4th Grade Grammar & Vocabulary Skills

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4th Grade Grammar &

Vocabulary Skills

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Table of Contents

Nouns 3

Subjects 11

Verbs 14

Linking Verbs 18

Commas 19

Conjunctions, Commas, and Compound Sentences 26

Types of Sentences 30

Complete Sentences 32

Pronouns 35

Relative Pronouns 37

Subject -‐ Verb Agreement 40

Verb Tenses 43

Progressive Verb Tenses 48

Modal Auxiliary Verbs 57

Conjunctions 59

Prepositions 61

Interjections 64

Titles of Books 67

Capitalization 69

Quotation Marks 73

Adjectives 77

Adverbs 85

Vocabulary (Prefixes & Suffixes) 90

Vocabulary (Homophones) 126

Assessments 130-‐139

3

Noun Review

A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea.

Look at the following examples.

The nouns are underlined.

Example 1

The boy went to the store.

boy = person store = place

Example 2

The picture hanging on the wall was beautiful.

picture = thing wall = thing

Guided Practice

Underline the nouns in the following sentences. Then tell if the noun is a person, place,

thing, or idea.

1. Flowering plants make seeds in flowers.

____________________, ____________________, ____________________

2. Some flowers become the fruits that contain seeds.

____________________, ____________________, ____________________

3. Nonflowering plants make seeds in cones or produce spores instead of seeds.

____________________, ____________________, ____________________, ____________________,

____________________

4. Plants make their own food.

____________________, ____________________

A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea.

4

Nouns

Independent Practice

Write the nouns from the following sentences on the lines. Then tell whether the noun is a

person, place, thing, or idea.

Example

Cowboys drove the herds of cattle across the plains.

Cowboys – person, herds – thing, cattle – thing, plains – place

1. A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone.

_____________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________

2. Vertebrates are grouped into five categories.

______________________________, ______________________________

3. Fish breathe with gills.

______________________________, ______________________________

4. Amphibians spend the first part of their life breathing with gills in water.

______________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________,

______________________________, ______________________________

5. When amphibians become adults they breathe with lungs on land.

______________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________,

______________________________

6. Reptiles breathe with lungs and have scales.

______________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________

7. Birds breathe with lungs and have feathers.

______________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________

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8. Mammals also breathe with lungs.

______________________________, ______________________________

9. An invertebrate does not have a backbone.

______________________________, ______________________________

10. Jellyfish and worms do not have a hard outer covering.

______________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________

11. Insects, crabs, and clams have a hard outer covering or shell.

______________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________,

______________________________, ______________________________

Writing

Write three to five sentences telling about something you could do to help someone else

this week. Then underline all of the nouns in the sentences. Remember, a noun is a person,

place, thing, or idea.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Nouns


Underline the nouns in the sentences and then write the nouns in the correct box.

1. The types of organisms in an environment depend on the characteristics of that

environment.

2. Swamps are located in areas with warm temperatures.

3. Animals that live in the swamp are adapted to a water environment.

4. Rivers and streams are moving bodies of water.

5. Tropical rainforests are very humid and warm.

6. Many animals in the tropical rainforest live in the trees.

7. Deserts are dry with extreme temperatures.

8. Deserts are very hot during the day, but the nights can be very cold.

9. Polar regions are very cold and do not have a large variety of plant life.

10. Temperature and rainfall are a part of the climate.

Person/People Place Thing Idea

Environment Types Organism Characteristics

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Plural Nouns

Plural nouns name more than one person, place, thing, or idea. There are different ways to

form plural nouns. Look at the examples below to help you know how to spell plural

nouns.

• Rule 1: Usually you just add s to a singular noun to make it plural.

paper/papers drink/drinks school/schools

• Rule 2: However, if a singular noun ends in ch, sh, x, z, s, or ss, then you need to

add es to make the noun plural.

fox/foxes bush/bushes dish/dishes

• Rule 3: When a noun ends in a vowel and y, then just add s.

toy/toys key/keys donkey/donkeys

• Rule 4: If a singular noun ends in a consonant followed by y, then change the y to i

and add es to make the noun plural.

baby/babies city/cities candy/candies

• Rule 5: For nouns that end in f or fe, change the f or fe to v and add es.

knife/knives half/halves shelf/shelves

• Rule 6: For most nouns that end in o, just add an s to make it plural. All nouns that

end in a vowel and an o just need an s added in the plural form.

solo/solos logo/logos studio/studios

• Rule 7: Some nouns that end in o are spelled with es to make the plural.

buffalo/buffaloes hero/heroes tomato/tomatoes

• Rule 8: Some nouns do not follow these rules. They are irregular plural forms.

The spelling of these nouns will need to be memorized.

ox/oxen mouse/mice child/children

• Rule 9: Some nouns do not change from singular to plural. These nouns have the

same singular and plural forms.

fish/fish moose/moose headquarters/headquarters

sheep/sheep species/species deer/deer

series/series cattle/cattle offspring/offspring

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Plural Nouns -‐ Guided Practice

Use rule 1 to complete the chart.

Singular Noun Plural Noun

1. paper

2. book

3. chair

4. folder

5. computer



1. boss

2. tax

3. bush

4. sandwich

5. beach



1. toy

2. key

3. donkey

4. boy

5. day



1. baby

2. lady

3. family

4. story

5. candy


1. elf

2. calf

3. knife

4. loaf

5. shelf



1. solo

2. logo

3. studio

4. radio

5. zoo



1. hero

2. tomato

3. echo

4. buffalo

5. zero



1. tooth

2. child

3. woman

4. man

5. person


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Plural Nouns -‐ Independent Practice



1. school

2. hand

3. pencil

4. flower

5. plastic



1. reflex

2. bus

3. dress

4. buzz

5. wish



1. alley

2. play

3. ray

4. tray

5. way



1. beauty

2. berry

3. party

4. trophy

5. victory


1. wolf

2. loaf

3. calf

4. scarf

5. leaf



1. photo

2. typo

3. avocado

4. kangaroo

5. taco



1. potato

2. mango

3. mosquito

4. veto

5. volcano



1. goose

2. cactus

3. foot

4. mouse

5. ox


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Plural Nouns -‐ Independent Practice

Write the plural form of the noun and then tell which rule you used.

Singular Noun Plural Noun Rule #

Church

Pass

Mess

Moose

Nanny

Fox

Elf

Foot

Bus

Boat

Fly

Hat

Life

Glass

Way

Child

Photo

Torpedo

Person

Fish

Marsh

Buzz

Fairy

Wish

Variety

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Subject Review

A subject is a noun that tells who or what the sentence is about.

Example 1

The boy went to the store.

Who went to the store? Boy

Example 2

The large machine made a lot of noise.

What made a lot of noise? Machine

Guided Practice

Underline the subject in the following sentences. Remember, a subject must be a noun.

Look back to page 3 to see the nouns that have already been identified.





5. Animals cannot make their own food.

A subject is a noun that tells who or what the sentence is about.

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Subjects



Look back to pages 4 and 5 to see the nouns that have already been identified.

1. A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone.







8. An invertebrate does not have a backbone.

9. Jellyfish and worms do not have a hard outer covering.

10. Insects, crabs, and clams have a hard outer covering or shell.

Writing

Write three to four sentences describing the type of environment you would like to visit or

live in. Underline the subject for each sentence. Remember, a subject is a noun.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Subjects



Look back to page 6 to see the nouns that have already been identified.


environment.










Writing

Write three to four sentences describing someone you know who is a kind person. Then

underline the subject in each sentence. Remember, a subject is a noun.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Verb Review

An action verb shows action.

The verb tells who or what the subject does.

Example 1

Sarah dances everyday.

What does Sarah do? Dances

Example 2

Fred plays baseball.

What does Fred do? Plays

Guided Practice

You have already found the nouns and the subject of these sentences on previous pages.





5. Animals cannot make their own food.

Verb = Action

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Verbs


You have found the nouns and the subject of each of these sentences on previous pages.

Now underline the verb that shows the action of the subject.

1. Vertebrates share many physical characteristics.

2. All vertebrates have a backbone.







9. Invertebrates do not have a backbone.

10. You can see many invertebrates in the ocean.

11. Have you seen a jellyfish?

12. We eat shrimp!

13. He picked up a crab and it had a hard outer shell.

14. Do you think a vertebrate or invertebrate would be a good pet?

15. Most people own a pet that is a vertebrate.

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Verbs -‐ Independent Practice

You have found the nouns and the subject of each of these sentences on previous pages.

Now underline the verb that shows the action of the subject.


environment.










Writing – Write two to three sentences about what type of pet would you like to have?

Underline the verb in every sentence.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Subject and Verb Practice

Remember, the subject has to be a ____________________.

The subject tells who or what the sentence is about.

The verb shows ____________________.

Usually the subject comes before the verb.

Underline the subject and circle the verb.

1. This book was written a long time ago.

2. Most children watch too much television.

3. Kindness should be given to everyone.

4. Some dogs bark too much.

5. Some people swim for exercise.

6. The wind whispered through the forest.

7. Cell phones are very popular among teenagers.

8. The painting fit in the large frame.

9. Do you like to read?

10. Have you ever visited Washington D.C.?

11. The house was built quickly.

12. The chef cooked a great meal.

13. The man drove a nice car.

14. The boys wrestled each other for the football.

15. Birds sing every morning.

A sentence needs a subject & a verb.

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Linking Verbs

A linking verb does not show action, but connects or links the subject to the rest of the

sentence. Some examples of linking verbs are the following.

am, is, are, was, were, has, been, might have been, become, seem, appear, look

Example 1

Sarah is pretty.

Example 2

They were happy.

Guided Practice

Underline the linking verb in each sentence.

