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8/16/2019 5-12-16 MASTER Site Remediation Emerging Contaminants
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-12-16-master-site-remediation-emerging-contaminants 1/77
Environmental Business Council of New England
Energy Environment Economy
Contaminants of Emerging Concern
EBC Site Remediation & Redevelopment
Program:
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Jonathan D. Kitchen
Chair, EBC Site Remediation &
Redevelopment Committee
Senior Project Manager, Civil &
Environmental Consultants, Inc.
Environmental Business Council of New England
Energy Environment Economy
Welcome
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Hamilton Hackney
Shareholder,
Greenberg Traurig, LLP
Environmental Business Council of New England
Energy Environment Economy
Welcome
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Russell Schuck
Program Chair & Moderator
Vice President, Haley & Aldrich, Inc.
Environmental Business Council of New England
Energy Environment Economy
Introduction & Overview
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EBC Site Remediation& RedevelopmentProgram:Contaminants ofEmerging Concern
Russell Schuck, P.G.Haley & Aldrich Inc.
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What are we
talking about?
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What are Compounds of Emerging concern
• Compounds where the risk to human health and theenvironment are not fully understood
• “New” compounds that were not previously known and arefound to be present in the environment
• Compounds that were known to exist but whose
environmental occurrence was not fully understood• “old” contaminants, for which there is new information on
environmental and human health risks
• Current CECs in the spotlight:
– 1,4-Dioxane
– Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) – Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)
– 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
– TCE toxicity
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EPA’s Regulatory process
– The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) directs EPA to publish a list ofcontaminants (referred to as the Contaminant Candidate List, orCCL)
– Potential contaminants derived from research results for “new”compounds or that indicates new toxicity data
• Academia, National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC), NationalAcademy of Sciences (NAS)
– Development of Contaminant Candidate List (CCL)
• https://www.epa.gov/ccl
– Monitoring: Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR)• 3rd-UCMR
• 4th-UCMR
– Regulatory determination
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CECs Challenges: May be Widespread
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CEC Challenges: Without MCL’s = RegulatoryInconsistency
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• Iowa = 200ug/L
• NH = 0.25
ug/L
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CEC Challenges: Public Perception
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CEC Challenges: Evolving Science
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• Toxicology
• Contaminant fate & transport
• Remedial Technologies
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Tonight’s Program
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• Regulatory Perspective
• Case study on PFC impacted drinking water supply
• Innovation in Remedial Technologies
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Gerard Martin & Angela Gallagher
Bureau of Waste Site CleanupMassachusetts Department of
Environmental Protection
Environmental Business Council of New England
Energy Environment Economy
Update from MassDEP on
Contaminants of Emerging Concern
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Environmental Business Council of New
England, Inc.
C. Mark Smith, Ph.D., M.S., Director, Office of Research and
Standards, MassDEP, Boston, MA
Gerard M.R. Martin, Deputy Regional Director, BWSC-SERO,MassDEP, Lakeville, MA
Angela Gallagher, BWSC-SERO, MassDEP, Lakeville, MA
Regulatory Perspectives on Addressing
Emerging Contaminants in Massachusetts
May 12, 2016
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Presentation Overview
• Why Address Emerging Contaminants?
• MassDEP’s Emerging Contaminants Workgroup
• MassDEP’s EC Exposure Response Plan
• Process for Promulgation of Standards
• Current Emerging Contaminants
• 1,4-Dioxane, PFC’s and TCE
• Key Takeaway Points
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Why Address Emerging Contaminants?
perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)
1,4-Dioxane
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
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“The EC Challenge” by the Numbers
• 7M+ chemicals; ~80,000 in use (GAO, 1994)
• TSCA inventory - > 70,000 chemicals in commercial use (2001)
• 650+ chemicals in EPA’s TRI list (EPA, 2015)
• Changing universe
• 1,232 “CAS #s” listed in MOHML (MCP, Subpart P)
Few Chemicals Deemed as EPA “Contaminants ofEmerging Concern” or MassDEP ECs
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Key EC Issues for MassDEP
• Increasingly sensitive instrumentation
• Data gaps; toxicity; occurrence; sources
• Sensitive groups; developmental risks
• Many EC-specific confounding sources
• Evolving science & technology
• Technical, programmatic and business challenges abound
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The MassDEP EC Workgroup Pre-2000: EC-related information collected/monitored through
MA TURA (1989) and EPA’s SDWA UCMR program
Late 1990s: Perchlorate in Bourne DW triggered Perchlorate WGand assessment. Developmental toxicity concern.
