249
ED 407 540 TITLE INSTITUTION PUB DATE NOTE AVAILABLE FROM PUB TYPE EDRS PRICE DESCRIPTORS IDENTIFIERS ABSTRACT DOCUMENT RESUME CE 073 950 Good for Business: Making Full Use of the Nation's Human Capital. The Environmental Scan. A Fact-Finding Report of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. Mar 95 495p. U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328; World Wide Web: http://www.ilr.cornell.edu. Reports Research (143) MF02/PC20 Plus Postage. Adult Education; American Indians; Annotated Bibliographies; Asian Americans; Blacks; Change Strategies; Corporations; *Employed Women; Employer Attitudes; Employment Patterns; *Employment Practices; *Equal Opportunities (Jobs); Focus Groups; Government Employees; Hispanic Americans; Interviews; *Labor Force Development; Labor Legislation; Literature Reviews; *Minority Groups; National Surveys; Nontraditional Occupations; Private Sector; Salary Wage Differentials; Tables (Data); Trend Analysis; *Work Environment African Americans; Civil Rights Act 1991 Title II; *Glass Ceiling This document reports on barriers to the advancement of minority men and all women into decision-making positions in the private sector that were identified through a study of information from the following sources: 126 employers and employees testifying at public hearings in 5 U.S. cities; 18 commissioned research papers; survey of a sample of 25 chief executive officers (CEOs) selected across a range of industries/geographic areas; 6 racially homogeneous focus groups of Asian/Pacific Islander American, African American, and Hispanic/Latino male executives; 2 focus groups with American Indians; and special data runs of U.S. Census Bureau data. The report identifies societal, business, and governmental barriers to the advancement of minorities/women in the private sector along with successful strategies for overcoming those barriers. Fifty-one tables/figures, a 20-item annotated bibliography, and 76 references are included. Appendixes constituting approximately 30% of this document contain the following: glossary; tables detailing composition of the U.S. civilian labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin; corporate practice tables; methodology for measuring glass ceiling realities; standard industrial/occupational classifications; methodology/questions of the CEO survey; focus group methodology; tables characterizing employed persons within industry; roster of individuals testifying at public hearings; and index of tables. (MN) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************************************************************

495p. · 2013-12-16 · ing, erroneous beliefs that "no qualified women or minorities are out there," and plain old fear of change. The next order of business, then, is to learn from

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  • ED 407 540

    TITLE

    INSTITUTIONPUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE FROM

    PUB TYPEEDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

    IDENTIFIERS

    ABSTRACT

    DOCUMENT RESUME

    CE 073 950

    Good for Business: Making Full Use of the Nation's HumanCapital. The Environmental Scan. A Fact-Finding Report ofthe Federal Glass Ceiling Commission.Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.Mar 95495p.U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328; WorldWide Web: http://www.ilr.cornell.edu.Reports Research (143)MF02/PC20 Plus Postage.Adult Education; American Indians; Annotated Bibliographies;Asian Americans; Blacks; Change Strategies; Corporations;*Employed Women; Employer Attitudes; Employment Patterns;*Employment Practices; *Equal Opportunities (Jobs); FocusGroups; Government Employees; Hispanic Americans;Interviews; *Labor Force Development; Labor Legislation;Literature Reviews; *Minority Groups; National Surveys;Nontraditional Occupations; Private Sector; Salary WageDifferentials; Tables (Data); Trend Analysis; *WorkEnvironmentAfrican Americans; Civil Rights Act 1991 Title II; *GlassCeiling

    This document reports on barriers to the advancement ofminority men and all women into decision-making positions in the privatesector that were identified through a study of information from the followingsources: 126 employers and employees testifying at public hearings in 5 U.S.cities; 18 commissioned research papers; survey of a sample of 25 chiefexecutive officers (CEOs) selected across a range of industries/geographicareas; 6 racially homogeneous focus groups of Asian/Pacific IslanderAmerican, African American, and Hispanic/Latino male executives; 2 focusgroups with American Indians; and special data runs of U.S. Census Bureaudata. The report identifies societal, business, and governmental barriers tothe advancement of minorities/women in the private sector along withsuccessful strategies for overcoming those barriers. Fifty-onetables/figures, a 20-item annotated bibliography, and 76 references areincluded. Appendixes constituting approximately 30% of this document containthe following: glossary; tables detailing composition of the U.S. civilianlabor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin; corporate practice tables;methodology for measuring glass ceiling realities; standardindustrial/occupational classifications; methodology/questions of the CEOsurvey; focus group methodology; tables characterizing employed personswithin industry; roster of individuals testifying at public hearings; andindex of tables. (MN)

    ********************************************************************************

    Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.

    ********************************************************************************

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    Secr

    etar

    y of

    Lab

    or a

    s its

    cha

    ir. A

    nd it

    char

    ged

    the

    twen

    ty-o

    ne m

    embe

    r C

    omm

    issi

    on (

    itsel

    f an

    appr

    opri

    atel

    y di

    vers

    e bo

    dy, i

    n te

    rms

    of e

    thni

    city

    ,

    gend

    er, a

    nd p

    oliti

    cal a

    ffili

    atio

    n) w

    ith a

    com

    plex

    mis

    sion

    : to

    cond

    uct a

    stu

    dy a

    nd p

    repa

    re r

    ecom

    men

    da-

    tions

    on

    "elim

    inat

    ing

    artif

    icia

    l bar

    rier

    s to

    the

    adva

    ncem

    ent o

    f w

    omen

    and

    min

    oriti

    es"

    to "

    man

    agem

    ent

    and

    deci

    sion

    mak

    ing

    posi

    tions

    in b

    usin

    ess.

    "

    The

    fac

    t-fi

    ndin

    g re

    port

    that

    the

    Com

    mis

    sion

    is n

    owre

    leas

    ing

    conf

    irm

    s th

    e en

    duri

    ng a

    ptne

    ss o

    f th

    e "g

    lass

    ceili

    ng"

    met

    apho

    r. A

    t the

    hig

    hest

    leve

    ls o

    f bu

    sine

    ss, t

    here

    is in

    deed

    a b

    arri

    er o

    nly

    rare

    ly p

    enet

    rate

    d by

    wom

    en o

    r pe

    rson

    s of

    col

    or.C

    onsi

    der:

    97%

    of

    the

    seni

    or m

    anag

    ers

    of F

    ortu

    ne 1

    000

    indu

    stri

    alan

    d

    1011

  • iv

    12

    Fort

    une

    500

    com

    pani

    es a

    re w

    hite

    ; 95

    to 9

    7%ar

    e m

    ale.

    In

    Fort

    une

    2000

    indu

    stri

    al a

    nd s

    ervi

    ce c

    ompa

    -ni

    es, 5

    % o

    f se

    nior

    man

    ager

    s ar

    e w

    omen

    and

    of th

    at 5

    %, v

    irtu

    ally

    all

    are

    whi

    te.

    The

    res

    earc

    h al

    so in

    dica

    tes

    that

    whe

    re th

    ere

    are

    wom

    en a

    nd m

    inor

    ities

    in h

    igh

    plac

    es, t

    heir

    com

    pens

    a-tio

    n is

    low

    er. F

    or e

    xam

    ple,

    Afr

    ican

    Am

    eric

    anm

    en w

    ith p

    rofe

    ssio

    nal d

    egre

    es e

    arn

    79%

    of

    the

    amou

    ntea

    rned

    by

    whi

    te m

    ales

    who

    hol

    d th

    esa

    me

    degr

    ees

    and

    are

    in th

    e sa

    me

    job

    cate

    gori

    es. O

    ne s

    tudy

    fou

    ndth

    at, m

    ore

    than

    a d

    ecad

    e af

    ter

    they

    had

    gra

    duat

    ed f

    rom

    the

    Stan

    ford

    Uni

    vers

    ity o

    f B

    usin

    ess

    Scho

    ol,

    men

    wer

    e ei

    ght t

    imes

    mor

    e lik

    ely

    to b

    e C

    EO

    s th

    an w

    omen

    .

    Nor

    doe

    s th

    e ev

    iden

    ce in

    dica

    te th

    at th

    e gl

    ass

    ceili

    ng is

    a te

    mpo

    rary

    phe

    nom

    enon

    . In

    fact

    , the

    res

    earc

    hci

    ted

    here

    fin

    ds r

    elat

    ivel

    y fe

    w w

    omen

    and

    min

    oriti

    es in

    the

    posi

    tions

    mos

    t lik

    ely

    to le

    ad to

    the

    topt

    he"p

    ipel

    ine.

    " T

    he c

    ritic

    al c

    aree

    r pa

    th f

    or s

    enio

    rm

    anag

    emen

    t pos

    ition

    s re

    quir

    es ta

    king

    on

    resp

    onsi

    bilit

    ies

    mos

    t dir

    ectly

    rel

    ated

    to th

    e co

    rpor

    ate

    botto

    m li

    ne. B

    ut th

    e re

    lativ

    ely

    few

    wom

    en a

    nd m

    inor

    ities

    fou

    nd a

    tth

    e hi

    ghes

    t lev

    els

    tend

    to b

    e in

    sta

    ff p

    ositi

    ons,

    suc

    has

    hum

    an r

    esou

    rces

    , or

    rese

    arch

    , or

    adm

    inis

    trat

    ion,

    rath

    er th

    an li

    ne p

    ositi

    ons,

    suc

    h as

    mar

    ketin

    g,or

    sal

    es, o

    r pr

    oduc

    tion.

    Sim

    ilarl

    y, m

    ost c

    ompa

    nies

    req

    uire

    broa

    d an

    d va

    ried

    exp

    erie

    nce

    in c

    ore

    area

    s of

    the

    busi

    ness

    to a

    dvan

    ceex

    peri

    ence

    of

    the

    sort

    that

    ,ev

    enno

    w, t

    oo f

    ew w

    omen

    or

    min

    ority

    men

    are

    in a

    pos

    ition

    to d

    evel

    op.

    In s

    hort

    , the

    fac

    t-fi

    ndin

    g re

    port

    tells

    us th

    at th

    e w

    orld

    at t

    he to

    p of

    the

    corp

    orat

    e hi

    erar

    chy

    does

    not

    yet

    look

    any

    thin

    g lik

    e A

    mer

    ica.

    Tw

    o-th

    irds

    of

    our

    popu

    latio

    n, a

    nd 5

    7 pe

    rcen

    t of

    the

    wor

    king

    pop

    ulat

    ion,

    isfe

    mal

    e, o

    r m

    inor

    ities

    , or

    both

    . Nor

    , om

    inou

    sly,

    doe

    s th

    epo

    pula

    tion

    of to

    day'

    s ex

    ecut

    ive

    suite

    res

    embl

    eth

    e w

    orkf

    orce

    of

    Am

    eric

    a's

    futu

    re. W

    omen

    and

    min

    ority

    men

    will

    mak

    e up

    62%

    of

    the

    wor

    kfor

    ce b

    y th

    eye

    ar 2

    005.

    As

    man

    y of

    the

    CE

    Os

    inte

    rvie

    wed

    by

    the

    Com

    mis

    sion

    obs

    erve

    d, th

    isst

    ate

    of a

    ffai

    rs is

    not

    goo

    d fo

    r bu

    sine

    ss.

    Cor

    pora

    te le

    ader

    s re

    cogn

    ize

    that

    it is

    nece

    ssar

    y fo

    r th

    eir

    busi

    ness

    that

    they

    bet

    ter

    refl

    ect t

    he m

    arke

    t- p

    lace

    and

    thei

    r cu

    stom

    ers.

    The

    ir tr

    adin

    gpa

    rtne

    rs a

    nd c

    usto

    mer

    s ar

    e be

    com

    ing

    mor

    e gl

    obal

    and

    div

    erse

    . And

    tosu

    ccee

    d in

    this

    incr

    easi

    ngly

    com

    petit

    ive

    envi

    ronm

    ent,

    they

    need

    to a

    ttrac

    t and

    ret

    ain

    the

    best

    , mos

    t fle

    xibl

    ew

    orke

    rs a

    nd le

    ader

    s av

    aila

    ble,

    for

    all

    leve

    ls o

    f th

    eir

    orga

    niza

    tion.

    Nar

    row

    ing

    the

    pool

    of

    tale

    nt f

    rom

    whi

    chth

    ey d

    raw

    isam

    ong

    othe

    r th

    ings

    a bl

    unde

    r in

    com

    petit

    ive

    tact

    ics.

    Mos

    t bus

    ines

    s le

    ader

    s kn

    ow th

    at th

    eysi

    mpl

    y ca

    nnot

    aff

    ord

    to r

    ely

    excl

    usiv

    ely

    on w

    hite

    mal

    es f

    or p

    ositi

    ons

    of le

    ader

    ship

    .

    13

  • The

    fac

    ts s

    uppo

    rt th

    eir

    cont

    entio

    n th

    atdi

    vers

    ity is

    goo

    d fo

    r bu

    sine

    ss. A

    199

    3 st

    udy

    of S

    tand

    ard

    and

    Poor

    500

    com

    pani

    es s

    how

    ed th

    at f

    irm

    s th

    atsu

    ccee

    d in

    sha

    tteri

    ng th

    eir

    own

    glas

    sce

    iling

    s ra

    cked

    up

    stoc

    k-m

    ar-

    ket r

    ecor

    ds th

    at w

    ere

    near

    ly tw

    o an

    d a

    half

    tim

    es b

    ette

    r th

    an o

    ther

    wis

    e-co

    mpa

    rabl

    eco

    mpa

    nies

    .

    Nev

    erth

    eles

    s, a

    s th

    e re

    port

    fin

    ds, s

    erio

    usba

    rrie

    rs to

    adv

    ance

    men

    t rem

    ains

    uch

    aspe

    rsis

    tent

    ste

    reot

    yp-

    ing,

    err

    oneo

    us b

    elie

    fs th

    at "

    no q

    ualif

    ied

    wom

    en o

    rm

    inor

    ities

    are

    out

    ther

    e,"

    and

    plai

    n ol

    dfe

    ar o

    f

    chan

    ge.

    The

    nex

    t ord

    er o

    f bu

    sine

    ss, t

    hen,

    is to

    lear

    n fr

    om th

    e su

    cces

    s st

    orie

    sto

    find

    out

    the

    best

    mea

    ns o

    f

    inve

    stin

    g in

    the

    hum

    an a

    sset

    s th

    at to

    geth

    erfo

    rm A

    mer

    ica'

    s m

    ost i

    mpo

    rtan

    t pro

    duct

    ive

    reso

    urce

    .The

    Com

    mis

    sion

    's r

    epor

    t con

    tain

    s ca

    se s

    tudi

    es o

    fwor

    ld-c

    lass

    com

    pani

    es th

    at h

    ave

    boos

    ted

    prof

    its w

    hile

    eff

    ec-

    tivel

    y el

    imin

    atin

    g gl

    ass

    ceili

    ng b

    arri

    ers

    inth

    eir

    orga

    niza

    tions

    . It a

    lso

    iden

    tifie

    s so

    me

    of th

    e fa

    ctor

    s co

    m-

    mon

    to s

    ucce

    ssfu

    l cor

    pora

    tein

    itiat

    ives

    begi

    nnin

    g w

    ith h

    igh-

    leve

    l com

    mitm

    enta

    nd le

    ader

    ship

    and

    incl

    udin

    g co

    rpor

    ate-

    wid

    e ac

    coun

    tabi

    lity.

    We

    need

    to le

    arn

    from

    thes

    e le

    sson

    san

    d cr

    eate

    mod

    els

    of s

    ucce

    ss f

    or a

    llA

    mer

    ican

    wor

    kers

    , to

    dem

    on-

    stra

    te p

    alpa

    bly

    that

    har

    d w

    ork

    and

    tale

    nt w

    ill b

    e re

    war

    ded

    and

    prom

    oted

    . Thi

    s is

    the

    only

    way

    to p

    rese

    rve

    for

    the

    mod

    ern

    age,

    and

    to p

    ass

    on to

    futu

    re g

    ener

    atio

    ns, t

    he a

    ge-o

    ld A

    mer

    ican

    ethi

    c of

    wor

    k an

    d its

    rew

    ard.

    As

    we

    have

    lear

    ned

    thro

    ugh

    the

    wor

    kof

    the

    Gla

    ss C

    eilin

    g C

    omm

    issi

    on, s

    hatte

    ring

    the

    glas

    s ce

    iling

    bot

    h

    serv

    es o

    ur n

    atio

    nal

    valu

    es a

    nd m

    akes

    our

    bus

    ines

    ses

    stro

    nger

    .

    Am

    eric

    awhi

    ch h

    as a

    lway

    s be

    en a

    nat

    ion

    cont

    aini

    ng w

    ide

    dive

    rsity

    and

    pro

    foun

    ddi

    ffer

    ence

    shas

    bee

    n

    boun

    d to

    geth

    er b

    y sh

    ared

    pro

    mis

    e of

    expa

    ndin

    g op

    port

    unity

    . We

    cann

    ot a

    llow

    ours

    elve

    s to

    be

    deto

    ured

    from

    the

    next

    sta

    ge o

    f ou

    r na

    tiona

    ljou

    rney

    . The

    incl

    usiv

    e va

    lues

    that

    mod

    eled

    our

    pas

    t,an

    d th

    e ec

    o-

    nom

    ic im

    pera

    tives

    of

    a ch

    alle

    ngin

    gfu

    ture

    , bot

    h re

    quir

    e us

    to o

    verc

    ome

    the

    "gla

    ss c

    eilin

    g" th

    at m

    ars

    the

    arch

    itect

    ure

    of o

    ur e

    cono

    my

    toda

    y.

    1415

  • AC

    KE

    I W

    ilLE

    DG

    EM

    EN

    TS

    Spec

    ial t

    hank

    s to

    thos

    e in

    divi

    dual

    s w

    ho,

    beyo

    nd th

    eir

    regu

    lar

    dutie

    s, g

    reat

    ly

    faci

    litat

    ed th

    e w

    ork

    of th

    e C

    omm

    issi

    on.

    Jean

    nie

    Ben

    etti

    Ann

    Boo

    kman

    Car

    men

    Cam

    pbel

    l

    Dia

    ne C

    roth

    ers

    Rud

    y D

    e L

    a G

    arza

    Nor

    m D

    eWea

    ver

    Tom

    Dow

    d

    Glo

    ria

    Duu

    s

    Ron

    ald

    Edw

    ards

    Den

    nis

    Falc

    on

    Joce

    lyn

    Frye

    Jenn

    ifer

    Gar

    dner

    Ang

    ela

    Jack

    son

    Luk

    e H

    ende

    rson

    Nao

    mi H

    ende

    rson

    Cat

    heri

    ne H

    usba

    nds

    Kay

    a Ik

    uma

    Yvo

    nne

    Lee

    Tis

    h L

    eona

    rd

    Geo

    rgia

    na M

    cGui

    re

    Qui

    nn M

    iddl

    eton

    Joyc

    e M

    iller

    Ann

    Mor

    riso

    n

    Siob

    han

    Nic

    olau

    Har

    ry P

    acho

    n

    Lin

    da P

    aris

    Kar

    in P

    edri

    ck

    Her

    mel

    inda

    Pom

    pa

    Eliz

    abet

    h R

    ose

    Tho

    mas

    Sco

    pp

    Step

    hani

    e Sw

    irsk

    y

    Cla

    riss

    a T

    om

    Hei

    di T

    om

    Vin

    ce T

    rive

    lli

    Elle

    n W

    erni

    ck

    Lin

    da F

    aye

    Will

    iam

    s

    Shir

    ley

    Witc

    her

    Bar

    bara

    Woo

    tton

    The

    Fed

    eral

    Gla

    ss C

    eilin

    g C

    omm

    issi

    on w

    ishe

    sto

    than

    k th

    e m

    any

    peop

    le w

    hoga

    ve o

    f th

    eir

    time,

    ener

    gy, a

    nd e

    xper

    ienc

    es to

    hel

    p m

    ake

    this

    repo

    rtpo

    ssib

    le. W

    ithou

    t the

    ir s

    usta

    ined

    coop

    erat

    ive

    effo

    rt a

    nd c

    omm

    itmen

    t to

    exce

    llenc

    e,th

    e w

    ide

    rang

    e of

    dat

    a an

    d ex

    peri

    ence

    s ch

    roni

    cled

    inth

    is r

    epor

    t cou

    ld n

    ot h

    ave

    been

    gat

    here

    dan

    dpu

    blis

    hed.

    We

    wel

    com

    e th

    is o

    ppor

    tuni

    tyto

    app

    reci

    ate

    the

    staf

    f of

    the

    Gla

    ss C

    eilin

    g C

    omm

    issi

    onw

    hose

    tire

    -le

    ss e

    ffor

    t hel

    ped

    fulf

    ill th

    is m

    anda

    te.

    We

    are

    grat

    eful

    for

    thei

    r st

    rong

    ste

    war

    dshi

    p:'Y

    vonn

    e

    Lac

    ey, L

    oret

    ta D

    avis

    , How

    ard

    S. H

    anke

    rson

    ,G

    ordo

    n B

    erg,

    Deb

    ra B

    row

    n, C

    arm

    enT

    . Lep

    e,A

    my

    Gol

    en, A

    licia

    Nee

    ring

    , Vic

    tor

    Sew

    ell,

    and

    Shar

    on M

    use.

    And

    to a

    ll w

    ho h

    ave

    serv

    edon

    sta

    ffov

    er th

    e lif

    e of

    the

    com

    mis

    sion

    , our

    than

    ks.

    To

    all o

    f th

    ose

    peop

    le th

    roug

    hout

    the

    regi

    ons

    whe

    re o

    ur h

    eari

    ngs

    wer

    e he

    ld g

    o ou

    r gr

    atitu

    de f

    orth

    eir

    gene

    rous

    res

    pons

    e.

    Our

    wor

    k w

    ould

    hav

    e be

    en im

    poss

    ible

    with

    out t

    hesu

    ppor

    t of

    the

    U.S

    . Dep

    artm

    ent o

    f L

    abor

    who

    has

    give

    n us

    a h

    ome

    com

    plet

    e w

    ithsu

    ppor

    t ser

    vice

    san

    d th

    e ne

    cess

    ary

    aid

    and

    advi

    ceto

    allo

    w u

    s to

    oper

    ate.

    Fina

    lly, t

    he F

    eder

    al G

    lass

    Cei

    ling

    Com

    mis

    sion

    wou

    ld li

    ke to

    rec

    ogni

    ze th

    e ab

    lem

    en a

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    .S. B

    urea

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    stat

    usof

    min

    oriti

    es a

    nd w

    omen

    by

    indu

    stri

    al s

    ecto

    r.

    26

    TH

    E R

    EPO

    RT

    S

    Gla

    ss c

    eilin

    g is

    sues

    are

    abo

    ut b

    usin

    ess

    and

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    t

    peop

    le w

    ho w

    ork

    in b

    usin

    ess.

    The

    refo

    re,f

    or th

    e

    firs

    t rep

    ort,

    the

    find

    ings

    and

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    clus

    ions

    are

    pre

    -

    sent

    ed in

    an

    "Env

    iron

    men

    tal S

    can.

    "T

    he s

    econ

    d

    repo

    rt w

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    onta

    in r

    ecom

    men

    datio

    nsan

    d w

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    e a

    "Str

    ateg

    ic P

    lan.

    "

    Rep

    ort O

    ne: T

    he E

    nvir

    onm

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    anT

    his

    docu

    men

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    nvir

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    an,

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    the

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    Fede

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    Com

    mis

    sion

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    ulta

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    hea

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    udie

    s,

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    rvie

    ws,

    foc

    us g

    roup

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    nd p

    anel

    dis

    cuss

    ions

    as w

    ell a

    s its

    rev

    iew

    ofo

    ther

    pub

    lic a

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    te

    rese

    arch

    .

    The

    Env

    iron

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    desc

    ribe

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    dan

    alyz

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    rs id

    entif

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    epen

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    Dep

    artm

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    rmat

    ion

    gath

    ered

    in th

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    ale

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    utiv

    e fo

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    ps, t

    he A

    mer

    ican

    Ind

    ian

    focu

    s gr

    oups

    , the

    CE

    O s

    urve

    y in

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    pub

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    It a

    lso

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    san

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    ract

    ices

    that

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    ebe

    en e

    mpl

    oyed

    suc

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    fully

    to p

    rom

    ote

    the

    adva

    ncem

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    inor

    ities

    and

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    en to

    seni

    or-l

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    pos

    ition

    s in

    the

    priv

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    The

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    xam

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    em

    erge

    d fr

    om C

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    issi

    onre

    sear

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    ondu

    cted

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    Cat

    alys

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    mth

    e

    Gla

    ss c

    eilin

    g is

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    ut

    busi

    ness

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    e w

    ho w

    ork

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    usin

    ess.

    2?

  • Man

    y ju

    dgm

    ents

    on

    hiri

    ng a

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    otio

    n ar

    e m

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    on th

    e ba

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    look

    , the

    sha

    pe o

    f a

    body

    , or

    the

    colo

    r

    of s

    kin.

    6

    28

    Com

    mis

    sion

    's w

    ork

    in p

    repa

    ring

    for

    the

    Fran

    ces

    Perk

    insE

    lizab

    eth

    Han

    ford

    Dol

    eN

    atio

    nal A

    war

    d fo

    r D

    iver

    sity

    and

    Exc

    elle

    nce

    in A

    mer

    ican

    Exe

    cutiv

    e M

    anag

    emen

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    lly, T

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    nvir

    onm

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    nsu

    mm

    ariz

    esth

    e pe

    rcep

    tions

    of

    corp

    orat

    e le

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    san

    dm

    inor

    ities

    and

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    oran

    d pr

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    ts a

    vaila

    ble

    quan

    titat

    ive

    data

    that

    supp

    orts

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    tes

    them

    .

    Em

    phas

    is is

    pla

    ced

    on p

    erce

    ptio

    ns b

    ecau

    sepe

    rcep

    tions

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    , per

    petu

    ate

    the

    exis

    tenc

    e of

    the

    glas

    s ce

    iling

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    ier.

    Perc

    eptio

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    e be

    lieve

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    ansl

    ate

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    r be

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    vior

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    titud

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    nd b

    ias.

    Man

    y ju

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    irin

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    omot

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    are

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    dy, o

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    A 1

    992

    repo

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    ost p

    rogr

    essi

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    esse

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    stitu

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    eade

    rs: G

    uide

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    p

    Div

    ersi

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    Am

    eric

    a by

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    M. M

    orri

    son,

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    ce a

    gain

    st m

    inor

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    and

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    con

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    lem

    ost i

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    rtan

    t bar

    rier

    to th

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    into

    the

    exec

    utiv

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    For

    this

    reas

    on,

    this

    rep

    ort e

    xplo

    res

    the

    perc

    eptio

    nsof

    empl

    oyer

    s an

    d em

    ploy

    ees,

    out

    lines

    the

    popu

    lar

    ster

    eoty

    pes,

    and

    then

    cont

    rast

    s th

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    ata

    and

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    ings

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    eate

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    ities

    and

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    us o

    f m

    inor

    ity

    men

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    wom

    en w

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    re a

    ffec

    ted

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    ass

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    ng.

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    h of

    the

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    itativ

    e in

    form

    atio

    non

    perc

    eptio

    ns is

    dra

    wn

    dire

    ctly

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    mtr

    ansc

    ript

    sof

    the

    Com

    mis

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    's f

    ive

    publ

    iche

    arin

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    heC

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    ority

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    Ind

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    edon

    priv

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    eys

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    Com

    mis

    sion

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    arch

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    xten

    sive

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    lyse

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    . Dep

    artm

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    s da

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    ared

    exp

    ress

    lyfo

    rth

    e C

    omm

    issi

    on. S

    peci

    fic

    sour

    ces

    are

    cite

    d in

    the

    body

    of

    this

    rep

    ort.

    Rep

    ortt

    Tw

    o: A

    Str

    ateg

    ic P

    ian

    A s

    econ

    d re

    port

    will

    pres

    ent t

    he C

    omm

    issi

    on's

    reco

    mm

    enda

    tions

    bas

    edon

    its

    find

    ings

    . The

    sere

    com

    men

    datio

    ns w

    ill f

    orm

    a "S

    trat

    egic

    Pla

    n"th

    at w

    ill b

    e pr

    esen

    ted

    to th

    e Pr

    esid

    ent a

    nd th

    eC

    ongr

    ess

    in th

    e Su

    mm

    er o

    f 19

    95.

    The

    rec

    omm

    enda

    tions

    will

    spe

    akto

    the

    impe

    rativ

    e of

    dis

    man

    tling

    art

    ific

    ial b

    arri

    ers

    toad

    vanc

    emen

    t. T

    he r

    ecom

    men

    datio

    ns w

    illbe

    desi

    gned

    to a

    ssur

    e eq

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    ble

    oppo

    rtun

    ityfo

    rw

    hite

    men

    , min

    oriti

    es, a

    ndw

    omen

    .

    29

  • K_O

    WE

    RW

    EN

    g O

    F U

    N E

    'RA

    ICU

    -EFE

    IXPE

    IRM

    ME

    LD

    OM

    ©or

    pora

    te le

    ader

    s su

    rvey

    ed, a

    nd w

    omen

    and

    min

    oriti

    es w

    ho p

    artic

    ipat

    ed in

    foc

    us g

    roup

    s,

    rese

    arch

    ers,

    and

    gov

    ernm

    ent o

    ffic

    ials

    ,all

    agre

    e

    that

    a g

    lass

    cei

    ling

    exis

    ts a

    nd th

    atit

    oper

    ates

    subs

    tant

    ially

    to e

    xclu

    de m

    inor

    ities

    and

    wom

    en

    from

    the

    top

    leve

    ls o

    f m

    anag

    emen

    t.A

    t the

    sam

    e

    time,

    incr

    easi

    ng n

    umbe

    rs o

    f co

    rpor

    ate

    lead

    ers

    reco

    gniz

    e th

    at g

    lass

    cei

    lings

    and

    excl

    usio

    n of

    mem

    bers

    of

    grou

    ps o

    ther

    than

    whi

    te n

    on-

    His

    pani

    c m

    ales

    are

    bad

    for

    bus

    ines

    sbe

    caus

    e

    of r

    ecen

    t dra

    mat

    ic s

    hift

    s in

    thre

    e ar

    eas

    that

    are

    fund

    amen

    tal t

    o bu

    sine

    ss s

    urvi

    val:

    O C

    hang

    es in

    the

    dem

    ogra

    phic

    s of

    the

    labo

    r

    forc

    eO

    Cha

    nges

    in th

    ede

    mog

    raph

    ics

    of th

    e

    natio

    nal c

    onsu

    mer

    mar

    kets

    O T

    he r

    apid

    glo

    baliz

    atio

    nof

    the

    mar

    ketp

    lace

    CE

    Os

    stat

    e th

    at th

    e ne

    ed to

    com

    pete

    in c

    hang

    ing

    natio

    nal a

    nd in

    tern

    atio

    nal b

    usin

    ess

    envi

    ronm

    ents

    is d

    rivi

    ng b

    usin

    ess

    to a

    ddre

    ss g

    lass

    ceili

    ng is

    sues

    beca

    use: G

    lass

    cei

    lings

    exc

    lude

    fro

    m to

    ple

    ader

    ship

    of c

    orpo

    ratio

    ns a

    ble

    peop

    le o

    fdi

    vers

    e

    back

    grou

    nds

    that

    bus

    ines

    ses

    need

    inor

    der

    to c

    ompe

    te s

    ucce

    ssfu

    lly

    30

    0 T

    op q

    ualit

    y pe

    ople

    ,reg

    ardl

    ess

    of g

    ende

    r,

    race

    , or

    ethn

    icity

    , are

    esse

    ntia

    l to

    the

    heal

    th a

    nd p

    rofi

    tabi

    lity

    of b

    usin

    ess

    Des

    pite

    the

    grow

    ing

    awar

    enes

    s am

    ong

    corp

    orat

    ele

    ader

    ship

    of

    the

    botto

    m-l

    ine

    valu

    e an

    dec

    onom

    ic

    impe

    rativ

    e of

    incl

    udin

    g m

    inor

    ities

    and

    wom

    enin

    seni

    or c

    orpo

    rate

    man

    agem

    ent,

    prog

    ress

    has

    been

    disa

    ppoi

    ntin

    gly

    slow

    , and

    bar

    rier

    s pe

    rsis

    twhi

    ch

    stop

    abl

    e pe

    ople

    fro

    mac

    hiev

    ing

    thei

    r fu

    ll em

    ploy

    -

    men

    t pot

    entia

    l.

    GL

    ASS

    CE

    BU

    NG

    EL

    :A

    MB

    ER

    S

    Gla

    ss C

    eilin

    g re

    sear

    ch r

    evea

    ls th

    ree

    leve

    ls o

    f

    artif

    icia

    l bar

    rier

    s to

    the

    adva

    ncem

    ento

    f m

    inor

    ities

    and

    wom

    en in

    the

    priv

    ate

    sect

    or th

    atco

    ntra

    dict

    this

    nat

    ion'

    s et

    hic

    of in

    divi

    dual

    wor

    than

    dac

    coun

    tabi

    lityt

    he b

    elie

    f th

    at e

    duca

    tion,

    trai

    n-in

    g, d

    edic

    atio

    n, a

    nd h

    ard

    wor

    k w

    illle

    ad to

    a

    bette

    r lif

    e.

    The

    thre

    e le

    vels

    of

    barr

    iers

    iden

    tifie

    dby

    the

    Com

    mis

    sion

    res

    earc

    h, C

    EO

    stu

    dies

    , and

    focu

    s

    grou

    ps a

    re th

    ese:

    Soci

    etal

    Bar

    rier

    s w

    hich

    may

    be

    outs

    ide

    the

    dire

    ct c

    ontr

    ol o

    f bu

    sine

    ss

    Cor

    pora

    te le

    ader

    s su

    rvey

    ed, a

    nd

    wom

    en a

    nd m

    inor

    ities

    who

    part

    ic-

    ipat

    ed in

    foc

    us g

    roup

    s, r

    esea

    rche

    rs,

    and

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    rnm

    ent o

    ffic

    ials

    , all

    agre

    e

    that

    a g

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    ling

    exis

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    at it

    oper

    ates

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    stan

    tially

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    xclu

    de

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    oriti

    es a

    nd w

    omen

    fro

    m th

    e

    top

    leve

    ls o

    f m

    anag

    emen

    t.

    31

    7

  • 8

    Cor

    pora

    te le

    ader

    s w

    ho h

    ave

    succ

    essf

    ully

    add

    ress

    ed th

    e

    busi

    ness

    bar

    rier

    s to

    the

    adva

    ncem

    ent

    of m

    inor

    ities

    and

    wom

    en a

    re

    thos

    e w

    ho h

    ave

    squa

    rely

    con

    fron

    ted

    the

    real

    ity th

    at th

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    prio

    ritie

    s an

    d

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    s of

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    e- a

    nd

    uppe

    r-le

    vel m

    anag

    ers

    are

    not a

    lway

    s

    syno

    nym

    ous.

    32

    The

    Sup

    ply

    Bar

    rier

    rel

    ated

    toed

    ucat

    iona

    l opp

    ortu

    nity

    and

    atta

    inm

    ent

    The

    Dif

    fere

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    rier

    as m

    anif

    este

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    ncon

    scio

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    ster

    eoty

    ping

    , pre

    judi

    ce, a

    nd b

    ias

    rela

    ted

    to g

    ende

    r, r

    ace,

    and

    eth

    nici

    ty.

    0 In

    tern

    al S

    truc

    tura

    l Bar

    rier

    s w

    ithin

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    ct c

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    ol o

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    ss

    Out

    reac

    h an

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    tmen

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    Cor

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    es th

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    olat

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    inor

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    pelin

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    ectly

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    ect

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    rtun

    ity f

    or a

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    cem

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    al p

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    ster

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    essi

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    ernm

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    nfor

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    llect

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    greg

    ate

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    equa

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    g op

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    n be

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    n be

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    ress

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    anag

    ers

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    nony

    -

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    s. T

    hese

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    pani

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    ave

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    ansi

    tion

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    clus

    ion

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    uing

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    ospe

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    heir

    exp

    erie

    nce

    dem

    onst

    rate

    s th

    atba

    rrie

    rs c

    an b

    e ov

    erco

    me.

    33

  • WH

    AT

    OR

    KS

    TO

    OV

    ER

    CO

    ME

    BU

    SIN

    ESS

    AR

    RO

    ER

    S

    The

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    "one

    way

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    elim

    inat

    e th

    e ba

    rrie

    rsto

    the

    adva

    ncem

    ent o

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    inor

    ities

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    wom

    enin

    the

    priv

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    or. E

    ach

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    pany

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    ate

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    ituat

    ion

    and

    need

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    owev

    er, a

    naly

    sis

    of th

    e co

    mpa

    nies

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    are

    man

    agin

    g ch

    ange

    eff

    ectiv

    ely

    indi

    cate

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    at th

    e

    follo

    win

    g ch

    arac

    teri

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    aile

    d in

    this

    rep

    ort

    are

    com

    mon

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    ll su

    cces

    sful

    glas

    s ce

    iling

    initi

    ativ

    es:

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    hey

    have

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    uppo

    rtO

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    e pa

    rt o

    f th

    e st

    rate

    gic

    busi

    ness

    plan

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    hey

    are

    spec

    ific

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    e or

    gani

    zatio

    n

    o T

    hey

    are

    incl

    usiv

    ethe

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    excl

    ude

    whi

    te n

    on-H

    ispa

    nic

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    hey

    addr

    ess

    prec

    once

    ptio

    ns a

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    o-

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    y em

    phas

    ize

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    ire

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    unta

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    n th

    e lin

    eO

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    ack

    prog

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    hey

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    com

    preh

    ensi

    ve

    TH

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    NV

    IRO

    NM

    EN

    TA

    L S

    CA

    N

    Des

    pite

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    num

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    orpo

    rate

    lead

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    who

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    side

    r di

    vers

    ity a

    t the

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    ager

    ial a

    ndde

    cisi

    onm

    akin

    g le

    vels

    to b

    e an

    impo

    rtan

    t iss

    ue

    impa

    ctin

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    eir

    com

    pany

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    otto

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    ne, s

    igni

    fica

    ntba

    rrie

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    ontin

    ue to

    exi

    st a

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    ious

    leve

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    ithin

    orga

    niza

    tions

    and

    are

    exp

    erie

    nced

    dif

    fere

    ntly

    by

    diff

    eren

    t eth

    nic

    and

    raci

    al g

    roup

    s. T

    hese

    bar

    rier

    s

    34

    impe

    de th

    e ad

    vanc

    emen

    t of

    qual

    ifie

    d m

    inor

    ities

    and

    wom

    en. I

    n ge

    nera

    l, A

    fric

    an A

    mer

    ican

    s,A

    mer

    ican

    Ind

    ians

    , Asi

    an a

    nd P

    acif

    ic I

    slan

    der

    Am

    eric

    ans,

    and

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    pani

    c A

    mer

    ican

    s re

    sist

    the

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    of th

    e te

    rm m

    inor

    ity w

    hich

    they

    fee

    l im

    plie

    s

    infe

    rior

    ity. I

    t has

    bee

    n po

    inte

    d ou

    t tha

    t in

    the

    U.S

    .

    any

    popu

    latio

    n is

    a m

    inor

    ity if

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    cupi

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    rdin

    ate

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    ositi

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    rel

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    n to

    ano

    ther

    popu

    latio

    n w

    ithin

    the

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    e co

    untr

    y or

    soc

    iety

    .

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    ican

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    eric

    an, A

    mer

    ican

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    ian,

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    pani

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    mer

    ican

    men

    bel

    ieve

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    with

    in th

    eir

    grou

    ps

    not e

    noug

    h in

    divi

    dual

    s ar

    e ea

    rnin

    g th

    ede

    gree

    s

    that

    bus

    ines

    s ne

    eds.

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    the

    othe

    r ha

    nd, t

    hey

    also

    perc

    eive

    that

    eve

    n th

    ose

    who

    hav

    e th

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    cred

    en-

    tials

    fac

    e br

    ick,

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    and

    thic

    k gl

    ass

    ceili

    ngs

    that

    blo

    ck th

    eir

    adva

    ncem

    ent t

    o se

    nior

    -le

    vel d

    ecis

    ionm

    akin

    g po

    sitio

    ns. A

    sur

    vey

    of s

    enio

    r-

    leve

    l mal

    e m

    anag

    ers

    in F

    ortu

    ne 1

    000

    indu

    stri

    al

    and

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    une

    500

    serv

    ice

    indu

    stri

    es s

    how

    s th

    atal

    mos

    t 97

    perc

    ent a

    re w

    hite

    , 0.6

    are

    Afr

    ican

    Am

    eric

    an, 0

    .3 p

    erce

    nt a

    re A

    sian

    , and

    0.4

    per

    cent

    are

    His

    pani

    c.

    Afr

    ican

    Am

    eric

    an m

    en a

    nd w

    omen

    com

    pris

    e le

    ss

    than

    2.5

    per

    cent

    of

    tota

    l em

    ploy

    men

    t in

    the

    top

    jobs

    in th

    e pr

    ivat

    e se

    ctor

    . Afr

    ican

    Am

    eric

    an m

    enw

    ith p

    rofe

    ssio

    nal d

    egre

    es e

    arn

    only

    79

    perc

    ent o

    f

    the

    amou

    nt o

    f th

    eir

    whi

    te m

    ale

    coun

    terp

    arts

    ;A

    fric

    an A

    mer

    ican

    wom

    en w

    ith p

    rofe

    ssio

    nal

    degr

    ees

    earn

    onl

    y 60

    per

    cent

    of

    wha

    t whi

    te m

    ales

    earn

    . Afr

    ican

    Am

    eric

    ans

    repr

    esen

    t a$2

    57 b

    illio

    n

    cons

    umer

    mar

    ket.

    In g

    ener

    al, A

    fric

    an A

    mer

    ican

    s,

    Am

    eric

    an I

    ndia

    ns, A

    sian

    and

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    ific

    Isla

    nder

    Am

    eric

    ans,

    and

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    pani

    c

    Am

    eric

    ans

    resi

    st th

    e us

    e of

    the

    term

    min

    ority

    whi

    ch th

    ey f

    eel i

    mpl

    ies

    infe

    rior

    ity.

    35

  • Onl

    y 9

    perc

    ent o

    f A

    mer

    ican

    Ind

    ians

    in th

    e w

    ork-

    forc

    e ho

    ld c

    olle

    ge d

    egre

    es. A

    mer

    ican

    Ind

    ians

    have

    the

    high

    est h

    igh

    scho

    ol d

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    utra

    te o

    f an

    yet

    hnic

    or

    raci

    al g

    roup

    36 p

    erce

    nt. A

    ccor

    ding

    to th

    e 19

    90 c

    ensu

    s, o

    nly

    7,86

    2 A

    mer

    ican

    Ind

    ians

    held

    exe

    cutiv

    e, a

    dmin

    istr

    ativ

    e,or

    man

    ager

    ial

    posi

    tions

    at a

    ny le

    vel,

    very

    littl

    e of

    it in

    the

    priv

    ate

    sect

    or.

    From

    196

    0 to

    199

    0, A

    sian

    and

    Pac

    ific

    Isl

    ande

    r

    Am

    eric

    ans

    wer

    e th

    e fa

    stes

    t gro

    win

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    inor

    itygr

    oup.

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    an a

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    acif

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    slan

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    Am

    eric

    ans

    repr

    esen

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    illio

    n co

    nsum

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    t. A

    sian

    and

    Paci

    fic

    Isla

    nder

    men

    fee

    l tha

    t the

    y ha

    vem

    ore

    than

    suf

    fici

    ent e

    duca

    tiona

    l cre

    dent

    ials

    and

    exp

    eri-

    ence

    and

    stil

    l are

    kep

    t und

    er th

    e ce

    iling

    bec

    ause

    they

    are

    per

    ceiv

    ed a

    s su

    peri

    or p

    rofe

    ssio

    nals

    but

    not a

    s m

    anag

    emen

    t mat

    eria

    l.

    His

    pani

    c A

    mer

    ican

    men

    hav

    e th

    e hi

    ghes

    t wor

    k-fo

    rce

    part

    icip

    atio

    n ra

    te o

    f any

    eth

    nic

    grou

    p at

    78.2

    per

    cent

    . In

    1990

    , 370

    ,000

    His

    pani

    c

    Am

    eric

    ans

    had

    earn

    ed a

    dvan

    ce d

    egre

    esno

    w c

    on-

    side

    red

    esse

    ntia

    l for

    clim

    bing

    the

    corp

    orat

    ela

    dder

    . His

    pani

    c A

    mer

    ican

    rep

    rese

    nta

    $175

    billi

    on c

    onsu

    mer

    mar

    ket.

    Whi

    te w

    omen

    in C

    orpo

    rate

    Am

    eric

    aag

    ree

    they

    have

    mad

    e so

    me

    mov

    emen

    t thr

    ough