1. Basketball is an international sport.

2. They are happy.

3. Portugal was the first to look for a water route to Asia.

4. Spain was influenced by economic competition with Portugal.

5. The caravel was a smaller ship.



1. The Age of Exploration was an important time.

2. Columbus was an explorer for Spain.

3. Columbus looked for a new and faster route to the Spice Islands.

4. Henry Hudson was an explorer who sailed for both the Netherlands and England.

5. Portugal was the first to look for a water route to Asia.

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Commas

Always use commas to separate a series of three or more things.

Example:

He likes to play basketball, football, and soccer.

Some people like to go skiing, sledding, or ice skating in the winter.

Guided Practice

Rewrite the sentences and add commas where they belong in the sentences.

1. Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Hernando de Soto John Cabot and

Robert LaSalle were explorers. ____________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Henry Hudson searched claimed and mapped what is now New York.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. European settlers introduced wheat rice coffee horses pigs cows and chickens to

lands in North America. ____________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Native Americans taught the Europeans how to grow corn potatoes peanuts

tomatoes and squash and then the Europeans carried the crops home to Europe.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use a comma in a series of 3 or more.

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Commas



1. Diphtheria measles smallpox and malaria were diseases that were spread by the

explorers. ____________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. This exchange of plants animals and diseases is known as the “Columbian

Exchange”.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. European settlers included the Spanish English French and Dutch.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The Spanish colonies established mission forts and ranches.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. The women in the English colonies were responsible for daily chores such as

cooking cleaning and sewing. ______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. The children in the colonies enjoyed hopscotch jump rope tag and swimming.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Commas

Always use a comma to separate the name of someone being addressed.

Example:

Tom, do you like sports?

We need to go to the store, Joe.

I need to go to the store, Joe, to get some milk.

Guided Practice

Place a comma in the sentence where it belongs.

1. Mr. Smith did you grade my homework?

2. Did you grade my homework Mr. Smith?

3. Would you grade my homework Mr. Smith so I can correct it?

4. Sarah please put the biscuits in the oven.

5. I would like to visit the museum Fred.



1. Did you know that indentured servants were brought from England Mr. Ted?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Mrs. Jones I discovered that colonists used slave labor from Africa.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use a comma when addressing someone.

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3. Sally did you know that slaves were brought to America from Africa mainly through

Charleston? __________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. African Americans were very knowledgeable about raising livestock Tim.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Did you know that African Americans also were very knowledgeable about farming

techniques needed to grow rice in the colonies Joe? _____________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. We can’t believe anyone would think it is okay to own someone else Dr. Smith.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Don’t people realize they should treat others the way they want to be treated Ed?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Many free African Americans found work in the north as artisans and apprentices.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Commas

Always use a comma to set off the words yes and no at the

beginning of a sentence or to set off a tag question from the

rest of the sentence.

Example:

Yes, I want to go to the store.

No, I do not want to go to the store.

It’s true, isn’t it?

Yes, I like music, don’t you?

Guided Practice

Use the appropriate editing mark to insert a comma where it belongs.

1. No he does not want a drink.

2. Yes thank you she does want another serving.

3. You won didn’t you?

Answer each question with a sentence. Be sure to include yes or no at the beginning of the

sentence.

4. Do you want to go to the museum?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Do you like ice cream?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use a comma after yes or no at the beginning of a sentence.

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Commas


Rewrite each sentence adding the correct punctuation (commas and end punctuation).

1. No we do not want to have homework tonight

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Yes she does look beautiful in her new dress

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. The new shopping mall isn’t very far from here is it

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Yes I plan to go to college to get a degree in teaching

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. You like it don’t you

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Yes I do don’t you

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Yes I completed my homework

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. He graduated from Harvard didn’t he

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Commas

Use the following instruction to help you.

1. Always use commas to separate a series of three or more things.

2. Always use a comma to separate the name of someone being addressed.

3. Always use a comma to set off the words yes and no at the beginning of a sentence.


Place a comma where one belongs in the following sentences.

1. Dogs like treats warm beds and a pat on the back.

2. No Fred does not have a dog.

3. Yes Ted does have a dog.

4. Mindy do you have dog?

5. Yes you can pet the dog.

6. Timmy do you have a leash we can borrow?

7. Yes it is.

8. Mom would you buy a dog?

9. No we cannot get a dog today.

10. Summertime is great for sleeping late swimming and cookouts.

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Conjunctions, Commas, and Compound Sentences

A conjunction is a connecting word. The most common conjunctions are and, but, and or.

Always use a conjunction and a comma to connect two simple sentences into one

compound sentence.

Why should you use a compound sentence? A compound

sentence may help to create better sentence fluency.

Examples

AND

Use the conjunction ‘and’ to connect two similar thoughts.

Example: I washed the car. I cleaned my room.

I washed the car, __________ I cleaned my room.

BUT

Use the conjunction ‘but’ to connect contrasting thoughts.

Example: She wanted to go to the store. He wanted to go to the park.

She wanted to go to the store, __________ he wanted to go to the park.

OR

Use the conjunction ‘or’ to show alternative thoughts.

Example: We can go to the water park. We can go to the swimming pool.

We can go the water park, __________ we can go to the swimming pool.

.

Use a conjunction & a comma to join two simple sentences.

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Guided Practice

1. When do you use the conjunction ‘and’?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. When do you use the conjunction ‘but’?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. When do you use the conjunction ‘or’?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What two things do you need to join two simple sentences into one compound

sentence?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use the conjunction given to combine the two simple sentences into a compound sentence.

5. Science is an ongoing process. There is always more to learn. (and)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. There are many skills a scientist can use. The six basic process skills are essential.

(but) __________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. All of the your senses may be needed for an observation. You may only need to use

one of your senses for an observation. (or)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Use the conjunction given to combine the two simple sentences into a compound sentence.

1. An independent variable is the variable that is changed. The controlled variable is

not changed. (but) __________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. An investigation begins with a question. An investigation ends with a conclusion.

(and) _________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Inferences are important. You must make observations before you can make an

inference. (but) ______________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Quantitative observations are observations that can be measured with numbers.

Qualitative observations are observations that are made with your senses. (and)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. You can communicate information through talking. Communication can take place

through a written form. (or) _______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Scientists use process skills. These skills help scientists to gather information. (and)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Writing

Write a paragraph about your favorite thing to do. You must include at least two

compound sentences. First, complete prewriting in the area below.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Types of Sentences

A declarative sentence makes a statement. It declares something. It ends with a period.

Inventions helped to promote industrial growth in the late 19th century.

An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark.

When did the economy change from being based on agriculture to being

based more on the production of manufactured goods?

An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. It ends with a period. The

subject (you) is not shown, but understood.

Please turn on the electricity.

An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. It ends with an exclamation mark.

People were so excited to travel west on the Transcontinental Railroad!

Guided Practice

Write whether each sentence is declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.

Underline the subject in each sentence one time and circle the verb.

1. Native Americans taught colonists how to plant crops that would grow in the new

world. ____________________

2. Tell me about the French and Indian War. ____________________

3. Did you know that the French and Indian War lasted seven years? ____________________

4. Our class can’t wait to learn more about United States history! ____________________

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Write 2 examples of each type of sentence. Be sure to use the correct punctuation.

Declarative Sentences

1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Interrogative Sentences

1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Imperative Sentences

1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exclamatory Sentences

1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Complete Sentences

A complete sentence must express a complete thought. A complete sentence must have

a subject and a verb. The exception to this rule is when you write an imperative sentence

(command) and the subject is understood. Example: Clean this mess.

When a sentence does not express a complete thought it is a sentence fragment. When

more than one sentence is used without correct punctuation, it is called a run-‐on sentence.

Complete Sentence Examples:

• Fred will go to the store.

• The girl with the pink ribbon in her hair likes to play in the mud.

Sentence Fragment Examples:

• The girl with the pink ribbon in her hair (This does not have an action word.)

• Likes to play in the mud (This does not have a subject.)

Run-‐On Sentence Example:

• The boy went to practice the girl went with him.

RUN-‐ON CORRECTED:

• The boy went to practice.

• The girl went with him.

• The boy went to practice, and the girl went with him.

Guided Practice

Write CS for complete sentence, SF for sentence fragment, or RU for a run-‐on sentence.

_____ 1. The boys and girls are excited about the weekend!

_____ 2. The boys and girls like to play outside they do it everyday.

_____ 3. The children that were in class today.

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Complete Sentences


Write CS for complete sentence, SF for sentence fragment, or RU for a run-‐on sentence.

Then write and SF or RU sentences correctly on the lines.

1. The winding trail through the forest.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The wind blew the tree over.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Had so much fun playing on the hillside today.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The tall giraffe leaned over the fence to reach a leaf.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. The boy bought a toy car it had a remote that came with it.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. He turned in his homework he thought he would get a good grade.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. The princess with the beautiful long hair.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. was overcome with joy when she finally reached her home.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Everyone should exercise to stay in good shape.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

34

Complete Sentences


Rewrite the paragraph below. Correct any sentence fragments or run-‐on sentences.

Dogs are great! Should have a dog for a pet. There are several reasons why dogs are

great pets. First, dogs keep you company when there isn’t anyone to play with you. Dogs

also help you to exercise. Because dogs need to go for a walk everyday. In addition, dogs

teach responsibility. Feed your dog and give it water everyday. Dogs are a lot of work they

are worth it!

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

35

Pronoun Review

Pronouns are words that take the place of a noun or noun phrase.

Singular Pronouns: I, me, you, she, her, he, him, it

Plural Pronouns: we, us, you, they, them

Possessive Pronouns are pronouns that show ownership.

Examples of Possessive Pronouns

Used Before a Noun: my, your, her, his, its, our, their

Used By Itself: mine, your, hers, his, ours, theirs

Guided Practice

Underline the pronoun or pronouns in each sentence.

Underline each action or linking verb.

1. It is really cool.

2. My dog barks a lot, doesn’t he?

3. Those toys belong to her.

4. Did you catch it?

5. They wanted to eat hamburgers.

6. Those clothes belong to them.

7. We talked for hours.

8. That new car is ours.

9. You will love the beach!

10. Will you bring them with us?

Pronouns take the place of a noun.