2001-04: PWS testing/policy development
Initially through UCMR-1 program @ 4 µg/L
2002: ORS/DWP issue interim guidance for perchlorate inDW @ 1 µg/L
2006: MA first in the nation to promulgate perchloratedrinking water (MMCL) / GW-1 cleanup standard (2
µg/L)BMPs developed for non-MCP release scenarios
2007: Perchlorate WG Emerging Contaminants WG
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The MassDEP EC Workgroup
• Mission: “to centralize MassDEP’s focus on EC, fosterinformation exchange and bring together a broadrange of cross-program expertise”
• Goals include:
–Increasing readiness by identifying potential public healthand environmental problems early on
– Information sharing within DEP and with stakeholders
– Establish/implement EC screening process
– Develop EC-specific exposure response plans & riskmanagement strategies to protect human health
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Task 1 – Develop EC Definition
• ECs defined as hazardous chemicals, biological agents, or
radiological substances that:
– Present threats to human health, public safety or the
environment;
– Lack national health standards/guidelines;
– Have toxicological information that is limited, evolving or being
re-evaluated; or
– Have significant new source, pathway or detection limit
information
• May include naturally occurring or manmade chemicals
( MassDEP Emerging Contaminants Workgroup, 2007)
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TURA/UCMR data listsSubject Matter Experts (SME)High risk/exposure/visibility/occurrence
Screened Out if not considered “generallyimportant”; addressed ; and/or
jurisdictional/authority issues impedeinvolvement
Considers certainty in available science
Possible tangible outcomesCross-media issues
PRELIMINARY LIST (80 Contaminants)
Ten (10) Priority Emerging Contaminants
identified with a subset of ECs nominated for
action with recommended strategies
Task 2 – Develop EC Screening Process
STEP 1: SCREENING PROCESS
WATCH LIST (30 Contaminants)
STEP 2: SCREENING PROCESS
RESULT (as of 2015)->
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Priority ECs:• Pharmaceutical / Personal Care
Prods/Endocrine Disruptors
• 1,4-Dioxane (UCMR-3)1
• Cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae)
• Nanoparticles
• Perchlorate1
• PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ethers
(PBDEs)
• Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)1
• Trichloroethylene (TCE)1
• RDX1
• Tungsten1
Sample ECsWatchlist:
• 9 VOC’s
• Detergents
• Disinfectants
•Plasticizers• Pesticides
• DEET (insect repellant)
(part of PPCP/EDC)
New Addition for Priority EC Consideration:
•PFCs (including PFOS/PFOA) (UCMR-3)
1
MCP Promulgated Standard(s) have been derived/revised since initial inclusion in EC list.
Task 3 – Develop EC Lists
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Sample EC Priority Research Area
Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products1
/Endocrine Disruptors • 71% increase in use compared to US pop. growth of 9% (1994 – 2005)
• Widely detected downstream of WWTPs & in septic tank effluent
— Documented detections 30 states, 139 streams (USGS, 2002)
• Endocrine disruptor effects
— Mimic/block normal hormonal functioning
— Potential reproductive, developmental, and/or behavioral effects
• WG Recommedations
— Detection & Occurrence Research (DEP/UMass/Private-Muni Partnership)
— Pollution Prevention (Pharma take-back programs)
— Drop-off kiosks / Centers (DEA, DPH and DEP-regulated)
• Continued Awareness & Assessment (Public Outreach)
1. Including “over the counter”.
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Sample EC Priority Research Area
TCE• Well established VOC contaminant, but ….
