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5 Polical Thinkers · 2010-09-14 · Jim Crow Laws were unwrien laws prevenng African Americans from achieving equal rights in the US. Things such as separate drinking fountains for

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Page 1: 5 Polical Thinkers · 2010-09-14 · Jim Crow Laws were unwrien laws prevenng African Americans from achieving equal rights in the US. Things such as separate drinking fountains for
Page 2: 5 Polical Thinkers · 2010-09-14 · Jim Crow Laws were unwrien laws prevenng African Americans from achieving equal rights in the US. Things such as separate drinking fountains for

5 Poli'cal Thinkers 

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Thomas Hobbes 

•  1588‐1679 – England (During English Civil War) 

•  Leviathan (1651) •  People are selfish •  Do things out of fear of others •  Life is …“nasty, bru'sh and short” •  Must have a strong leader to rule over them •  Limited Government 

•  State of Nature/ State of War 

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John Locke 

•  1632‐1704 – England (At end of English Civil war and during the Glorious Revolu'on) 

•   Two Trea3ses of Government (1690) 

•  Experience shapes personality •  People have natural rights – Life, liberty and owning property 

•  Government should protect people 

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Baron de Montesquieu 

•  1689‐1755 – France; Spirit of the Laws (1748) •  Natural laws controlled all things (human, natural and divine) 

•  Believed Government should be separated – Legisla've – makes laws – Execu've – carries out laws –  Judicial – interprets laws 

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Jean‐Jacques Rousseau 

•  1712‐1778 – France; The Social Contract (1762) 

•  Cri'cized society and private property •  Believed society makes people evil; the only solu'on was a government in which ALL people par'cipated – – majority of people would agree on an issue and create the general will. 

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What did the Enlightenment try to accomplish? 

•  Using logic and reason, create a befer society – God had created the universe  

•  Laws governed planetary movement and gravity •  Laws also controlled human behavior 

–  Follow natural law and everything will get befer 

•  Cri'cized government, society, wealth, religion, inequality 

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Voltaire 

•  1694‐1778 – France; Candide (1759) and many other books 

•  Explored good and evil in wri'ngs – prejudice, bigotry and oppressive gov’t 

•  Cri'cized French Gov’t and Catholic Church •  Focused on the idea of “jus'ce” •  “I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” 

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Play the Game 

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Standard/GLE  Exit Task 

•  History : 4.2.3 Analyzes and evaluates how technology and ideas have shaped world history     (1450—present). 

•  Which Enlightenment philosopher believed that a Monarch was the best form of Gov’t?  

•  Why? 

Enlightenment A4 

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Examining Enlightenment Philosophies in the Real world. 

Mr. voorhees  

Mr. o’dell  

Understanding the Enlightenment 

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Standard/GLE  Entry Task 

•  History : 4.2.3 Analyzes and evaluates how technology and ideas have shaped world history    (1450—present). 

•  What way of thinking from the Scien'fic Revolu'on was founda'onal to the Enlightenment?  

Enlightenment – A5  

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Standard/GLE  Entry Task 

•  History : 4.2.3 Analyzes and evaluates how technology and ideas have shaped world history    (1450—present). 

•  What is the “State of Nature” according to Hobbs? 

Enlightenment – A6  

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For each presenter you need to write…  

•  Thinkers Name:___________ ( Number: _____) 

•  Image? 

•  Philosophy? 

•  How does the philosophy and the image relate? 

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Hobbes 

#1 

 Limited Government is the philosophy that government does not have absolute authority.  Hobbes did not believe that that there should be many limits on government, but he did not think that a sovereign could do anything that would injure his or her subjects. 

•  Ques<ons to consider: •  What image is the ar'st trying to portray in this picture? •  Whose rights are being violated and why? •  Who is responsible for the “trail of tears”? •  What is the rela'onship between the “trail of tears” and the idea of limited government? 

This is the “Trail of Tears” when Na've Americans were removed from their land in Georgia  and Florida and sent to reserva'on land in Oklahoma by the US Government.  Thousands of Na've American children and elderly died along the way. 