Possessive pronouns show ownership.

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Write a pronoun in the blank to complete the sentence.

1. Have you seen _______________ play football?

2. _______________ will be fun!

3. _______________ hair is beautiful.

4. The mouse _______________ the cheese.

5. The boy took _______________ with him.

6. Did you see _______________?

7. The boy broke the vase and then tried to fix _______________.

8. _______________ and your brother should go to the park.

9. When the washing machine finished _______________ buzzed.

10. Tomorrow _______________ will exercise.

Short Answer

11. What is a pronoun?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. What are examples of singular pronouns?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. What are examples of plural pronouns?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. What are examples of possessive pronouns?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

37

Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is used to help describe a noun. The relative pronoun can be used to

identify a noun or to give more information about the noun. There are three types of

relative pronouns.

• Who / Whom

o Use who or whom when you are referring to people.

§ Example: The man who mowed your grass just wanted to help.

• Which / That

o Use which or that when you are referring to groups or things.

§ Example: He played with the dog, which had eaten his food.

• That / Whose

o Use that or whose when you are referring to people or things.

§ Example: The girl, whose family just moved here, will be in our class.

Guided Practice

Underline the relative pronoun in the sentences. Then circle the noun that the relative

pronoun is describing.

1. The girl, who joined our class, has made many new friends.

2. I like the dog that my dad found.

3. My friend, whose parents were out of town, stayed the weekend with me.

4. The schools, which are all in the same town, will compete at the Math Challenge next

week.

38

Relative Pronouns


Add a relative pronoun to the sentence to make it complete.

1. The slaves, _______________ were brought to North America through the triangular

trade, went through inhumane conditions on the ship.

2. The Middle Passage, _______________ was the part of the slave’s journey between

African and American colonies, was a horrible part of the journal.

3. Gullah, _______________ was a spoken language of Africans, developed in the Sea

Islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia.

4. Farming techniques, _______________ were needed to make rice plantations in South

Carolina profitable, came from the knowledge of Africans.

5. Slave codes, _______________ were meant to control the behavior of slaves, were started

by white slave owners.

6. The Stone Rebellion _______________ took place in South Carolina was not successful.

7. Free African people _______________ worked as apprentices lived in the New England

colonies.

8. Some runaway slaves, _______________ lived in South Carolina, fled to Florida.

9. Some slaves _______________ lived in the north were able to work additional jobs in

order to purchase their freedom.

10. A baby _______________ mother was a slave was born into slavery.

39

Relative Pronouns

Writing

1. Write a sentence using the relative pronoun ‘who’.

(Use who or whom when you are referring to people.)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Write a sentence using the relative pronoun ‘which’.

(Use which or that when you are referring to groups or things.)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Write a sentence using the relative pronoun ‘that’.

(Use which or that when you are referring to groups or things.)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Write a sentence using the relative pronoun ‘whose’.

(Use that or whose when you are referring to people or things.)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Write a sentence using a relative pronoun.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

40

Subject-‐Verb Agreement

Subject-‐verb agreement is not difficult. It usually does not sound correct when a subject

and a verb do not agree. In order to have subject-‐verb agreement, follow these rules.

When you have a singular subject you must have a verb that ends in s, es, or ies.

1. If the subject is a singular noun, add s or es to most verbs. If a verb ends in a

consonant and y, change the y to i before adding es.

Example: Joe mows the yard.

Joe washes the car.

Joe carries the groceries inside.

2. If the subject is a plural noun, do not add s or es to

the verb.

Example: Dogs bark loudly.

Trees sway in the wind.

3. Use the linking verb is with a singular subject.

4. Use the linking verb are with a plural subject.

Guided Practice

Circle the correct form of the verb in parenthesis to complete each sentence.

1. Gas (expand/expands) to fill its container.

2. Liquids (change/changes) into a solid at freezing temperatures.

3. Solids (is/are) are not going to change shape.

4. Water (is/are) the universal solvent.

Make sure the subjects & verbs agree.

41



Circle the correct form of the verb in parenthesis to complete each sentence.

1. The Earth (orbit/orbits) the sun.

2. The Earth (rotate/rotates) on its axis.

3. Planets (orbit/orbits) the sun in our solar system.

4. The sun (heat/heats) the Earth.

5. The Earth’s two hemispheres (has/have) opposite seasons.

6. The seasons (do, does) not depend on the distance of Earth from the sun.

7. A revolution (is/are) the movement of Earth as it makes an orbit around the sun in

one year.

8. A rotation (is/are) the movement of Earth as it moves around its axis in 24 hours.

9. Telescopes can (gather/gathers) more light than the eye.

10. In the morning, the sun (appear/appears) higher in the sky.

11. Shadows (is/are) longer when the sun is low in the sky.

12. Objects (cast/casts) short shadows or no shadows at all at noon when the sun is

overhead.

13. The change in the moon’s phases from new moon to new moon (take/takes) about

four weeks.

14. The moon’s pull on Earth (make/makes) the surface level of the ocean rise and fall.

15. High tide (is/are) when the ocean water level is highest.

16. Low tides (occur/occurs) between high tides.

17. The moon (reflect/reflects) light from the sun.

42



Edit the following essay to correct the ten errors in subject-‐verb agreement. Cross out the

incorrect verb form and write the correct form above it. Make sure subjects are used with

the correct verb form.

Spring are the most amazing time of the year for several reasons. First of all,

the weather become warmer in spring, and the daylight last longer. Kids are able to

run outside without a coat and play longer with their friends! Don’t you just love

having more daylight everyday? Spring are like an unexpected present when it finally

arrive.

Spring is also an amazing time of the year because of Spring Break! Families

can go on vacation and enjoys the beautiful spring weather! Kids gets to sleep in and

take a break from homework. After spring break, everyone feel refreshed!

Finally, spring is amazing because it are quite simply a beautiful time of the

year. The flowers blooms in spring, and the trees grow their leaves again. It is like

everything in nature wakes up! Spring is definitely the most amazing time of the year!

43

Verb Tenses

Present tense verbs show actions that are currently happening.

In order to make the verb agree with a singular subject, then just add s or es in most cases.

Example: The soccer player kicks the ball. The little boy catches fireflies.

Do not add s or es to make the verb agree with a plural subject.

Example: Soccer players kick the ball. Little boys catch fireflies.

v What are present tense verbs? _____________________________________________________________

v When do you add s or es to present tense verbs? ________________________________________

Past tense verbs show actions that have happened before the current time.

In order to show past tense, just add ed to most verbs. However, you will need to change

the spelling of some regular verbs before you add ed.

• For verbs that end in e, drop the e and add ed: believed, baked

• If the verb ends in a consonant and y, change the y to i and add ed: scurried, tried

• One-‐syllable verbs that end in one vowel followed by one consonant need to have

the consonant doubled and then add ed: tipped, planned

Some verbs are irregular verbs. You do not add ed to irregular verbs in the past tense.

These verbs do not follow a pattern. Some of these verbs include the following verbs: sang,

bought, and went.

1. What are past tense verbs: _________________________________________________________________

2. How do you change the spelling of verbs that end in e? _________________________________

3. How do you spell verbs that end in y? _____________________________________________________

4. How do you spell verbs that end in one vowel followed by one consonant?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

44

Future tense verbs show action that will happen in the future. In order to make the future

tense, add the helping verb will.

Example: She will win the race. It will rain tomorrow.

1. What are future tense verbs? ______________________________________________________________

2. How do you show future tense? ___________________________________________________________

Guided Practice

Underline the verb in each sentence. Write present, past, or future.

_______________ 1. The rabbit hopped across the field.

_______________ 2. The dog barks all day.

_______________ 3. The birds will fly south for the winter.


Underline the verb in each sentence. Write present, past, or future.

_______________ 1. The first shots of the Revolutionary War were fired at Lexington.

_______________ 2. This is sometimes referred to as the “shot heard round the world”.

_______________ 3. Minutemen stayed ready to fight.

_______________ 4. Later, the Second Continental Congress met.

_______________ 5. The Second Continental Congress decided to name George Washington as Commander of the Continental Army. _______________ 6. The Battle of Bunker Hill was significant.

_______________ 7. The battle demonstrated that the Americans could stand up to the British.

_______________ 8. The British evacuated Boston and sailed to New York.

_______________ 9. After the Battle of Saratoga, New York, the French were willing to enter into an alliance with the Americans. _______________ 10. This alliance provided aid in the form of ships, soldiers, and supplies.

Check the verb tense!

45

Verb Tense: Independent Practice

Write a sentence using the verb and verb tense given.

1. the present tense of play

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. the past tense of play

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. the future tense of play

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. the present tense of bake

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. the past tense of bake

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. the future tense of bake

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. the present tense of try

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. the past tense of try

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. the future tense of try

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

46

Writing – Use the tense in parenthesis in your writing. Underline the verbs.

Write a paragraph describing something you have done in the past. (past tense)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Write a paragraph describing something you are involved in right now. (present tense)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Write a paragraph describing something you plan to do in the future. (future tense)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

47

Verb Tense


Write the correct tense for each verb, making the verb agree with a singular subject. The

last five verbs are irregular verbs.

VERB PRESENT PAST FUTURE

succeed

jump

kick

love

hurry

flip

rip

smile

try

carry

went

sing

catch

drive

eat

48

Progressive Verb Tense

Past Progressive

The past progressive verb tense indicates continuing action in the past. To form the past

progressive tense you use was or were and also add ‘ing’ to the verb.

Signal Words

1. Was

(Use with singular subjects.)

The boy was visiting his friend yesterday.

2. Were

(Use with the subject ‘you’ and with plural subjects.)

The boys were visiting their friends yesterday.

Guided Practice

Add ‘ing’ to the verb in parenthesis, along with was or were, to form the past progressive

tense.