• New toxicity data raised concerns about serious fetal
developmental effects
• Extensive effort to evaluate the data and update
MCP standards/Imminent Hazard requirements
relative to the vapor intrusion pathway
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Sample EC Priority Research Area
SDWA UCMR-Related Emerging Contaminants• “Contaminants suspected to be present in drinking water but
that do not have EPA promulgated drinking water standards
(EPA SDWA’s 3rd UCMR Rule, UCMR 3 )1
• Unregulated or under-regulated contaminants detected inthe environment, most with no MassDEP standards or
guidelines
• Pose perceived/real threats to human health, analytical and
treatability challenges due to rapid change in science, lack oftoxicological data or limited remedial technology
• Recent examples of ECs with program workload nexus
– 1,4-Dioxane & PFCs (PFOS & PFOA)
1. Not exclusively health-based ascost & feasibility also considered
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Sample EC Exposure Response Plan
Step 1: Identify Source, Exposure Pathways &Assess Potential Risks1
Step 2: Abate / Eliminate Exposures (if feasible)P-O-U treatment system2
Bottled Water / Municipal Water Line2
Blending / Purchase Water from other Towns2
Step 3: Integrate IRA Actions into CRA (MCP/SW)Redirect source discovery/exposure abatement effortsto nature & extent delineation and remediation(technical/cost feasibility)
Policy Step: Explore promulgating guidelines or
standards
1. Analytical testing may prove challenging2. Examples of abatement measures
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Standards Promulgation Considerations
• Problem Identification Considerations
⁻ Occurrence levels / data gaps
⁻ Toxicity information limitations / uncertainties⁻ Analytical method availability & cost
⁻ Treatment feasibility & costs
• Public process (e.g., Hearings)
• Public comments considered in final rulemaking
• Final Rulemaking Takes Time
• 5+ Yr process for Perchlorate (detection->Standards)
ProblemIdentification PublicComment Process
Final Rulemaking /
StandardsPromulgation
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1,4-Dioxane
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1,4-Dioxane Background • Toxic, widely used
– Possible human carcinogen (liver and kidney cancer)
– 1,1,1-TCA stabilizer, de-icing fluids, personal care products, landfills
• General Chemical/Physical Characteristics
– Miscible, mobile, very soluble, leading edge of a plume
• GW-1 Standard and ORS-Guidance = 0.3 µg/L• Analytical Methods
– Initially, difficult to analyze for 1,4-dioxane, not reliable
– Improved analytical methods (8270SIM, 522 MOD) over past few years
• Remedial technologies limited and costly
– Difficult to remediate to 0.3 µg/L from slightly higher initial
concentrations
– Carbon filtration not always effective
– Other remedial technologies are costly or not appropriate
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BWSC Guidance on Sampling and
Analysis for 1,4-Dioxane1
• Provides guidance regarding appropriate scenarios for 1,4-dioxanesampling and analysis at MCP disposal sites, including:
– Facilities where chlorinated solvents have been manufactured or used
/ contaminated groundwater
– Laboratories where 1,4-dioxane used as a reagent
– Landfills where products containing 1,4-dioxane exist / contaminated
groundwater
• MassDEP Solid Waste Regulations – 310 CMR 19.132(2)(h) [1,4-dioxane
sampling requirement, Feb. 2014]
– Military sites with historic use of 1,4-dioxane as an additive to
chlorinated solvent formulations and releases to groundwater
– Airports that may have employed de-icing fluids
1. June 2015
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BWSC Guidance on Sampling and
Analysis for 1,4-Dioxane1
• PRPs/LSPs encouraged to sample for 1,4-dioxane during chlorinatedsolvent site assessment
– Extensive migration potential in groundwater (due to miscibility and resistance to
degradation), coupled with associated impacts to human health (EPA IRIS, 2010)
• Detections above MCP standards require notification and may require
remedial actions• BWSC recognizes potential elevated concentrations of 1,4-dioxane levels
in certain “confounder” scenarios
– Assessment activities should ascertain whether source stems from “21E/MCP release” or
other sources (e.g., septic systems that may retain detergents, for example)
•BWSC recognizes wide spectrum of available analytical methods – Modifications of methods & sample preparations needed to achieve adequate RLs
– 1,4-Dioxane is included on the WSC-CAM-II A and B analyte lists for SW-846 methods
8260B and 8270D, respectively
– EPA Method 522 must be used when analyzing drinking water samples
1. June 2015
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1,4-Dioxane MCP Reporting Requirements
• Only exceedances of RCGW-1 Standard (0.3 µg/L)
have been reported to MassDEP BWSC SERO thus far
– RCGW-2 Reportable Concentration is 6,000 µg/L
• Typically, MCP 2-Hour or 72-Hour reporting
condition – 2-Hour Reporting condition: 1,4-Dioxane detected in a
private well
– 72-Hour Reporting Condition: 1,4-Dioxane detected near a
private well (e.g. Landfill Monitoring Well within 500’ of
private well)
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1,4-Dioxane Case Studies
• Eastham Landfill – Landfill is source to several downgradient and “crossgradient”
residential private wells downgradient in the deep aquifer
– Potential septic source in shallow aquifer
– No viable remedial technology. Some success with coconut based
carbon filtration – Bottled water provided and municipal water system being installed
• Barnstable Water Department – 1,4-Dioxane in public wells downgradient of the airport
–Shut down wells, blended water and installed overland connectionwith Yarmouth
– 1,4-Dioxane detected in waste water effluent
– Other sources being evaluated
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Perfluorinated Compounds Background • Toxic, widespread presence
– Developmental toxicity (low birth weight, birth defects); insufficient data to
assess cancer risk; EPA evaluating “likely carcinogenic to humans” descriptor.