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`   

 President Richard Nixon pounds his fist on the podium as he answers a ques'on during his televised appearance before ques'oners made up of members of the Na'onal Broadcasters Associa'on in Houston, Texas, March 19, 1974. President Nixon declared that dragging out Watergate drags down America. (AP Photo) 

•  State of nature is the philosophy regarding how humans would act in their most basic state without a civil government.  Hobbes believed the state of nature in which man lived before the forma'on of society was founded on a savage selfishness, which drove man to obtain pleasure without concern for jus'ce or mercy toward other men. 

•  Ques<ons to consider: •  What event in history in does this image portray? •  Do you believe that this picture represents a man in a state of nature?  Why or why not? 

Hobbes  

#2 

This is a photo of President Nixon addressing the Watergate Scandal where he violated his presiden'al oath and broke US law when he spent government funds and engaged in illegal ac'vi'es to sabotage the democra'c campaign. 

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 A Pales'nian youth throws a tear gas canister back toward Israeli soldiers during clashes in the West Bank town of Ramallah Friday Feb. 16, 2001. Five months of figh'ng with Israel have emp'ed Yasser Arafat's public coffers and plunged the West Bank and Gaza Strip into a severe economic crisis, promp'ng unprecedented warnings by Israel and the United Na'ons that the Pales'nian Authority may be headed for collapse. (AP Photo/Leseris Pitarakis) 

•  The state of war idea stems from Hobbes’ belief that in the state of nature, people were always at war with one another, a war of all against all.  Each individual was endowed with the right to do anything they pleased and people were in constant fear for their lives. 

•  Ques<ons to consider: •  What is the conflict represented in this picture? •  Do you believe the figh'ng between the Israeli’s and the Pales'nians illustrates a state of war? 

Hobbes  

#3 

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The Problem We All Live With A Pain<ng of Ruby Bridges on her way to school: by Norman Rockwell 

 “The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which treats everyone equally…[B]eing equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, or possessions.”    ‐John Locke 

•  Unalienable rights are rights that cannot be taken away from anyone, for example freedom of speech. •  Equal rights are the belief that all persons, regardless of sex, race, ethnicity, age, etc., have the same rights as everyone 

else. 

•  Ques<ons to consider: •  What is happening in this pain'ng? •  Which principles of democracy are illustrated by this pain'ng?                 •         (equality, natural rights, liberty, unalienable rights) 

Locke  

#1 

Up un'l 1954 African Americans had to afend different schools than whites. Ruby Bridges, a six year old became the first black student at William Frantz Elementary School in 1960. She had to afend school escorted by federal marshals, who protected her as she walked through crowds of screaming, cursing white men and women.    

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Flag with Male Symbol By Dave Cutler 

 “The old [tradi3ons] are apt to lead men into mistakes, as this [idea] of [fatherly] power’s probably has done, which seems so [eager] to place the power of parents over their children wholly in the father, as if the mother has no share in it.  Whereas if we consult reason or [the Bible], we shall find she has an equal 3tle.”    ‐John Locke 

•  Unalienable rights are rights that cannot be taken away from anyone, for example freedom of speech. •  Equal rights are the belief that all persons, regardless of sex, race, ethnicity, age, etc., have the same rights 

as everyone else. 

•  Ques<ons to Consider: •  What is happening in this pain'ng? •  How does this pain'ng relate to the concept of unalienable rights?  Equal rights? 

Locke  

#2 

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June 1989 – Tiananmen Square Photographer:  Unknown 

 “Whensoever…the [government]shall…put into the hands of any other an absolute power over the lives, liberty, and estates of the people, by this breach of trust they forfeit the power [of] the people…who have a right to resume their original liberty, and by the establishment of the new [government] provide for their own safety and security.”    ‐John Locke 

•  A limited government is a government that does not have absolute authority. •  Consent of the governed is the poli'cal theory that governments gain their authority from their people.  A 

government is not legi'mate if the people do not give their consent. 