1. He ________________________________________ an award from his teacher. (receive)

2. Emma ________________________________________ her baby brother for the first time.

(visiting)

3. Fred ________________________________________ his mom at work. (call)

4. They ________________________________________ their new house. (love)

5. The students ________________________________________ the pencils before school.

(sharpen)

Past Progressive

49

Progressive Verb Tenses

Past Progressive


Add ‘ing’ to the verb in parenthesis, along with was or were, to form the past progressive

tense.

1. My dog ________________________________________ in my lap. (always jump)

2. She ________________________________________ around the world. (travel)

3. The children ________________________________________ the dogs their dinner. (feed)

4. He ________________________________________ in a marathon. (compete)

5. The girl ________________________________________ her lunch without waiting for the others.

(eat)

6. He ________________________________________ for over ten hours a night. (sleep)

7. The train ________________________________________ the station soon. (leave)

8. The construction workers ________________________________________ the house early.

(finish)

9. The principal ________________________________________ we could have a pep rally. (say)

10. He ________________________________________ too much candy. (eat)

11. The boy ________________________________________ for joy. (jump)

12. The squirrels ________________________________________ acorns. (gather)

13. The band ________________________________________ to play at our dance. (come)

14. The telephone ________________________________________. (ring)

15. She ________________________________________ on the phone. (talk)

50


Writing Past Progressive Tense

Remember, the past progressive verb tense indicates continuing action in the past. To form the past progressive tense you use was or were and also add ‘ing’ to the verb. Pretend you have a dog that is always doing things it should not do. Write a descriptive story, from either the boy’s view or from the dog’s view, using past progressive. Be sure to use at least two examples of past progressive tense and underline all examples. For example: Spot was chewing on the furniture again. John wasn’t sure what to do to make Spot behave. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

51


Present Progressive

The present progressive verb tense indicates action that is continuing and happening now.

The present progressive an also indicate an action that will happen.

Signal Words

1. Am

(Use with the subject ‘I’.)

I am working.

2. Is

(Use with the subject ‘he’ or ‘she’ or ‘it’.)

He is working.

3. Are

(Use with the subject ‘you’ and with plural subjects.)

They are working

Guided Practice

Add ‘ing’ to the verb in parenthesis, along with am, are, or is, to form the present

progressive tense

1. I ________________________________________ the dogs today. (wash)

2. He ________________________________________ three books. (read)

3. The dog ________________________________________. (bark)

4. Joe ________________________________________ hard today. (work)

5. The schools ________________________________________ many awards this year. (earn)

Present Progressive

52


Present Progressive -‐ Independent Practice

Add ‘ing’ to the verb in parenthesis, along with am, are, or is, to form the present

progressive tense

1. He ________________________________________ math problems. (solve)

2. She ________________________________________ forward to the prom. (look)

3. The washing machine ________________________________________ now. (work)

4. Fred ________________________________________ today. (clean)

5. She ________________________________________ her homework. (lost)

6. Those kids ________________________________________ balloons already. (fill)

7. Many people ________________________________________ a lot of money for school clothes

this year. (spend)

8. I ________________________________________ to music. (listen)

9. Adam ________________________________________ the piano. (play)

10. People ________________________________________ the new restaurant. (enjoy)

11. Birds ________________________________________ outside. (chirp)

12. The branches ________________________________________ in the wind. (break)

13. The microphone ________________________________________ (work).

14. You ________________________________________ late every day. (sleep)

15. They ________________________________________ at their favorite restaurant. (eat)

53


Writing Present Progressive Tense

Remember, the present progressive verb tense indicates action that is continuing and happening now. The present progressive can also indicate an action that will happen. What are you accomplishing this year? Write a dialogue between you and someone else about what you are accomplishing. Be sure to underline all examples. For example: Me: I am working hard to make good grades this year. Sally: That’s good. Are you taking ballet again? Me: Yes! My friend is learning ballet too.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

54


Future Progressive

The future progressive verb tense shows an on-‐going

action that will occur in the future.

Signal Words

1. Will be

Guided Practice

Add ‘ing’ to the verb in parenthesis, along with ‘will be’ to form the future progressive

tense.

1. The show ________________________________________ at 8:00 p.m. every night this week.

(start)

2. He ________________________________________ his homework every night before dinner.

(complete)

3. Tim ________________________________________ his friend often.

(see)

4. We ________________________________________ on graduation day.

(celebrate)

5. The man ________________________________________ his office anytime soon.

(not leave)

Future Progressive

55

Verb Tenses -‐ Future Progressive -‐ Independent Practice

Add ‘ing’ to the verb in parenthesis, along with ‘will be’ to form the future progressive

tense.

1. Next year she ________________________________________ from college.

(graduate)

2. We ________________________________________ for hours tonight.

(study)

3. I ________________________________________ my tenth pair of shoes.

(buy)

4. He ________________________________________ his uniform for every game.

(wear)

5. Bella ________________________________________ about it for weeks.

(talk)

6. Bailey ________________________________________ all summer.

(work)

7. Lee ________________________________________ a paper tonight.

(write)

8. The track team ________________________________________ in a marathon together.

(ran)

9. Her mom ________________________________________ over 12 dozen cookies tomorrow.

(bake)

10. The lady ________________________________________ her house for the party.

(clean)

56

Verb Tenses

Writing Future Progressive Tense

Remember, the future progressive tense verb shows an on-‐going action that will occur in the future. Write a paragraph describing all you will be doing on your vacation next summer. Be sure to use at least two examples of future progressive tense and underline all examples. For example: I will be snorkeling in the ocean next summer. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

57

Modal Auxiliaries Verbs

These types of verbs do not ever change form. You do not add any type of ending to these

words. The following verbs are common modal auxiliary verbs.

can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would.

These auxiliary verbs are used with other verbs to express meaning or to convey a mood.

These verbs help to convey ideas of doubt, certainty, possibility, obligation, and permission.

Examples:

• They can play basketball.

• They could play basketball.

• They may play basketball.

• They might play basketball.

• They must play basketball

• They must not play basketball.

• They ought to play basketball.

• They shall play basketball.

• They should play basketball.

• They will play basketball.

• They would play basketball.

Guided Practice

Add a modal auxiliary verb to the verb in parenthesis to complete the sentence.

1. She ____________________ to school. (go)

2. Fred ____________________ his vegetables. (eat)

3. Sally ____________________ exercise starting tomorrow. (exercise)

4. The new school ____________________ in August. (open)

5. The team ____________________ win in order to go to the playoffs. (win)

58

Modal Auxiliaries Verbs -‐ Independent Practice

Write a sentence for the auxiliary verb in parenthesis. You can use ‘not’ with the auxiliary

verb if needed.

1. (can)___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. (could)________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. (may)__________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. (might)________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. (must)_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. (ought)________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. (shall)_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. (should)_______________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. (will)__________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. (would)_______________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

59

Conjunctions

The words and, but, and or are conjunctions that can connect words or sentences.

Look at the following purposes for conjunctions to determine when you use each

conjunction.

Conjunction

and

but

or

Purpose

joins related ideas

joins contrasting ideas

suggests a choice

You have already learned how to use conjunctions in a compound sentence. You also use

conjunctions when you use two subjects to make a compound subject or when you use two

verbs to make a compound predicate.

Guided Practice

Underline the conjunction and then tell if it is a compound subject, compound predicate, or

compound sentence.

1. The Earth and the other planets orbit the sun. ____________________

2. Astrolabes and compasses helped early explorers navigate. ____________________

3. The Earth orbits around the sun, and the moon orbits around the Earth.

____________________

4. The Earth orbits the sun and rotates on its axis. ____________________

5. The sun produces and gives off its own heat. ____________________

60

Conjunctions


Add the conjunction and, but, or or to complete the sentence.

1. The Earth, moon, __________ sun are all in the solar system.

2. The Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted, __________ the tilted axis changes the

number of daylight hours throughout the year.

3. The northern __________ southern part of Earth point toward the sun.

4. Summer occurs when part of Earth is tilted most toward the sun, __________ winter

occurs when part of Earth is tilted away from the sun.

5. Autumn __________ spring occur when neither part of Earth is pointed directly toward

__________ away from the sun.

6. The sequence of the seasons during the year is summer, autumn, winter, __________

then spring.

7. Earth rotates on its axis __________ completes one rotation in 24 hours.

8. The sun rises in the east __________ sets in the west.

9. Right now it is daylight on this side of the world, __________ it is dark on the other side

of the world.

10. The Earth is rotating __________ revolving at the same time.

61

Prepositions

A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition.

Prepositional phrases add more details.

Sometimes a preposition will show direction.

Look at the prepositions on the chalkboard to

the right. These are words you should become

very familiar with.

Guided Practice

Underline the preposition in each sentence.

Circle the prepositional phrase in each sentence.

1. The dog barked for an hour.

2. The boat was at the dock.

3. Our friends live down the road.

4. We live near the store.

5. She fell in the lake.

6. Look above your head!

7. Bob went down the slide.

8. The breeze blew across the sky.

9. We went to see the animals at the zoo.

10. Please open the door under the cabinet.

Common Prepositions to Learn

• Above • Across • After • Around • At • Before • Behind • By • Down • For

• From • In • Into • Near • Of • On • To • Toward • Under • With

62

Prepositions


1. Why do we use prepositional phrases? ___________________________________________________

2. Write the common prepositions. __________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Complete the sentence using a prepositional phrase from the ones provided.

• under her head • across the court • in the air

• at the beach • with her foot • beside the bowls

• around the corner • in the sunlight • behind the door

1. Plants grow better __________________________________________________________________________.

2. She lives _____________________________________________________________________________________.

3. The pillow was soft _________________________________________________________________________.

4. The basketball player ran __________________________________________________________________.

5. Birds fly ______________________________________________________________________________________.

6. The shoes were ______________________________________________________________________________.

7. The party will be ____________________________________________________________________________.

8. The spoons go _______________________________________________________________________________.

9. The store is just _____________________________________________________________________________.

in

beside

behind

63

Prepositions -‐ Independent Practice

Add a prepositional phrase to each sentence to give more details. Write the sentence on

the line.

1. Tim went sledding.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The boy found his toy.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Cindy smiled.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The little boy fell asleep.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. The dog sat.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. The children went to the library.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. We are going to the ocean.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. He likes ice cream.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. The girl rode her bicycle.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. We cheered.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

64

Interjections

If you want to exclaim something, make a protest, or give a command, then you can use an

interjection. Interjections are words or phrases that usually express emotion. They are

usually followed by an exclamation mark.

1. What do interjections express? _________________________________________________________________

Examples:

a. Good! Now let’s go.

b. Hey! Come over here!

Sometimes interjections are sounds.

Examples:

a. Phew! That was hard.

b. Mmmm, that was delicious!

The following are some other examples of interjections.

• Absolutely • Agreed • Ah • Awesome • Awww • Blah • Bye • Cheers • Cool • Duh • Eek • Eh • Gee

• Good Grief • Goodness • Grrr • Ha • Hmm • Huh • Hurray or Hooray • Look • No • Nah • Oh • Oh my • Oops

• Ouch • Shh • Touché • Ugh • Uh-‐oh • Well • Whoa • Whoopee • Wow • Yay • Yeah • Yes • Yikes

WOW!

65

Interjections

Guided Practice

Underline the interjection in each of the following sentences.

1. Ah, now I understand what caused so many immigrants to come to America during

the Industrial Revolution.

2. Wow! I can’t believe how much the United States changed during the Industrial

Revolution.

3. Whew! The immigrants must have been relieved to finally reach America!

4. Look! There is the Statue of Liberty.

5. Good grief! Some immigrants were not treated well.


Add an interjection and punctuation to the following sentences.

1. __________ You can see a distant planet through the telescope.

2. __________ It was such a surprise to get a telescope for my birthday.

3. __________ It’s amazing how a telescope makes faraway objects seem brighter and closer to Earth.

4. __________ Did you know that satellites give information to scientists?

5. __________ I got accepted to the university I applied for and plan to study space.

66

Interjections


Writing

Write a story about winning $1,000 and what you will do with the money. Be sure to use

interjections!

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

67

Titles of Books

How do you signify the title of a book?

1. Always capitalize the main words.

2. You do not need to capitalize words in the title such as ‘of, and, or, a”.

3. If you are using a computer, the title should be typed in italics or underlined.

4. If you are writing the title yourself, then underline the title.

Guided Practice

Underline and capitalize the book titles in the sentences correctly.

1. Have you read Diary of a Wimpy Kid?

__________________________________________________

2. My friend read the book spy kids, and he recommended that I read it too.

__________________________________________________

3. My librarian recommended that we read zoobreak.

__________________________________________________

4. Henry’s freedom box is a book about the Underground Railroad.

__________________________________________________

5. Some books, such as old yeller, have also been made into a movie.

__________________________________________________

6. What two things should you always do when writing a book title?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. What should you always do when typing a book title?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

68


Write the title correctly on the line.

1. Have you read tales of a fourth grade nothing? ___________________________________

2. The best school year ever is a good book.

__________________________________________________

3. I love the book Because of Winn Dixie! __________________________________________________

4. We read tuck everlasting as a class. __________________________________________________

5. Have you ever read double fudge? __________________________________________________

Write a book recommendation for a book you have read.

• Give the book’s title and author. • Share a brief summary of the plot. • What are the book’s strengths and weaknesses? • Why would you recommend the book?

______________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Books are great!

69

Capitalization

A capital letter is needed anytime you use the word ‘I’, a proper noun, titles, or begin a new

sentence.

• Proper Nouns

A noun is a person, place, or thing. A proper noun is a specific person, place, or

thing. This includes the name of a person, place, or specific things.

Examples:

o People – Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin

o Places – the United States of America, ABC Elementary School, Atlanta

o Things – Revolutionary War, Declaration of Independence, Civil War

• Titles

A title can come in different forms.

o Always capitalize a title that comes before a name.

Example: Mayor John Smith, Doctor John Smith

o Always capitalize the titles of books, movies, and other titles. However, do

not capitalize articles (a, an, the), short conjunctions, and short prepositions.

Examples: Pirates of the Caribbean, The Hungry Caterpillar

• The Beginning of a Sentence

Don’t forget to always begin a new sentence with a capital letter.

o When do you use a capital letter? _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

70

Capitalization -‐ Guided Practice

Put one line through any letter that should be capitalized. Write the words correctly on the

line.

1. We have been studying about Westward Expansion at abc elementary school.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. do you know where mr. smith went to college?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Sally and i like to go shopping at American eagle.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. have you read the hunger games?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. My brother and I plan to read the article “how to train your dog in 7 days”.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. My family visited the washington monument and the white house.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. His favorite team is the charlotte bobcats.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. The boy has to go see dr. smith to get a shot.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. I can’t wait to see all the fireworks at the fourth of july celebration!

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. school begins in august and ends in may for many students in america.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

71

Capitalization


Proper nouns include months, holidays, days of the week, people’s names, the names of

school, etc. Can you think of other types of nouns that would be considered proper nouns?

1. Write the days of the week. Be sure to capitalize and spell each one correctly.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Write the months of the year. Be sure to capitalize and spell each one correctly.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Write the names of at least five holidays. Be sure to capitalize and spell each one

correctly.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Write the names of at least five specific places (towns, restaurants, stores, etc.)

Be sure to capitalize and spell each one correctly.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

72

Capitalization -‐ Independent Practice

Follow the directions for each sentence you write. Be sure to use capital letters and

punctuation correctly.

1. Write a sentence about a famous person.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Write a sentence about a city you would like to visit.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Write a sentence recommending a book to others.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Write a sentence telling your favorite sports team.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Write a sentence about your favorite holiday.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Write a sentence and tell what you would name a pet.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Write a sentence telling when your birthday is each year.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Write a sentence about your favorite month.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Write a sentence telling who your favorite friends are.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Write a sentence telling the title of your favorite movie or television show.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

73

Quotation Marks

Quotation marks are used to show exactly what someone has said. When you tell exactly

what someone said you are giving a direct quote. You add quotation marks before and

after someone’s exact words.

Look at the following example. What is different about these examples?

o “Did you know that the Panama Canal made it much quicker to travel the east

coast to the west coast?” asked Mrs. Smith.

o “Yes, I did,” said Tim.

o Mrs. Smith also added, “The Panama Canal allowed American commercial

and war ships to travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific more quickly.”

o “The United States tried to remain neutral during World War I,” said Mrs.

Smith, “but eventually America became involved in the war.”

Look at the examples of quotations again. What is different? You should notice several

specifics about writing quotations.

• Use a comma to separate what someone said from the words that tell who is being

quoted.

• You usually put a comma before the last end quotation marks unless you are writing

an interrogative or exclamatory sentence.

• If words that tell who is speaking interrupt a direct quotation, then two sets of

quotation marks are needed. Use a comma or end punctuation after the words that

tell who is speaking. If the second part of the quote does not begin a new sentence

then use a comma. Use end punctuation and a capital letter if a new sentence

begins.

74

Quotation Marks -‐ Guided Practice

Put the correct punctuation in the sentence and correct any capitalization errors.

1. Mr. Smith said you all need to understand that the french and indian war was fought

between france and England over lands in the Ohio River Valley

2. Which side were the colonists on asked Joe

3. Great Britain had a large debt after the war explained Mr. Smith and the British

Parliament decided the American colonists should pay it

4. Joe then asked why did they think the colonists should pay for the French and Indian

War

5. The British felt that the colonists should pay for the war because Great Britain had

been defending the colonists’ land answered Mr. Smith


Write C if the quotation marks are correct.

Write NC if they are not correct. If you write NC, then put a line through what is wrong and

write it correctly above it.

__________ 1. “Did you know that the Declaration of Independence also includes a list of

grievances against King George III?” asked Tim.

__________ 2. Mr. Smith answered “Yes, and it ends with a formal statement declaring that

the colonists are independent from England.”

__________ 3. “The colonists were brave people”, said Tim.

__________ 4. “Yes, they were,” said Mr. Smith, “because it took a lot of courage to stand up to

Great Britain.”

__________ 5. “Do you like to learn about history”? asked Mr. Smith.

75

Quotation Marks -‐ Independent Practice

Add quotation marks and other punctuation marks to complete each sentence.

1. Here are your shoes Mom said.

2. Are you hungry asked Dad.

3. Can we go to the store asked Bella I need some new shoes.

4. Mom said Don’t forget your homework.

5. Can you pass the potatoes asked the boy.

6. The dog barked all night said the girl.

7. Bailey said It is cold in here

8. Let’s go see a movie Lilly said.

9. I love to read the girl said.

10. Me too her friend answered let’s go to the library.

Use quotation marks, commas, end punctuation, and capital letters correctly.

1. I want a new dog said Emma

_________________________________________________________________________________________

2. me too said her friend let’s go look at puppies at the pet store

_________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ted asked can I go too

_________________________________________________________________________________________

4. I’ll ask my mom said Emma

_________________________________________________________________________________________

5. let’s go exclaimed Emma

_________________________________________________________________________________________

76

Quotation Marks -‐ Independent Practice

Write a conversation you would like to have with someone famous. What would you ask?

What do you think they would say? Use quotation marks to show exactly what is said.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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77

Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe a noun. Remember, a noun is a person, place, or thing.

Adjectives add description and help your writing to be more interesting.

Adjectives often come before the words they describe.

Adjectives can answer three questions…

• What kind?

• Which one?

• How many?

The words a, an, and the are called articles. Articles are used before nouns or before

words that describe a noun.

1. Use a before words that begin with a consonant and are singular.

• a party, a wonderful day, a panoramic view

2. Use an before words that begin with a vowel or a silent h.

• an interesting thought, an observant student, an hour

3. Use the before singular or plural words.

• the school, the schools, the animal, the animals

Adjectives describe nouns.

78

Guided Practice

1. What do adjectives do? _____________________________________________________________________

2. What are three questions that adjectives can answer? __________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. When is the article a used? _________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. When is the article an used? _______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. When is the article the used? ______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Circle every noun. Then underline every article and every adjective. Not all nouns have an

adjective that describes it. However, finding the nouns first will help you to find the

adjectives.

1. Yorktown became the final battle of the Revolutionary War.

2. The French navy assisted General George Washington and his army by blockading

the harbor.

3. The blockade prevented British ships from entering the harbor.

4. Surrounded by American and French forces, the British surrendered.

5. Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Jon Jay negotiated a peace treaty.

6. This peace treaty was finally agreed upon two years later.

7. The colonists fought the Revolutionary War to gain their independence from Great

Britain.

79

Adjectives


Write the adjective on the line to complete each sentence.

Then tell what question the adjective answers.

1. What kind?

2. Which one?

3. How many?

____what kind____ 1. This is a beautiful day to go to the park.

____________________ 2. The ____________________ dog was barking at the child.

____________________ 3. Is that an ____________________ tree?

____________________ 4. Do you like ____________________ ice cream?

____________________ 5. The baby is just ____________________ days old.

____________________ 6. The mouse scurried in the ____________________ hole.

____________________ 7. Respectful students use ____________________ manners.

____________________ 8. Her ____________________ hair was hard to brush.

____________________ 9. His ____________________ tennis shoes need to be washed.

____________________ 10. The ____________________ clouds probably mean it is going to rain.

____________________ 11. When she sang, she had a ____________________ voice.

____________________ 12. In ____________________ days we will graduate.

____________________ 13. There are ____________________ baby birds in that nest.

____________________ 14. How many ____________________ cookies do you want?

____________________ 15. The ____________________ baby smiles a lot.

Adjectives answer…

• What kind? • Which one? • How many?

80

Adjectives


Underline the nouns in the following sentences. Then rewrite the sentence adding at least

one adjective to describe a noun.

1. The dog jumped.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. People in countries celebrate holidays.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. The teacher spoke to the class.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The paper was thrown into the trash.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. The crowd cheered and held up banners.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. The girl learned to spell words.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Did you see those flowers in the meadow?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. The gymnast won a medal.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. She was so excited to go on a vacation.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

81

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Sometimes adjectives are used to make comparisons. When you compare two things then

you add er to the adjective. When you are comparing more than two things then add est to

the adjective.

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE (Comparing 2)

SUPERLATIVE (Comparing 3 or more)

Fresh Fresher Freshest

Slim Slimmer Slimmest

Sometimes with a longer adjective you use the words more or most to make comparisons.

Use more to compare two things. Use most to compare more than two things. Do not use

more or most with er or est.



Wonderful More wonderful Most wonderful

Intelligent More intelligent Most intelligent

The adjectives good and bad have irregular forms when used in the comparative or

superlative forms.



Good Better Best

Bad Worse Worst

82

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Guided Practice

Circle the correct adjective in parenthesis to complete each sentence.

1. A bird is (smaller/smallest) than a dog.

2. Your house is the (bigger/biggest) on your street.

3. Jogging is (faster/fastest) than walking.

4. Flying in an airplane is the (faster/fastest) type of transportation.

5. That book was the (more interesting/most interesting) book we have ever read.

6. Summer is (more wonderful/most wonderful) than winter.

7. He had the (worse/worst) cold ever.

8. She makes the (better/best) cake in the world.


Use the correct form of the adjective in parenthesis to complete each sentence.

____________________ 1. A cabin is (large) than a tent.

____________________ 2. My brother is (funny) than yours.

____________________ 3. Her dog is the (big) kind of dog.

____________________ 4. August is the (hot) month of all.

____________________ 5. That slide is (long) than the one at our park.

____________________ 6. The dog crate is the (small) one they make.

____________________ 7. She is the (nice) girl in the class.

____________________ 8. Did you know that Mount Everest is the (tall) mountain in the world?

____________________ 9. He made (good) grades than she did.

____________________ 10. A sleeping bag is (warm) than a blanket.

83

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives -‐ Independent Practice

Complete the chart below.



Nice

Cleaner

Strictest

Late

Skinnier

Most intelligent

Dark

Brighter

Funniest

Dry

More beautiful

Best

Bad

Later

Most famous

Hot

Colder

Fastest

84

Adjectives

Writing

Write a paragraph about your favorite food. Describe the food and tell why you like it.

Underline the adjectives that you use. Complete your prewriting on another sheet of paper.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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85

Adverbs

Adverbs give more information about verbs. There are many adverbs that end in ly.

There are three questions that an adverb can answer.

1. How? Example: She ran quickly. (How did she run?) 2. When? Example: She ran daily.

(When did she run?)

3. Where? Example: She ran there. (Where did she run?)

Guided Practice

Underline the verb in each sentence. Then circle the adverb that gives more information

about the verb. Write whether it tells how, when, or where on the line.

____________________ 1. After the Revolutionary War, the states in the North passed laws to

emancipate their slaves immediately.

____________________ 2. Northerners were not as dependent economically on slave labor as

southerners.

____________________ 3. Under the Articles of Confederation, the national Congress could make

laws, but could not levy taxes directly to support itself.

____________________ 4. The United States Constitution was written after problems arose from

the Articles of Confederation.

____________________ 5. There is equal representation in the Senate, but in the House of

Representatives states are represented proportionally

based on the population of each state.

Adverbs give more information about verbs.

86

Adverbs


Choose from the list of adverbs and write the adverb on

the line to complete each sentence.

briskly

firmly

inside

truthfully

cheerfully

continuously

beautifully

sloppily

everywhere yesterday

1. The man gripped the dog leash ____________________ in his hands.

2. The dog barked ____________________ throughout the day.

3. The artist painted ____________________.

4. The candidate spoke ____________________ about the topics.

5. The woman walked ____________________ through the rain.

6. She ____________________ completed her chores.

7. The mosquitoes were ____________________.

8. Did he go ____________________.

9. She drove to New York ____________________.

10. He made his bed ____________________.

Adverbs answer… • How? • When? • Where?

87

Comparative and Superlative Adverbs

Add er to an adverb if the two actions are being compared. When comparing more than

two actions then add est to the to the adverb.

ADVERB COMPARATIVE (Comparing 2)


Fast Faster Fastest

Quick Quicker Quickest

Use the words more or most with adverbs that end in ly. Use more to compare two actions.

Use most to compare more than two actions. Do not use more or most with er or est.

ADVERB COMPARATIVE (Comparing 2)


Excitedly More excitedly Most excitedly

Cheerfully More cheerfully Most cheerfully

Guided Practice

Circle the correct form of the adverb in parenthesis.

1. She runs (faster/fastest) than he does.

2. She runs (faster/fastest) of all.

3. Her mom cheered (more excitedly/most excitedly) out of all her relatives.

4. Her mom cheered (more excitedly/most excitedly) than her brother.

5. People in shape run (longer/longest) than people not in shape.

6. Athletes run (longer/longest) than anyone.

7. The dancer danced (more graceful/most graceful) than she had before.

8. That was the (more graceful/most graceful) dance!

88

Adverbs

Writing

Write a paragraph about something you like to do during recess. Describe the activity. Be

sure to use at least two adverbs and underline the adverbs that you use. Circle any

adjectives.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Great Job!

89

Vocabulary Building

90

PREFIX MEANINGS dis-‐ not non-‐ not un-‐ not re-‐ again Complete the table below, and then use the information for the next activity. WORD PREFIX ROOT WORD MEANING OF

PREFIX MEANING OF WORD

Disagree dis agree not To not agree

Disuse

Dislike

Disobey

Nonuse non use not Not in use

Nonsense

Nonstop

Nondairy

Unread un read not Not read

Unsafe

Unlike

Unplug

Reread re read again To read again

Reuse

Retry

Rerun

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘dis’ to complete the sentences. You will need to use the meanings of the prefixes and words, along with the context clues to complete the sentences.

1. If children ____________________ their parents, they may have a consequence for not

obeying.

PREFIXES

91

2. When two people have a debate to discuss their views on a subject, they may

____________________ on a topic.

3. If you ____________________ the ice cream, then you can try other flavors until you find

one you do like.

4. Telegraphs have been in ____________________ for decades because we have telephones.

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘non’ to complete the sentences.

1. Muscles need to be used to stay strong or they can get weak from ____________________.

2. Some people are allergic to dairy so they have to drink ____________________ products.

3. We want to find a ____________________ flight to Hawaii because we do not want to have

to make any stops or layovers.

4. That is ____________________ because none of it makes sense.

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘un’ to complete the sentences.

1. The dessert is ____________________ any other ecosystem because it has a different

climate.

2. Don’t forget to ____________________ the toaster before you leave the house.

3. That book has been ____________________ for many years because people did not know

about it.

4. You cannot go bungee jumping because it is ____________________ and you could get

hurt.

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘re’ to complete the sentences.

1. When you do not understand something you have read it is important to

____________________ the information again.

2. Someone started the race too quickly so the runners will need to ____________________

the race again.

3. We should ____________________ plastic containers so we do not create more pollution.

4. If you do not get something right the first time you try, then ____________________.

92

At the end of each line add a new word that begins with the prefix. Give the definition of the new word also.

dis (not)

non (not)

un (not)

re (again)

93

Your Turn to Write! Now you will write sentences to show what you know! Use two words that you found from each of the prefixes on the previous page to write sentences. Be sure to use the word correctly!

1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

94

PREFIX MEANINGS pre-‐ before mid-‐ middle bi-‐ two de-‐ opposite Complete the table below, and then use the information for the next activity. WORD PREFIX ROOT WORD MEANING OF

PREFIX

MEANING OF

WORD

Prewash pre wash before To wash before

Preteen

Prepaid

Preprint

Midnight mid night middle The middle of the night

Midway

Midweek

Midwinter

Bilingual bi lingual two Speaking two languages

Bicolor

Bicycle

Bimonthly

Defrost de frost opposite Remove the frost

Declaw

Decode

Derail

95

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘pre’ to complete the sentences. You will need to use the meanings of the prefixes and words, along with the context clues to complete the sentences.

1. Have you already ____________________, or do you need to pay now.

2. Sometimes you need to ____________________ clothes before the regular washing

because of a stain.

3. Before you are a teenager you are a ____________________.

4. We will need to ____________________ the document because the first one got water on

it.

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘mid’ to complete the sentences.

1. We are at the ____________________ point now that we are half way there.

2. Sometimes she wakes up at ____________________, which is in the middle of the night.

3. ____________________ we will be going snow skiing.

4. Wednesday is considered ____________________.

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘bi’ to complete the sentences.

1. She is ____________________ and can speak two languages.

2. The ____________________ has two wheels.

3. That shirt is considered a ____________________ shirt since it has both yellow and red on

it.

4. He gets paid ____________________.

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘de’ to complete the sentences.

1. Most pets have their claws, but the vet is going to ____________________ her pet.

2. He will need to ____________________ his car so that there will not be frost on the

windows.

3. They needed to break the code and ____________________ the message.

4. The company did not know why the train would ____________________.

96


pre (before)

mid (middle)

bi (two)

de (opposite)

97


1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

98

PREFIX MEANINGS anti-‐ against/opposing co-‐ together en-‐ put into or on extra-‐ outside/beyond Complete the table below, and then use the information for the next activity. WORD PREFIX ROOT WORD MEANING OF


Antiaircraft anti aircraft against Used for defense against air attack

Antiwar

Antivirus

Antibiotic

Codriver co driver together Share the driving with another

Coteach

Costar

Cofounder

Engulf en gulf put into or on To plunge in or immerse

Enact

Endanger

Enroll

Extracurricular extra curricular outside/beyond Outside of the curriculum

Extraterrestrial

Extracellular

Extralegal

99

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘anti’ to complete the sentences. You will need to use the meanings of the prefixes and words, along with the context clues to complete the sentences.

1. To defend their country against air attacks, they developed ____________________ .

2. They did not agree with the war and held signs that showed their ____________________

opinions.

3. The ____________________ worked against the infection.

4. ____________________ software works against any virus that might try to enter your

computer.

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘co’ to complete the sentences.

1. The driver’s ed teachers ____________________ with their students.

2. The two businessmen put their money together and are now ____________________ of a

company.

3. Sometimes students change classes between two teachers that ____________________.

4. Bailey wants to ____________________ with Bella in a movie.

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘en’ to complete the sentences.

1. The waves began to ____________________the swimmer so the lifeguard jumped in and

pulled the swimmer to safety.

2. The Congressman wanted to ____________________ a new bill.

3. Some animals are almost extinct; therefore you cannot ____________________ these

animals.

4. Did the new student ____________________ in Mrs. Smith’s class?

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘extra’ to complete the sentences.

1. E.T. was an ____________________ that was beyond this world.

2. Some students have ____________________ activities when school is over.

3. The fluid was ____________________ because it was located outside of the cells.

4. Something beyond the authority of the law is ____________________.

100


anti (against)

co (together)

en (into/on)

extra (beyond)

101


1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

102

PREFIX MEANINGS hyper-‐ beyond, more than normal inter-‐ between mis-‐ bad, wrong semi-‐ half Complete the table below, and then use the information for the next activity. WORD PREFIX ROOT WORD MEANING OF


Hyperactive

hyper active beyond, more than normal

More active than normal

Hypersonic

Hyperlink

Hyperventilate

Mislead mis lead bad, wrong To lead someone the wrong way

Misjudge

Misbehave

Mistreat

Interact inter act between To act between

Interbank

Internet

Interstate

Semiannual semi annual half Occurs every half a year

Semicircle

Semifinal

Semisweet

103

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘hyper’ to complete the sentences. You will need to use the meanings of the prefixes and words, along with the context clues to complete the sentences.

1. There is a way to connect your document to another document using a

____________________.

2. She was breathing more quickly than normal, and this caused her to

____________________.

3. If something goes at a speed five times faster than the speed of sound, it is called

____________________.

4. Some people say if you eat too much sugar you will have too much energy and

become ____________________.

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘mis’ to complete the sentences.

1. If you ____________________ by acting in the wrong way, you will have a consequence.

2. It is important to lead people in the right way and not ____________________ them in the

wrong way.

3. If you ____________________ a dog, then it may not act nice.

4. Sometimes referees will ____________________ a play by making a wrong call.

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘inter’ to complete the sentences.

1. Animals of the same species do not always ____________________ with animals of

another species.

2. The ____________________ allows people to drive from one state to another.

3. The ____________________ is a connection between networks across the world.

4. An ____________________ loan involves two or more banks.

Use the meanings of the words with the prefix ‘semi’ to complete the sentences.

1. Half of a circle is a ____________________.

2. ____________________ chocolate is not as sweet as regular chocolate.

3. The will have a ____________________ match before the final match.

4. Every six months they have a ____________________ business meeting.

104


hyper (beyond)

inter (between)

mis (wrong)

semi (half)

105


1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

106

SUFFIX MEANINGS -‐er doer -‐able able to -‐ous full of -‐ness state of being Complete the table below, and then use the information for the next activity. WORD ROOT WORD SUFFIX MEANING OF

SUFFIX MEANING OF WORD

Washer wash er doer Able to do the washing

Treasurer

Teacher

Employer

Agreeable agree able able to Able to agree

Changeable

Excusable

Perishable

Adventurous adventure ous full of Full of adventure

Coniferous

Continuous

Courageous

Alertness alert ness state of being Being alert

Boldness

Cheeriness

Dullness

SUFFIXES

107

Use the meanings of the words with the suffix ‘er’ to complete the sentences. You will need to use the meanings of the suffixes and words, along with the context clues to complete the sentences.

1. Do you want to be the ____________________ or the dryer when we do dishes today?

2. Our ____________________ is able to teach us new things.

3. The ____________________ is able to keep up with the money for our group.

4. An ____________________ is someone who can give you a job.

Use the meanings of the words with the suffix ‘able’ to complete the sentences.

1. Todd is very ____________________ and gets along with everyone.

2. The food is ____________________ and is not able to stay good for a long period of time.

3. I cannot excuse the absence because it is not ____________________.

4. The weather in the area is ____________________ and they don’t know if they like that the

weather is able to change so quickly.

Use the meanings of the words with the suffix ‘ous’ to complete the sentences.

1. She is full of adventure. You might even call her ____________________.

2. She is ____________________ and is able to do things other people would be afraid to do.

3. The air conditioner was on a ____________________ cycle and worked all the time.

4. The ____________________ tree was full of cones.

Use the meanings of the words with the suffix ‘ness’ to complete the sentences.

1. The ____________________ of the baby was amazing as we watched her look across the

room.

2. The ____________________ of the light made it hard to see.

3. When people are full of ____________________ they make others smile.

4. Tim isn’t afraid to speak up because of his ____________________.

108

At the end of each line add a new word that begins with the suffix. Give the definition of the new word also.

-‐er (doer)

-‐able (able to)

-‐ous (full of)

-‐ness (state of being)

109


1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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SUFFIX MEANINGS -‐ful full of -‐ly in what manner -‐ment state of -‐less without Complete the table below, and then use the information for the next activity. WORD ROOT WORD SUFFIX MEANING OF


Bountiful bounty ful full of Abundant;plenty

Careful

Colorful

Harmful

Actively active ly in what manner Characterized by energetic work

Boldly

Clearly

Dimly

Agreement agree ment state of Being in agreement

Settlement

Amusement

Excitement

Endless end less without Without an end

Harmless

Motionless

Priceless

111

Use the meanings of the words with the suffix ‘ful’ to complete the sentences. You will need to use the meanings of the suffixes and words, along with the context clues to complete the sentences.

1. There was a ____________________ supply of cotton this year.

2. You do not want to get hurt so be ____________________ to take care of yourself.

3. The sun’s rays can burn your skin and be ____________________ to you.

4. The little girl likes clothes full of color because ____________________ clothes make her

happy.

Use the meanings of the words with the suffix ‘ly’ to complete the sentences.

1. She participates ____________________ in many sports.

2. The ____________________ lit candles did not give very much light.

3. The clean window allowed us to see ____________________ outside.

4. The candidate spoke very ____________________ on the topics.

Use the meanings of the words with the suffix ‘ment’ to complete the sentences.

1. The two boys are in ____________________ about what they should do together.

2. She likes to play dress up for ____________________.

3. The settlers found a place to settle and built a ____________________ along the river.

4. There was so much ____________________ in the room that no one could sit still.

Use the meanings of the words with the suffix ‘less’ to complete the sentences.

1. Fred sat ____________________ while the others tried to catch the bug.

2. No amount of money could purchase the type of friendship the two girls had

because their friendship was ____________________.

3. Bella wished for summer to be ____________________ because she didn’t want it to end.

4. Some spiders will not harm you because they are ____________________.

112

-‐ful (full of)

-‐ly (in what manner)

-‐ment (state of)

-‐less (without)

113


1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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114

SUFFIX MEANINGS -‐al, -‐ial having characteristics of -‐en made of -‐ity, -‐ty state of -‐y characterized by Complete the table below, and then use the information for the next activity. WORD ROOT WORD SUFFIX MEANING OF


Personal person al Having characteristics of

Characteristics like a person

Editorial

Continental

National

Wooden wood en made of Made of wood

Golden

Thicken

Wheaten

Absurdity absurd ity state of State of being ridiculous

Captivity

Ability

Novelty

Healthy health y characterized by Having to do with health

Dirty

Salty

Rainy

115

Use the meanings of the words with the suffix ‘al’ to complete the sentences. You will need to use the meanings of the suffixes and words, along with the context clues to complete the sentences.