– Used/found in Teflon, AFFF, aqueous gore-tex paper, food packaging materials
(voluntary phase out of PFOS by 3M)
• General Chemical/Physical Characteristics
– Very stable, resistant to degradation
• No MCP GW-1 standard or Massachusetts ORS/ORS-G. EPA Provisional
Health Advisories (PFOS – 0.2 µg/L; PFOA – 0.4 µg/L)
• Analytical methods
– EPA Method 537 (PFOS MRL – 0.04 µg/L and PFOA MRL – 0.02 µg/L)
• Remedial Technologies
– Dependent on concentrations entering treatment system
– Resistant to most in-situ technologies
– Carbon filters, reverse osmosis, and incineration have been effective
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Perfluorinated Compounds Case Study
•Barnstable Water Department – PFCs at very high concentrations in public wells
downgradient of Fire Training Academy
–Evaluation at Fire Training Academy indicates PFCsin groundwater significantly higher than PHAs
– Wells shut down
–Well went back on line with carbon filtration
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TCE Background
•Vapor intrusion of TCE and newly discoveredrisks put TCE on the EC list:
– Fetal heart abnormalities within the first few
weeks of fetal development with low TCE exposure
• MassDEP looking closely at TCE sites
• Focusing on vapor intrusion pathway
Imminent Hazards
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TCE Case Study
• Attleboro Day Care
– Several current and former manufacturing facilities in the
area
– TCE detected in groundwater above GW-2
– MassDEP sampled indoor air at day care in area• TCE and 1,2-DCA above TVr and other contaminants
below TVr CEP present
• Method 3 NSR
• Building owner to install SSDS – Follow up inspection – NO SSDS – NOR with request for IRA
issued
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Key Takeaway Points • Occurrence of Several “New” Contaminants Led to EC
Workgroup Formation – Identifying and assessing public health and environmental challenges
associated with currently unregulated or under-regulated contaminants
– Recommending coordinated Agency EC Efforts
• Improved Technologies Allowed Health-Protective Standards
For 1,4-Dioxane— Other ongoing efforts underway (EC Confounder assessment, analytical
methods certification, remedial treatability research)
— BWSC recommends analysis at chlorinated solvent plume Sites (June 2015)
• PFCs (PFOS & PFOA) EC Position Paper and Proposed Action
Plan Underway including: – BWSC’s request for MCP standards derivation by ORS
– Monitoring / reviewing EPA’s UCMR-3 findings in Public WS wells
– ORS comments on EPA’s Preliminary HA revisions
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There’s No Shortage of ECs…ManyOthers in the Queue!
Thank You!
Questions:
C. Mark Smith, Director, ORS, 617-292-5509
Gerard Martin, DRD, BWSC SERO, 508-946-2799
Angela Gallagher, BWSC-SERO, 508-946-2790
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Blake Martin
Senior Associate,Weston & Sampson
Environmental Business Council of New England
Energy Environment Economy
Water System Responds to
Perfluorochemicals: A Case Study
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Andrew Bishop
Chief Operating Officer,
ect2
Environmental Business Council of New England
Energy Environment Economy
Advances in Treatment Technologies
for CECs Including Perfluorinated
Compounds and 1,4-Dioxane
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Advances in Treatment Technologies for
Emerging Contaminants
Andy Bishop
Steve Woodard, Ph.D., P.E.
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Presentation outline
• Intro to ECT
• AMBERSORBTM for 1,4-dioxane removal
• PFAS (PFCs): The next big emerging contaminant
• Air/vapor treatment
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What is synthetic media?
Derived from plastics, synthetic media can be used to collect
various contaminants from liquids, vapor or atmospheric streams
and be reused indefinitely.
CarbonaceousPolymericIon exchange
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What contaminants does ECT treat
using synthetic media?
• 1,4-dioxane
• Chlorinated VOCs
• PFCs
• 1,2,3-TCP
• Other niche organics
• Metals
• Perchlorate
• Contaminated vapors
• BTEX
• Chlorinated VOCs
• Fragrance compounds
• Other VOCs
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Quick refresher:
Why is 1,4-dioxane such a challenge to treat?
