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Tools and Applications forDescription
LIS 512: Introduction to KnowledgeOrganisation
Margaret [email protected]://myweb.liu.edu/~mkipp/
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Notes and ReadingsReadings:
− Taylor. Chapter 8
− Coyle, K. & Hillman, D. 2007, ResourceDescription and Access (RDA): Cataloging Rulesfor the 20th Century. D-Lib Magazine, 13(1/2).http://dlib.org/dlib/january07/coyle/01coyle.html
Course Notes:
− http://myweb.liu.edu/~mkipp/512/512notes-description_tools.html
Assignment:
− http://myweb.liu.edu/~mkipp/512/512assign-oclc.html
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Outline
Important Points in Resource Description
AACR2 and MARC Bibliographic
− examples of AACR2 and MARC
Access Points and MARC Bibliographic
Authority Control and MARC Authority
Using OCLCLibraryThing
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Metadata Revisited
Metadata is "data about data"
used to describe methods and schemasdesigned to help control and organise
information on the webincludes bibliographic information about anitem as well as technical information and
characteristics of the data just like abibliographic record
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Metadata vs BibliographicControl
can both describe data at various levels of granularity
−e.g. AACR2 can describe a monograph (book), a
single essay in a monograph, a series of monographs, a single web page, an entire website, etc.
can be separate from the item or included within
its text−e.g. CIP (cataloguing in publication) data, websitekeywords (meta name tag)
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Metadata Schemas
metadata schemas are rules designed tostandardise the content and structure of themetadata
−e.g. title, author, formatschemas can be created for generalinformation organisation or for highly
specic forms of information (e.g. maps)
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Objectives of an InformationSystem
5 objectives which such a system shouldsatisfy:
−nd
−identify
−select
−obtain
−navigate (browse)
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Creating Metadata
3 steps:
−description (providing a description of theinformation package and any information
necessary for use)−encoding (providing the syntax for themetadata)
−
access (providing access to the metadata)
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Bibliographic Record Denitions
bibliographic record or surrogate record
−the description of the information package
−a surrogate for the item being described and not
the actual item, in the case of electronic resourcesnot the entire item
−function is to assist the user in locatinginformation by providing a concise description of
an item−standards ensure that it is easy to recognise partsof a surrogate
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Denitions (cont.)
descriptive data
−data derived from the information package
Element
−a metadata eld which contains content (a value)from the descriptive data
access point
−
term used for retrieval of a surrogate record
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Creating Surrogate Records
select unit to be described: monograph, series,essay/ work versus item
select important descriptive information from theintellectual content of the item
determine important format characteristics of theitem
place this information in a standard format for
easy retrieval
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ISBD (International StandardBibliographic Description)
Area 1: Title and Statement of Responsibility
Area 2: Edition
Area 3: Material (type of publication)
Area 4: Publication, distribution, etc.Area 5: Physical Description
Area 6: Series
Area 7: NotesArea 8: Standard number and terms of availability
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AACR2 Examples
Book
CD
DVD
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Access Points and AuthorityControl
Access Points
−expected search terms
Authority Control
−standardisation of terms used in access points
Authority control is used to control the formof access points and provide lists of variant
forms
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Access Control
Last week we covered Part 1 of AACR2
This week we look at Part 2
Part 2 covers access control or main entryand added entries
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Why Access Control?
studies show users/authors do not use thesame terms to refer to the same things
words may have multiple unrelated
meaningsauthors or organisations may havedierent name forms or acronyms
want to improve search experience bycontrolling the vocabulary and format of terms so items are indexed under the sameform of terms
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Access Points
an access point allows users to locateinformation under various forms of authornames, corporate names and titles by
controlling the ocial form and oeringpointers to it from older/colloquial forms
if a consistent form is used, users cansearch more easily if they know the rules
used to create access points
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Access Points
access points are a staple of librarybibliographic control and newer metadataschemas are beginning to add them as well
a Dublin Core committee is examining thecreation of agent records to storeinformation about the creator of an item socreators with similar names can be
distinguished
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Access Points
access points represent the intellectualcontent of an item
these may include Author, Title, Editor and
Series as well as Subject Headings
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Main Entry
main entry is the access point whichappeared at the top of the old cataloguecards
other entries are called added entriesthis distinction is still maintained in MARCrecords
main entry is intended to be the mostobvious description of the item
−e.g. title, author or a combination of title andauthor for a book
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Subject Headings
from a controlled vocabulary such asLibrary of Congress Subject Headings
used to index items by topic
classication systems also index by topicbut use combinations of numbers or lettersrather that words
call numbers are built from a classicationsystem
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Simple Classication
A Apples
AD Golden Delicious
AG Granny Smith
AM Macintosh
Using this system all apples will becollocated even though the specic names
do not fall next to each other alphabetically
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Bibliographic Relationships
information packages may have the sameauthor, the same publisher, bemanifestations of the same work, be acommentary on the work, a review, anadaptation, a teacher's kit, etc.
bibliographic control should include theserelationships since users seeking an item
are likely to be interested in related items−e.g. Seen the movie? Read the book.
