5 Solar Neupert

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- A German Perspective

Presentation at the Renewable Energy Technology Forum, Bonn, 6 October 2011

Source:juwiHolding

AG(www.juwi.d

Dr. Ulrik Neupert

)

eputy ea o epartment ec no ogy na ys s an ores g tCoordinator Defence ForesightFraunhofer Institute for Technological Trend Analysis INT, Euskirchen

TechnologieAnalysenVorausschau

. . .


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Fraunhofer INT

Planning support for state and industry

Overview of the general research and technology landscape

Overview of the entire spectrum of national and internationaltechnological developments

s ecialized anal ses and forecasts in selected technolo ical areas

own experimental and theoretical research on the effects of ionizingand electromagnetic radiation on electronic components and systems.

INT Annual Reports @www.int.fraunhofer.de

Source:INT


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Department Technology Analysis and Foresight

Balanced, independent overview and

In-depth analyses in selected researchareas (e.g. new materials, nano-technology, robotics/unmannedsystems, energy storage)

methodological framework andrefinement

engineers from various scientific areas

Source: INT


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Why Photovoltaics? Solar energie is available in abundance

> 1018 kWh/year 10,000 x yearly worldwide use of primary energy

Solar energy is available (nearly) worlwide

Solar radiation can be predicted reliably

Photovoltaics deliversvaluable peak load

Worldwide map of solar radiation received on the ground. Solar areas defined by the dark diskscould provide more than the world's total primary energy demand (assuming a conversion efficiency of


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, , . . _ , . .


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Why Photovoltaics?

Solar Energy has a much higher efficiency per acreage than productionof biomass (20-100x)

Prices for Solar Energy are decreasing rapidly, we are close to reaching

Grid Parity, module costs decrease by currently 8-10 % per year.

Decrease in cost of roof-mounted PV facilities in /kWhfrom 2006-2011 (Source: BSW - Bundesverband


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. . , . . , . .


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Relevance for Large-Scale Energy Supply

Requirements:

long life

high Net Energy Gain (NEG) Competitive price

esearc a enge:

Integration into power networks/SmartGrids

o ar ouse ource: uw o ng , www. uw . e

Solar power station in Ruanda (Source: juwi


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, . .


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Relevance for Small-Scale Energy Supply

Energy Harvesting:

Capturing energy from externalsources (e.g. solar power, thermalenergy, wind energy, and kinetic

energy), to power small, wirelessobilephone

g)

au onomous ev ces

Requirements:Solar-poweredm

(Source:Samsu

high net energy gain (NEG)Handbag with integrated solar charger(Source: Solarc GmbH, www.solarc.de)

-

Flexibility

Power management, low-powerelectronicsConcept of a solar-powered bat-sized spyplane (Source: University of Michigan,


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. . .


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Solar Cells Working Mechanism

Sunlight enters the solar paneland is absorbed by asemiconducting material likesilicon.

are set free in this process.

Due to the electric field formedy e unc on o e n- an p-

doped semiconductor layersthe electrons are only allowed

,resulting in an electric current.

Basic structure of a silicon based solar cell and its working mechanism(Source: Wikipedia: Solar cell, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell, 30.09.2011)


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Trends: New Processing Technologies

Silicon Purification:

new interruption-free trichlorosilane process (Wacker Chemie AG)

new cost- and energy-efficient trichlorosilane/monosilane process (Evonik/Solar

World)rys a row :

Faster crystal growth process for multicrystalline silicon (Fraunhofer ISE)

:

Reduction of losses in the sawing process

Innovations, University of Konstanz)

Module Design:

Thinner electrical contacts between cells causing less shadow

...


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Trend: Thin-Film Solar Cells

Based on semiconductors (microcrystalline or amorphous silicon,

2, 2, 2, ,

Thinner compared to crystalline silicon cells due to higher light absorption

Flexible CIGS-Cell with > 10% efficiency

(Source: Solarion AG, http://www.solarion.net)

Roll-to-Roll Processing of CIGS Solar Cells(Source: Solarion AG, http://www.solarion.net)


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Efficiency of commercially available PV Modules

Significant trend towards higher

from crystalline silicon (c-Si) and

thin-film semiconductors.

Comparison of total area efficiency of commercial available PV modules(Source: Willeke using data from Photon Februar 2003-2009, Photon Profi 2-


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Trend: Concentrated Photovoltaics

To achieve very high efficiencies opticssuch as lenses are used to bundle a large

photovoltaic material. Multijunction

photovoltaic cells with several layers of

capture a wide range of wavelengths.Fraunhofer ISE achieved a recordefficienc of 41 1% with a cell containin

three p-n junctions. very expensive

economic in places with high sunlightintensity like in Southern Europe.

the cell towards the sun

Principle drawing of a concentrator cell (Source:http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarzelle#Konzentratorzellen,30.09.2011)


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Trend: Organic and Polymer Solar Cells

Based on thin films of organic semiconductors

flexible

potentially disposable

Relativel new technolo ,

, , . . .Solar Power Wires Based on Organic Photovoltaic

Materials, Science, 10 April 2009

main challenges:

efficiency

Dye Solar Cell (Source: Fraunhofer ISE)

service life


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Trend: Recycling

Current composition of PV-waste:

90 % crystalline silicon cells (c-Si)

10 % Thin-film cells (amorphous or microcrystalline Si, CdTe, CIS)

Sour

eine

Phot

Frd

ce:K.Sandere

Rcknahme-

ovoltaischePro

erkennzeichen

ta

l.:Studiezur

nd

Verwertung

dukte,2007,B

03MAP092

Entwicklun

g

ssystemsfr

U

Upcycling instead of Downcycling (reuse materials for the same application)

- -


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Research Institutes:

Fraunhofer-Institut fr Solare Energiesysteme (ISE)

Forschungszentrum Jlich, Institut fr Energie- und Klimaforschung

Institut fr Solarenergieforschung Hameln (ISFH)

Fraunhofer-Center fr Silizium-Photovoltaik CSP

International Solar Energy Research Center Konstanz e.V. (ISC Konstanz)

Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (HZB)

Max-Planck-Institut fr Polymerforschung (MPIP)

Industr :

SCHOTT Solar AG

SolarWorld AG

Wrth Solar GmbH & Co. KG

ANTEC Solar GmbH

o ar or nnovat ons m

SOLARWATT AG

Q-CELLS SE

o au

Solarion AG

Sunways AG

Fraunhofer INT


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Conclusion/Outlook

Solar cell production is getting more efficient with less environmental impact

for improvement while thin-film technologies are catching up.

Polymer cells will first see widespread use for powering low-cost dispensableelectronics

Photovoltaics will soon deliverelectricit at current consumer

prices for electricity, giving thistechnology a worldwide boost.

has to be managed

There will be fierce competitionin this expanding market,requiring a solid research anddevelopment base


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5 Solar Neupert