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Cervical VertebraeCervical Vertebrae

&&Hyoid BoneHyoid Bone

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(33 Vertebrae):

7 Cervical

12 Thoracic

5 Lumbar

5 Sacral

4 Coccygeal

Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column

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Curvatures of VCCurvatures of VC

Primary Curves:

- Occur During fetal development

- Concave anteriorly

- Thoracic & Sacral

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Secondary CurvesSecondary Curves

Concave posteriorly

- Cervical curvature:

As the child starts to holdhis head up

- Lumbar curvature:

As the child begins to walk& assumes upright posture

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Abnormal CurvaturesAbnormal Curvatures

KyphosisKyphosis (hunch back)(hunch back)

LordosisLordosis (hollow back)(hollow back)

ScoliosisScoliosis (curved back)(curved back)

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IV DiscsIV Discs

2 parts:

Annulus fibrosus (fibrous):

Concentric layers of fibrocartilage

Strengthens the disc, & protects

the central part

Nucleus pulposus (gelatinous):

Central core of the disc

More elastic (water)

Shock absorber

Avascular

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IV LigamentsIV Ligaments

1. Ant. longitudinal ligament:

Strong broad lig.

Connects the anterolateral aspectsof V. bodies

Ligaments between Vertebral BodiesLigaments between Vertebral Bodies

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2. Posterior longitudinal

ligament:Thinner & weaker than ant. lig.

Extends on middle part ofposterior aspects of the

vertebral bodies

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Ligaments between arches & processesLigaments between arches & processes

1. Ligamentum flavum:

Between laminae, elastic

2. Intertransverse lig.

between transverse

3. Interspinous lig.

between spines

4. Supraspinous lig.

Between tips of spines

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5. Nuchal Ligament:

(nucha: back of the neck)

From external occipitalprotuberance & ??

To spines of cervical vertebrae

Merge with supraspinous lig.

inferiorly

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Cervical VertebraeCervical Vertebrae

7 vertebrae:C3-C6 = typical

C1, C2 & C7 = atypical

Characteristics of typical C.V.:

1. small body (rectangular)

2. transverse foramina (v.a.)

*exception: C7

3. short bifid spinous process* exception: C7 (longest s.p.)

4. large triangular V. foramen

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Atlas (C1)Atlas (C1)

1st cervical V. (ring-like bone)

Named afterGreek myth.Atlas

Communicates:

sup.: skull (atlanto-occipital j.)inf.: axis (atlanto-axial j.)

Characteristics:

1. no body

2. no spinous process

3. ant. & post. arches

4. 2 lateral masses

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Axis (C2)Axis (C2)

2nd cervical vertebra

*Odontoid process (dens= tooth):

binds to atlas at A-A joint

(hence the name= axis)

* Dens represents the bodyof atlas

that has fusedwith bodyof axis

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AtlantoAtlanto--Occipital JointOccipital Joint

Type:

condyloid synovial joint

Articulations:

lat. Masses of atlas&

occipital condyles

Movement:

1. flexion & extension

(nodding of head, yes)

2. lateral flexion

(bending of head)

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AtlantoAtlanto--Occipital JointOccipital Joint

Supporting Ligaments:

1. Ant. atlanto-occipital memb.

Ant. arch of atlas

A

nt. margin of F. magnum

2. Post. atlanto-occipital memb.

Post. arch of atlas

??

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AtlantoAtlanto--Axial JointsAxial Joints

3 joints:

2 lateral A-A joints:

lat. Masses of atlas

&

Sup. Facets of axis

MedianA-A joint:

Ant. arch of atlas (ant.)

&

Dens of axis

&

Trans. Lig. of atlas (post.)

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Supporting Ligaments:

Cruciate Lig.: (3 lig.)

Trans. Lig. of atlas

sup. & inf. longitudinal lig.

Apical Lig.:

tip of dens to ant. margin ofF. magnum

Alar Lig.s:

sides of dens to lateralmargins of F. magnum

Tectorial Memb.:

sup. continuation of post.longitudinal lig.

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Rupture of Transverse Lig. ofAtlasRupture of Transverse Lig. ofAtlas

Trans. Lig. rupture

Atlanto-axial subluxation

(displacement of dens posteriorly)

1. Inj. To upper cervical region ofSC

Quadriplegia

2. Inj. To medulla oblongata

death(more common scenario)

Usual cause ofdeath in

Whiplash Injures

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Hyoid BoneHyoid Bone

U-shaped bone inf. to mandible

ant. upper cervical region

Part of axial Sk.

Body

2 Greater horns

2 Lesser horns

Forms a base for the tongue

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MuscularAttachments of HyoidMuscularAttachments of Hyoid

yoidbone is suspendedin its position by ligaments &muscular attachments

Ant. Sup.:

mandible (geniohyoid, mylohyoid, ant. digastric)

Post. Sup.:

temporal bone (stylohyoid, post. digastric)

Ant.

Inf.:

sternum (sternohyoid, sternothyroid & thyrohyoid)

Post. Inf.:

scapula (omohyoid)