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Bibliographic Relationships
equivalence
−exact copy in various formats
derivative
−modications to a work, editions, etc.descriptive
−reviews and criticisms of the work
sequential
−serials, sequels
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Choice of Access Points
access points should allow works by the sameauthor, publisher or subject to be collocated andallow links between dierent manifestations of awork
AACR2 uses the Paris Principles of 1961 to selectaccess points
name, title or name/title are candidates foraccess points
other access points may include publisher,corporate bodies, geographic names, actors orperformers, etc.
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Main Entry
formerly a reference to the primary accesspoint which was represented by a fullsurrogate (catalogue card) with abbreviatedbibliographic information for other accesspoints
main entry was a shortcut to cut down onduplication of information by hand
now all surrogates are full surrogates
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Main Entry (cont.)
main entry is used today solely torepresent the primary access point
all other access points are added entries
in a MARC record main entries are in eldsnumbered 100-199 and added entries are inelds numbered 700-899
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Abolish Main Entry?
two schools of thought:−main entry is important and should be retained tostandardise bibliographic control elements
−
main entry is obsolete and no entry is moreimportant than others
now that full surrogates are available forevery entry main entry is often considered
to be obsolete
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Justications for Main Entry
citation purposes−when citing a work you select a main entry (authorusually)
subarrangement
−useful for sorting search results
−this is harder to justify since a computer canpotentially sort on any eld
collocation
−related works can be collocated if they have the samemain entry
−again electronic surrogates can be linked by addedentries, but this requires systems changes
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Access Points in AACR2 Part 2
21. Choice of access points.−dictates the choice of main entry and which addedentries should be added
22. Form of personal name.23. Form of geographic name.
24. Form of corporate name.
25. Form of uniform title.26. References.
−these chapters discuss the syntax or form of the
entries to use
Principles for Choosing Access
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Principles for Choosing AccessPoints in AACR2
individual reponsibility−single author, main entry is the author's name
synchronous responsibility
−rst 2-3 responsible parties constitute the mainentry
−if more than 3 responsible parties, main entry isthe title
−note that the choice of 3 as the cuto is due tothe constraints of print environments
Principles for Choosing Access
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Principles for Choosing AccessPoints in AACR2
asynchronous responsibility−involved parties have made dierent contributions,e.g. author versus translator
−responsibility varies over time
main entry is the author unless later authors havemade signicant changes
−responsibility varied during creation of the work
main entry is the party deemed to have done themost work
−responsibility is diuse, corporate authorship
main entry generally under title, but may be the
corporate body
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Corporate Authorship
main entry is the corporate author if thework falls into one of 6 categories:
−administrative in nature
−some legal, governmental or religious works−collective thought of the body
−collective activity of a conference
−
collective activity of a performing group−cartographic materials published by a corporatebody
otherwise main entry is the title
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Title Main Entry
used when:−a work is anonymous
−a work has more than 3 primary authors
−a work compiles the work of several authors undereditorial direction
−a work has been produced by a corporate body
−a work is accepted as sacred scripture by areligious body
−serials are generally entered with a title mainentry
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Authority Control
process of determining the authorised formfor every entry with variant forms
−e.g. authors with middle initials, pseudonyms,
name of corporate body (which may change),serial names (also change)
all access points should be under authoritycontrol so they collocate and so users can
nd documents by typing in any of thevariant forms of the access points
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Headings for Access Points
authority controlled formats of an accesspoint for use in library catalogues
−e.g. Gorman, Michael, 1941-
this form allows Michael Gorman thelibrarian to be distinguished from authorMichael Gormans
−Gorman, Michael, 1952-
−Gorman, Michael E., 1952-
−Gorman, Michael M.
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Authority Files
identies the authority controlled form of aname
provides lists of variant forms which point
to the authority controlled form
h i f di
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Choice of Headingsname main entry
−choice of which name to use
−choice of which form of the name to use
−choice of entry word
−choice of what additions need to be made todistinguish the name from other names
e.g. initials, date of birth, etc.