• Miscible in water
• Low volatility, low sorption
• Difficult to measure
• Difficult to remediate (recalcitrant)
• Travels rapidly in subsurface; plume often
extends beyond extraction wells
• Once discovered, often the driver for cleanup
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Challenges with existing 1,4-D pump &
treat technologies (AOP)
• Struggle with variable influent loadings
• Delivery, storage and consumption of regulated
chemicals (e.g. H2O2)
• Frequent change-out of UV lamps
• Bromate and hex chrome formation potential
• TSS/turbidity/TDS reduces effectiveness
• Subject to free radical scavengers
• O&M intensive
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Alternative solution:
Dow’s AMBERSORBTM 560
• Hydrophobic
• Unique pore size distribution
• High affinity for organic compounds:
(simple adsorption mechanism)
• Can achieve non-detect effluent
concentration at substantial loading rates
• Can typically reuse (regenerate in-place)
indefinitely
• Durable structure
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Animated process flow diagram
http://www.ect2.com/products/water/1-4-dioxane
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Pre-engineered, modular solutions
W l h MA i ll i
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Waltham, MA installation
Influent and effluent 1,4-dioxane
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Case study: St. Petersburg, FL
• A unique approach to iron management
• Phase 2: Long-term plume control
• Design basis:
•Flow = 100-175 gpm
• 1,4-dioxane = 2,535 ppb
• Total organics = 17,450 ppb
• Iron = 6-30 mg/l
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Iron pretreatment = half the battle
Iron pretreatment AMBERSORB vessels
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Iron sludge dewatering
Iron sludge
Plate and frame filter press
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Influent and effluent iron
Stopped adding oxidant
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Influent and effluent 1,4-dioxane
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Lifecycle cost analysis
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Full-scale mobile demonstration unit
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1,4-dioxane treatment summary
• AOP systems dominate the existing pump & treat installations, but have
their limitations
• AMBERSORB provides a reliable treatment alternative
o Adsorption = simple
o Media can be regenerated in place, enhancing sustainability
o Results have been consistent/dependable
o AMBERSORB systems can be skidded, containerized and mobile
• AMBERSORB typically has a lower lifecycle cost than AOP
• In groundwater, high iron concentrations result from reduced(negative ORP) conditions
• AMBERSORB works
o Treated over 45 million gallons at St. Petersburg so far
o > 99% up-time
o Effluent 1,4-dioxane is consistently < 0.04 ug/l (ppb)
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PFAS: The next big emerging contaminant
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PFAS sources, regulation & treatment
• Sources of PFAS include firefighting foam,
TeflonTM, ScotchgardTM, Gore-Tex®, etc.
• USEPA has issued a drinking water
Provisional Health Advisory (PHA) for:
o Perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) = 0.2 µg/L
o Perfluorooctanoic acid
(PFOA) = 0.4 µg/L
• The carbon-fluorine bond is the strongest
in nature
• Granular activated carbon (GAC) is the
“go to” treatment
Bench test apparatus using groundwater
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Bench test apparatus using groundwater
from Pease AFB (I/X resins)
Resin A
Control GW
Drum
Feed Pump
Resin B
Resin C
• Polypropylene columns
• Polypropylene fittings
• HDPE tubing
• 100 mL resin A, B, C
• 6.7 mL/min (15 min EBCT)
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Pilot test flow diagram
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Pilot test flow diagram
I/X resin vs. carbon
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Volume treated before breakthrough: all PFAS
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
6:2 FS 8:2 FS PFBS PFBA PFHpS PFHpA PFHxS PFHxA PFOA PFOS PFPeA
G A L L O N S
GAC-EFF-2 (10 min EBCT) IX-EFF-2 (5 min EBCT)
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PFOS breakthrough results
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PFC treatment summary
• Resin demonstrated superior longevity to GAC (higher removal capacity),especially at removing PFOS
• Resin demonstrated comparable or better performance than GAC at
removing branched and shorter-chain PFCs
• Regeneration has been proven at the pilot scale
• Lower lifecycle costs over GAC systems for PFAS treatment
• 5-10 year simple payback for a resin solution at the Site 8 project site
• Some applications may allow for disposable media
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Synthetic media for air/ vapor treatment
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Vapor: low flow, high concentration
• Typically applied to vented tanks and other process vents
• Compact, skidded, fixed-bed systems
• Often replaces existing carbon vessels
•More sustainable, cost-effective solution
• Resin can be regenerated in place
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Vapor: high flow, low concentration
• Moving-bed resin treatment systems
• Concentrate contaminants 100 times, vs rotary concentrators, which
concentrate contaminants 12 times
• Typically replace existing thermal oxidizers, or make them much
more efficient
• Reduced natural gas use: burn contaminants
instead of fuel and relatively clean air
• Reduced NOx and SOx production
• Rapid payback – months, not years
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Andy Bishop
(207) 274-3700
Steve Woodard
(207) 210-1551
Questions?
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Jonathan D. Kitchen
Chair, EBC Site Remediation &
Redevelopment Committee
Senior Project Manager, Civil &
Environmental Consultants, Inc.
Environmental Business Council of New England
Energy Environment Economy
Closing
EBC Site Remediation & Redevelopment
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Environmental Business Council of New England
Contaminants of Emerging Concern
p
Program: