5. The Behavior of Interest Rates

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 5-1

5. The Behavior of Interest Rates

• Recall that an asset is a piece of property that is a store of value.

• Items such as money, bonds, stocks, art, land, houses, farm equipment, and manufacturing machinery are all assets.



Determining the Quantity Demanded of an Asset

• Facing the question of whether to buy and hold an asset or whether to buy one asset rather than another, an individual must consider the following factors:

• Wealth—the total resources owned by the individual, including all assets

• Expected Return—the return expected over the next period on one asset relative to alternative assets

• Risk—the degree of uncertainty associated with the return on one asset relative to alternative assets

• Liquidity—the ease and speed with which an asset can be turned into cash relative to alternative assets


Theory of Asset Demand The theory of Asset demand states that, Holding

all other factors constant: 1. The quantity demanded of an asset is positively

related to wealth 2. The quantity demanded of an asset is positively

related to its expected return relative to alternative assets

3. The quantity demanded of an asset is negatively related to the risk of its returns relative to alternative assets

4. The quantity demanded of an asset is positively related to its liquidity relative to alternative assets



Supply and Demand for Bonds

• At lower prices (higher interest rates), ceteris paribus, the quantity demanded of bonds is higher—an inverse relationship

• At lower prices (higher interest rates), ceteris paribus, the quantity supplied of bonds is lower—a positive relationship



Market Equilibrium

• Occurs when the amount that people are willing to buy (demand) equals the amount that people are willing to sell (supply) at a given price

• When Bd = Bs the equilibrium (or market clearing) price and interest rate

• When Bd > Bs excess demand price will rise and interest rate will fall

• When Bd < Bs excess supply price will fall and interest rate will rise


Shifts in the Demand for Bonds

• Wealth—in an expansion with growing wealth, the demand curve for bonds shifts to the right

• Expected Returns—higher expected interest rates in the future lower the expected return for long-term bonds, shifting the demand curve to the left

• Expected Inflation—an increase in the expected rate of inflations lowers the expected return for bonds, causing the demand curve to shift to the left

• Risk—an increase in the riskiness of bonds causes the demand curve to shift to the left

• Liquidity—increased liquidity of bonds results in the demand curve shifting right






Shifts in the Supply of Bonds • Expected profitability of investment opportunities—

The more profitable plant and equipment investments that a firm expects it can make, the more willing it will be to borrow in order to finance these investments.in an expansion, the supply curve shifts to the right

• Expected inflation— when expected inflation increases, the real cost of borrowing falls; hence the quantity of bonds supplied increases at any given bond price and interest rate.

• an increase in expected inflation shifts the supply curve for bonds to the right

• Government budget—increased budget deficits shift the supply curve to the right



When the supply of bonds increases, the supply curve shifts to the right. (Note: P and i increase in opposite directions. P on the left vertical axis increases as we go up the axis, while i on the right vertical axis increases as we go down the axis.)

• Changes in Expected Inflation Suppose that expected inflation is initially 5% and the initial

supply and demand curves Bs1 and Bd1 intersect at point 1, where the equilibrium bond price is P1 and the equilibrium interest rate is i1.

If expected inflation rises to10%, the expected return on bonds relative to real assets falls for any given bond price and interest rate.

As a result, the demand for bonds falls, and the demand curve shifts to the left from Bd1 to Bd2.

At any given bond price and interest rate, the real cost of borrowing has declined, causing the quantity of bonds supplied to increase, and the supply curve shifts to the right, from Bs1 to B s2.

Our supply and demand analysis has led us to an important observation: When expected inflation rises, interest rates will rise




Business Cycle Expansion • In a business cycle expansion,

the amounts of goods and services being produced in the economy rise, so national income increases.

When this occurs, businesses will be more willing to borrow, because they are likely to have many profitable investment opportunities for which they need financing.

Hence at a given bond price and interest rate, the quantity of bonds that firms want to sell (that is, the supply of bonds) will increase. This means that in a business cycle expansion, the supply curve for bonds shifts to the right

Expansion in the economy will also affect the demand for bonds. As the business cycle expands, wealth is likely to increase, and

then the theory of asset demand tells us that the demand for bonds will rise as well. the demand curve has shifted to the right, from Bd1 to Bd2. the new equilibrium reached at the intersection of Bd2 and Bs2 must also move to the right.




B

B

B B

P i

Price of Bonds, P (P increases ↑)

Interest Rate, i (i increases )

s 1

s 2

1 1 1

2

P2 i 2

d d 1 2

Quantity of Bonds, B


The Liquidity Preference Framework • A model developed by John Maynard Keynes,

determines the equilibrium interest rate in terms of the supply of and demand for money

• The starting point of Keynes’s analysis is his assumption that there are two main categories of assets that people use to store their wealth: money and bonds

• Therefore, total wealth in the economy must equal Bs +Ms = Bd + Md Reaanging: Bs – Bd = Ms – Md If the Market for money is in equilibrium (Ms = Md) Then the bond market is also in equilibrium (Bs = Bd)


• total wealth in the economy must equal the total quantity of bonds plus money in the economy, which equals the quantity of bonds supplied (Bs) plus the quantity of money supplied (Ms).

• The quantity of bonds (Bd) and money (Md) that people want to hold and thus demand must also equal the total amount of wealth, because people cannot purchase more assets than their available resources allow.



Equilibrium Determination • Opportunity cost of money: the amount of interest (or

expected return) sacrificed by holding and alternative assets (i.e. bond)

• As the interest rate on bonds, i, rises, the opportunity cost of holding money rises, and so money is less desirable and the quantity of money demanded must fall

• When interest rate is above 15%, quantity demanded of money at point A is $100 billion, yet the quantity supplied is $300 billion.

• People are holding more money than they desire, so they will try to get rid of their excess money balances by trying to buy bonds.


• Accordingly, they try to bid up the price of bonds. As the bond prices rises, the interest rate will fall toward the equilibrium interest rate 15%

• If the interest rate is 5%, the quantity of money demanded at point E is $500 billion, but the quantity of money supplied is $300 billion. There is excess demand for money

• To try to obtain more money, people will sell their bonds and the price bonds falls, then the interest rate will rise toward the equilibrium interest rate of 15%.



Shifts in the Demand for Money • Income Effect—a higher level of income causes the

demand for money at each interest rate to increase and the demand curve to shift to the right

• Price-Level Effect—Keynes took the view that people care about the amount of money they hold in real terms; that is, in terms of the goods and services that it can buy

• a rise in the price level (inflation) causes money to lose its value. To restore their holdings of money in real terms, people will want hold a greater nominal quantity of money, thus increasing their demand for money at each interest rate and the demand curve shifts to the right



Shifts in the Supply of Money

• Assume that the supply of money is controlled by the central bank

• An increase in the money supply engineered by the central bank will shift the supply curve for money to the right




Documents

5. The Behavior of Interest Rates