•  Ques<on to consider: •  What is happening in the picture and how does it relate to the topic of limited government? 

Locke  

#3 

Tiananmen Square incident occurred in China in 1989 when a group of people protested China’s communist government.  Communism is a system of government that is “totalitarian” which means they control people’s freedom, will & thought. 

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 Separa<on of Powers is the principle of dividing the powers of a government among different branches to guard against abuse of authority.  A government of separated powers assigns different poli'cal and legal powers to the legisla've, execu've, and judicial branches. 

•  Ques<ons to consider: •  What is the cartoonist trying to 

illustrate in this picture? •  Why is Andrew Jackson standing on 

the U.S. Cons'tu'on? •  How is President Jackson viola'ng 

the philosophy of separa'on of powers in this cartoon?  

Montesquieu

#1

This is a caricature from the 1830s of US President Andrew Jackson aser he acted without congress’ approval to recharter a bank. 

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 Equality under the law is the belief that all people receive fair and equal protec'on by the government through wrifen law. 

Ques<ons to consider: •  What is the cartoonist trying 

to illustrate in this picture? •  Why is it important that the 

bald eagle is trying to regain his posi'on? 

•  How does this cartoon represent the belief in equality under the law? 

Montesquieu

#2

Bill Mauldin  

Jim Crow Laws were unwrifen laws preven'ng African Americans from achieving equal rights in the US. Things such as separate drinking fountains for blacks and whites were commonplace in the South.  Blacks had access to less than equal facili'es because of these laws. 

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Enlightened Monarchs were essen'al in Voltaire’s mind. 

Ques<ons to consider: •  What is the cartoonist trying to illustrate in this picture? •  How does this picture show the dangers of unenlightened 

leadership ? •  How does this cartoon portray enlightened leadership? 

Voltaire #1 Enlightened means to be given knowledge, to have knowledge. Lemmings are known for following the leader of the pack wherever he/she goes. 

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Voltaire did not trust Democracy. 

Ques<ons to consider: •  What is going on in this picture? •  How does this picture show the poten'al dangers of democracy? •  How does this cartoon represent Voltaire’s belief that democracy 

propagated the idiocy of the masses? 

Voltaire #2 

Democracy is a form of government where the power comes from the people.  The ci'zens vote on issues or elect representa'ves to vote. 

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 Voltaire believed in Civil Rights. 

Ques<ons to consider: •  What is going on in this 

picture? •  What does this pain'ng have 

to do with Civil Rights? •  How does this cartoon 

represent Voltaire’s belief in freedom of religion? 

•  Keeping in mind Voltaire’s distrust of democracy, why do you think he felt civil rights were so important? 

Voltaire #3 

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George Gius< ‐ 1955  Civiliza3on is a Method of Living, An AXtude of Equal Respect for All Men    ‐ Jane Addams, 1933 

•  Social Contract is the idea that people join groups, and these groups make a presence known as a society.  A social contract is the compact that the people agree form rules and condi'ons for membership in their society.  

•  Equality is the belief that all persons are en'tled to equal rights and treatment before the law. 

•  Ques<ons to Consider: •  How does this picture represent a social contract?   •  In what ways do people form social contracts today? •  Do you believe that people receive equal treatment before the law?  Why or why not? 

Rousseau 

#1 

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 Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin stands facing the U.S. flag on the Moon. The rod to hold the flag out horizontally would not extend fully, so the flag ended up with a slight waviness, giving the appearance of being windblown. The flag itself was difficult to erect, it was very hard to penetrate beyond about 6 to 8 inches into the lunar soil with the flagstaff. 

•  Civil Society occurs aser people leave the state of nature.  Signs of this transfer are: people act on rules of jus'ce rather than on ins'nct, physical impulse is replaced by the voice of duty, and people consult reason rather than inclina'ons.  By entering civil society people gain civil liberty and the legal right of property in what he possess.  They also gain moral freedom, making people masters of themselves. 

•  Ques<on to consider: •  What is the rela'onship between 

Rousseau’s thoughts on civil society and this image? 

Rousseau 

#2