title main entry−choice of which title to use
−choice of format of the title including whether toadd language or date
Principles for Choice of Personal
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Principles for Choice of PersonalName
use the latest form of the nameuse the predominant form of the name
use the pseudonym if this is used for all
works−this means that writers who write dierent worksunder dierent names would have multiple entries
−
e.g. Charles Dodgson - mathematician who wrotechildren's books as Lewis Carroll
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C t N
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Corporate Names
create a new heading and a new authorityrecord for each name change since the newcorporate body may not be the same asthe old
provide connections between authorityrecords
use the predominant form
use a subdivision's name if it stands alone,otherwise include the full corporate nameand subdivision
U if Titl
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Uniform Title
used for works with many variant titles(includes multiple languages)
−e.g. the Bible
a uniform title is chosen for the work andall items are entered with this as the mainentry, other title forms would be listed asadded entries
MARC Bibliographic Coding for
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MARC Bibliographic Coding forEntries
100-199 Main entries240 Uniform title entered under a personalname
400-499 Series [uniform] title600-600 subject headings
700-799 Added entries
800-899 Added entries for series
MARC Bibliographic and Access
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g pPoints
MARC Bibliographic100/700 - Personal Name
110/710 - Corporate Name
111/711 - Conference Name
http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/
Choice of Access Points
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Choice of Access Points
access points should allow works by the sameauthor, publisher or subject to be collocated andallow links between dierent manifestations of awork
AACR2 uses the Paris Principles of 1961 to selectaccess points
name, title or name/title are candidates foraccess points
other access points may include publisher,corporate bodies, geographic names, actors orperformers, etc.
Authority Files and Name
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yAuthority Control
identies the authority controlled orstandardised form of a name
−e.g. Lewis, C.S. SEARCH UNDER
−
Lewis, C. S. (Clive Staples), 1898-1963provides lists of variant forms which pointto the authority controlled form (see andsee also references)
includes additional notes of use indistinguishing similar names (sources)
MARC Authority for Authority
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y yRecords
Used to encode authority recordsSimilar to MARC Bibliographic but used forauthority record data while MARC
Bibliographic is used to encode AACR2descriptions
http://www.loc.gov/marc/uma/
ARN: 2889517
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ARN: 2889517Rec stat: c Entered: 19910204
►Type: z Upd status: a Enc lvl: n Source:
Roman: Ref status: a Mod rec: Name use: aGovt agn: Auth status: a Subj: a Subj use: aSeries: n Auth/ref: a Geo subd: n Ser use: bSer num: n Name: a Subdiv tp: n Rules: c
► 1 010 n 91011484
► 2 040 DLC $c DLC $d DLC► 3 005 19920702111848.3► 4 100 1 Jackson, P. E. $q (Paul E.)► 5 400 1 Jackson, Paul E.► 6 670 The Physics and tech. of laser resonators, c1989: $b
t.p. (P.E. Jackson, Dept. of Physics, Heriot-Watt Univ., Edinburgh)Brit. CIP (Jackson, P. E. (Paul E.))
This is a MARC authority record. Source:http://www.maag.ysu.edu/techsvs/cat/procman/cp360.html
Fields and Tags
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Fields and Tags
Fixed Fields−Name use:a 1XX/7XX elds
−Subj use: a 6XX elds
−Ser use: b 4XX/8XX eldsCode a - 1XX eld contains proper heading
Code b - 1XX eld not a proper heading
Source:http://www.maag.ysu.edu/techsvs/cat/procman/cp360.html
LOC Authorities Search
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LOC Authorities Search
The Library of Congress authorities lescan be searched on the web
http://authorities.loc.gov/
How could you make authority controlmore useful?
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Problems with AACR2 and MARC
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Problems with AACR2 and MARC
Duplication of information−access points for information already in record
−Multiple records for similar or same material
Two elds merged into one−title and statement of responsibility
Limited information compared to search
engines−No summary, author info, extracts, etc
Brief History of OCLC
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Brief History of OCLC
Begun in the 1970sOriginally the Ohio College Library Center,the rst major bibliographic utility
Another major utility was RLIN (ResearchLibraries Information Network) which is nowintegrated with OCLC
Utility designed to allow libraries to sharecataloguing data easily
OCLC Records
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OCLC Records
Includes all records from Library of Congress, British Library, Library andArchives Canada, etc, as well as manypublic and academic libraries
Changed name to Online Computer LibraryCenter (in order to keep the acronym)
Two interfaces to Worldcat: cataloguer's
interface, public interface
Using OCLC
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Using OCLC
Public Interface: http://worldcat.org/Cataloguer's Interface:http://connexion.oclc.org/
−Login using id and password provided
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Introduction to LibraryThing
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Introduction to LibraryThing
LibraryThing: social tagging site forreaders. Users enter titles and othermetadata for books in their personal libraryand add descriptive tags
http://www.librarything.com/
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LibraryThing Links
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LibraryThing Links
Blog: http://www.librarything.com/blog/Danbury Library:http://www.danburylibrary.org/blog/reading/2007/05/hey_you_got_librarything_in_my.html
Bedford Public Library:http://catalog.lib.bedford.tx.us/search/i?SEARCH=0060928336
Waterford Institute of Technology:http://witcat.wit.ie/search/i?SEARCH=0140136282#LT_tag=engineering