1. The ____________________ Congress worked to help the colonists that came to America.

2. There are U.S. ____________________ living in other countries around the world.

3. That person’s opinion is her ____________________ opinion.

4. She read an ____________________ in the newspaper that expressed the opinions of the

publisher.

Use the meanings of the words with the suffix ‘en’ to complete the sentences.

1. That ____________________ spoon is made of wood.

2. The ____________________ ticket is made of shiny yellow paper.

3. Bread that is made of wheat is said to be ____________________.

4. The soup is too thin so we want to find a way to ____________________ it up a bit.

Use the meanings of the words with the suffix ‘ty’ to complete the sentences.

1. The ____________________ of their excuse was unbelievable.

2. The ____________________ of her new job had not faded.

3. The animals in the zoo are held in ____________________.

4. Her ____________________ to write well was impressive.

Use the meanings of the words with the suffix ‘y’ to complete the sentences.

1. Those chips are so ____________________ because she put extra salt on them.

2. She eats right and exercises, which helps her to be more ____________________.

3. The ____________________ dishes needed to be cleaned.

4. It is ____________________ outside so bring an umbrella.

116

At the end of each line add a new word that begins with the suffix. Give the definition of the new word also.

-‐al (character-‐istic of)

-‐en (made of)

-‐ty (state of)

-‐y (character-‐ized by)

117


1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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118

HOMOPHONES Homophones are words that sound alike, but are spelled differently.

For the pairs of homophones below, look up the meanings of each word and then draw a simple picture to show the meaning of each word. Then write the word and the meaning of the word under the picture. For example, you could draw a crown and write ‘throne’ to mean a king wears a crown on his throne.

Dear Deer

Find Fined

Gait Gate

Grate Great

119

Your Turn to Write! Now you will write sentences to show what you know! Use the homophones on the previous page to write sentences. Be sure to use the words correctly!

1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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120

For the pairs of homophones below, look up the meanings of each word and then draw a simple picture to show the meaning of each word. Then write the word and the meaning of the word under the picture.

Its It’s

Knew New

Night

Heal Heel

Knight

121


1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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122


No Know

Peace Piece

Peek

Loan Lone

Peak

123


1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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124


Seam Seem

Shone Shown

Tale

Right Write

Tail

125


1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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126


Threw Through

Too Two

Weed

There Their/They’re

We’d

127


1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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5. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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6. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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7. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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8. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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128


Wait Weight

Weak Week

Hole

We’ve Weave

Whole

129

Who’s Whose

Weather

Whether

You’re

Wood Would

Your

130

Assessments

131

Noun and Subject Test Name ______________________

Nouns

1. A noun is a __________, __________, or __________.

2. Give two examples of a common noun.

___________, __________

1. A proper noun is a __________ noun.

2. Give two examples of a proper noun.

__________, __________

Underline, with one line, the nouns in the following sentences.

5. Our class is going on a field trip.

4. Mr. Smith is the principal.

5. The dog barked at the cat.

6. The cat ran up the tree.

7. The huge house was filled with laughter.

8. The children played soccer in the field.

Subjects

Now look at the same sentences and circle the subject.


12. Mr. Smith is the principal.

13. The dog barked at the cat.

14. The cat ran up the tree.

15. The huge house was filled with laughter.

16. The children played soccer in the field.

Proper Nouns

Correct the proper nouns in the following sentences by placing a line through the letter that

should be capitalized and write the letter correctly above it.

17. The washington monument is located in the capital.

18. Dr. smith is a dentist.

19. Charlotte’s web is a great book.

20. He attends abc elementary school.

132

Verb Test Name ______________________

Underline the verb in each sentence.

1. Mrs. Smith teaches fourth grade.

2. Ms. Piper helps with Safety Patrol.

3. Mrs. Williams loves dogs.

4. Mrs. Shed lived in Alaska.

5. Mr. Thompson likes to read.

6. Mrs. Cranberry gives us band-‐aides.

7. The boy will go to the park.

8. The child played all day.

9. The bird flies high in the sky.

10. They like playing at recess.

Underline the subject once and the verb twice.

10. Fourth graders work hard.

11. Fourth graders learn a lot.

12. The class talks too much.

13. She ran in a marathon.

14. Have you cooked dinner before?


15. A butterfly is pretty.

16. I am ready for Christmas break.

17. You are ready for this test.

18. She was not cold.

19. The kids will be happy on Christmas day.

20. The tree must have been knocked down by the wind.

133

Commas, Compound Sentences, and Complex Sentences Name ____________________

Place commas in the sentences where they belong.

1. Jenny tell me about Alaska.

2. I would like a cheeseburger french fries and a coke.

3. I need to buy some paper Mom.

4. Your school Mr. Ball is the very best.

5. It would be exciting to visit London England.

Use a conjunction and comma to combine the following sentences to make compound

sentences

6. She likes pizza. He likes hot dogs.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Susie likes pizza. Susie likes hot dogs.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. I like to shop. She likes to eat.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. I like vanilla ice cream. I like chocolate ice cream too.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Combine the following sentences to make a complex sentence.

10. After I go to the store. I want to complete my homework.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

134

Types of Sentences, Pronouns, and Possessive Nouns Test

Types of Sentences -‐ Write the type of sentence on the correct line.

Declarative Interrogative

Exclamatory Imperative

1. A/an ____________________ sentence asks a question.

2. A/an ____________________ makes a statement.

3. A/an ____________________ sentence gives a command.

4. A/an ____________________ sentence shows excitement.

Write what type of sentence each one is on the line.

Declarative Interrogative

Exclamatory Imperative

____________________ 5. The book was about Europe.

____________________ 6. I love chocolate!

____________________ 7. Did you go to the zoo?

____________________ 8. Pick up your clothes.

Pronouns

Underline the pronouns in the following sentences.

9. We went to the store.

10. She and I like to dance.

11. Her dog is loud.

12. The dog is hers.

13. She bought ballet slippers.

14. They look forward to learning every day.

Possessive Nouns

Place the apostrophe in the right place for the underlined word to form a possessive noun.

15. My dogs fur is pretty. 17. All of the boys toys are cool.

16. Did you see the birds nest? 18. The teams trophy is large.

135

Subject-‐Verb Agreement and Verb Tense Test


Circle the correct verb in parentheses to make the noun and verb agree in each sentence.

1. Beautiful boats (sail, sails) by on the lake.

2. Birds (call, calls) to each other.

3. Her dog (bark, barks) at the mailman.

4. Tadpoles (change, changes) into frogs.

5. The teacher (appreciate, appreciates) good manners.

6. The performer (dance, dances) on the stage.

7. Those children (play, plays) all day.

8. The child (play, plays) in the sandbox.

Use the verb jump and write 3 sentences. Use the past tense in one sentence, present tense

in the second, and future tense in the third sentence.

9. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use the verb play and write 3 sentences. Use the past tense in one sentence, present tense

in the second, and future tense in the third sentence.

12. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

136

Prepositions, Correlative Conjunctions, and Interjections Test

Prepositions

Underline the prepositional phrase in each sentence.

1. The plane flew across the sky.

2. The wave crashed on the shore.

3. The dog ran around the yard.

Underline the prepositional phrase. Draw a circle around the preposition.

4. The boat near the dock.

5. Tim went after his father.

6. The came in a car.

7. Before I went to school, I brushed my teeth.

8. The plane flew high above the clouds.

Add a prepositional phrase to the sentence to make it more vivid and clear.

9. I rode my bike

_________________________________________________________________________________________________.

10. The dog was laying

_________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Correlative Conjunctions

Circle the correct correlative conjunction in the following sentences.

11. I would want to either go skating (nor, or) bowling.

12. I would neither want to go skating (nor, or) bowling.

Write a sentence using a pair of correlative conjunctions correctly.

13. ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Underline the interjection in the following sentences.

13. Wow! I won the lottery!

14. No! You cannot do that.

137

Capitalization, Titles of Books, and Quotation Marks Test

Capitalization Draw three short lines (proofreading marks) under the letters that should be capitalized and write the capital letter above it.

1. I went to florida on a vacation.

2. Do you know where amy lives?

3. Is it in africa?

4. She likes working in north america with dr. smith.

5. Do you celebrate st. patrick’s day in germany?

6. Does Santa claus live in the north pole?

7. I like to buy the kool-‐aid brand drinks.

8. Do you know what grade i made?

9. She likes to play with her next-‐door neighbor, sally.

10. Let’s go to washington D.C.

Titles of Books

Write the titles of the books correctly.

11. Have you read the because of winn dixie?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. The boy likes to read the hungry caterpillar.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

13. Most kids have read cinderella.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

13. Zoobreak is a book many kids like to read.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

138

Quotation Marks

Please place all punctuation in the correct place for the following sentences. Each sentence contains a quote. Write the sentences.

1. everyone is going to go to the zoo tomorrow frank said

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. can i go too asked ellen

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. i cant wait until valentines day exclaimed eli

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. me too said Sidney however i think thanksgiving is the best

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. what do you want for dinner asked mom.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

139

Adjective and Adverb Test Name ________________________________________

Adjectives

1. An adjective describes a _______________.

2. An adverb describes a _______________.

Underline, with one line, the nouns in the following sentences.

Circle the adjectives.


4. Mr. Smith is our principal.

5. The pretty girl was singing.

6. The loud dog woke the neighbor.

Use a, an, or the in the following sentences.

7. Did you make (a, an, the) good grade?

8. I saw (a, an, the) elf at the mall.

9. Let’s go play with (a, an, the) girl over there.

Adverbs

Underline, with one line, the verb in the following sentences.

Circle the adverb.

10. The dog barked loudly.

11. She played outside.

12. Do you want to eat soon?

13. The little bird sings sweetly.

140

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4th Grade Grammar & Vocabulary Skills