Application

Baker Low Fine Gravel may be used as a grav-el packing media in most wells to prevent the pro-duction of formation sand (see the "Limitations"section).

Availability

Baker Low Fine Gravel is available from stock

in 12/20, 20/40, and 40/60 U.S. mesh sizes. Othersizes which may be obtained by special order in-clude 16/30, 20/30, 30/40, 40/50, 50/60, and 50/70U.S. mesh. Characteristically, the quality of ex-tremely large gravel is not high enough to meetBaker Low Fine standards. Therefore, Baker LowFine is not currently available in 4/8 or 8/12 U.S.mesh size ranges.

Chemical And Physical Properties

Size Distribution

All sizes of Baker Low Fine Gravel are guaranteed to contain less than 2% by weight smaller olarger than the designated size range. For example, no more than 2% of the grains in a 20/40 U.Smesh gravel should pass through a 40 meshscreen, and no more than 2% should be retainedon a 20 mesh screen (see the "Quality Control"section).

Permeability

The average laboratory measured permeabilities of Baker Low Fine stock sizes are listed belowContact your Regional Technical Services Laboratory for permeability data on alternate gravel sizes

Acid Solubility

The solubility of a gravel in 12% HCl/3% HF isan indication of the amount of undesirable contaminants present. Following room temperature exposure to 12% HCl/3% HF for 60 minutes, amaximum of 1.0% weight loss is expected for alsizes of Baker Low Fine Gravel. The American Petroleum Institute does not recommend testing fo

the solubility of gravel in 15% HCl, but such testingis considered useful to detect high calcium carbonate levels. Under the above stated test conditionsless than 1% of any Baker Low Fine Gravel shouldbe soluble in 15% HCl.

Gravel Size

(US Mesh)

Permeability

(Darcys)

12/20 652

20/40 171

40/60 69

Unit No. 5167Index: 444.10

Date: May 1997Page:1 of 2

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WARNINGUse of Baker equipment contrary to

manufacturers specification may result inproperty damage, serious injury or fatality.

Quartz Content

Non-quartz minerals in gravel will weaken thestrength of the individual grains and will often formdamaging precipitates upon acidizing. Baker LowFine Gravel typically contains a minimum of 98%quartz.

Roundness and Sphericity

Round, spherical gravel contribute to highdownhole pack porosity and permeability. The av-erage Krumbein roundness and sphericity of Baker

Low Fine Gravel is 0.85 and 0.83, respectively.

Crush Resistance

The maximum amount of fines generated by2,000 psi loading is 2% weight.

Limitations

The injection of high temperature steam maydissolve packs that utilize quartz gravel as media.

The extent and rate of dissolution depends on theinitial steam temperature, steam quality, injectionrate, steam pH, and length of time that steam willcontinuously be injected. Under some circum-stances, downhole steam temperatures as low as3500F will result in significant dissolution of gravel.

Additional Technical Data

Typical Composition

SiO2 99.77%

Al2O3 0.10%

Fe2O3 0.028%

TiO2

0.015%

Ca 0.012%

MgO 0.003%

MOH Hardness = 7.0

Specific Gravity = 2.65

Bulk Density Range(Compacted)

= 98-100 lbs/ft3

If temperatures are high, Sintered Bauxite shouldbe considered as an alternate packing medium.Contact your Regional Technical Services Labora-tory for further information.

Quality ControlManufacturer

The manufacturer is responsible for providingBaker Hughes, Baker Oil Tools with gravel whichmeets the guaranteed maximum fines and over-sized content. The gravel should be spot checkedaccording to the manufacturers quality control pro-gram, and each sack should be marked with atraceable serial number. The manufacturer agreesthat shipments not meeting the grain size specifi-cations may be refused by the receiving district.

Receiving District

Upon receipt of a new shipment of Baker LowFine, three sacks should be randomly selected andtransferred to the nearest Regional Technical Ser-vices Laboratory for evaluation. Further distribu-tion should be dependent on the test results andthe recommendation of the Regional TechnicalServices Lab Manager.

Regional Technical Services Laboratory

Three sacks of the new Baker Low Fine ship-

ment should be mechanically split with a full sacksample splitter and immediately tested for finesand oversized content. The receiving districtshould be informed if the fines and/or oversizedcontent is out of specification so that the shipmentmay be refused. Representative sample shouldthen be tested for acid solubility, quartz content,roundness, and sphericity. A report containing thetest results and recommendations concerning thedisposition of the shipment should be submitted tothe appropriate district personnel.

Handling

Baker Low Fine Gravel contains free silica,which may cause delayed lung injury (silicosis).Avoid breathing the dust.

5-97 Baker Low Fine Gravel