م4896-4894 ةينمرلأا ةلأسلماو نوتسدلاج رمع ينسح فسويrepository.aabu.edu.jo/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1426/1/يوسف... · رمع ينسح فسوي

يوسف حسني عمر4896-4894جالدستون واملسألة األرمنية

2146، /د4 العدد ،22 اجمللداملنارة، 434

م4896-4894لة األرمنية واملسأجالدستون

*يوسف حسني عمر

Abstract

The study aim to shed light on Gladstone position towards the Armenian question.

Gladstone holding the office of prime minister in Britain for four times decided to retire

from political work and public service, but the Armenian grievances made him reverse his

decision.

أستاذ مشارك، قشه التاريخ، جامعة األقصى. *



Out of political and religious motivations, he launched a hostile and violent

campaign against the Ottoman State through employing rhetorical speeches in mass

meetings and sending seditious letters to gatherings he couldn't attend due to health

reasons and advancement of age. This resulted in inciting the public opinion in Britain

against the Ottoman State. The study aims to show Gladstone’s hostile attitude towards

the Ottoman State as an Islamic state, and his resistance and incitement against it in

Britain, through employing the Armenian question. Descriptive method has been used in

many aspects of research as well as analytical method.

Keywords: Gladstone, Armenians, Great Britain, Ottoman State, The Eastern

Question.

:املقدمة

Millet



Hatti Şerif

GülhaneHatt-ı Hümâyûn



ErzroumVan

BitlisKharpoutDiarbekirSivas

Armenakans

Hunchak

Dashnak



:مىقف جالدستىٌ جتاه املشًحًني يف الدولة العجناىًة

Unspeakable Turk



Henry Elliot

Kurdish Oppression

Benjamin Disraeli

San Stefano

:تبمىر مىقف جالدستىٌ مً املشألة األرميًة



HawardenLiverpool

:4981ديشنرب/كاىىٌ أول 41رسالة جالدستىٌ التحريضًة يف

Francis

Seymour Stevenson

The Anglo-Armenian Association

Rosebery Earl



:و4981ديشنرب/كاىىٌ أول 98حتريض جالدستىٌ يف ذكرى مًالده

National Church of Armenia

Rev. Stephen Gladstone





Fredrick Davis

Greene

The Armenian

Committee



The Veteran Statesman

A New Crusade

Hopkins

Duke of ArgyllDuke

WestminsterCanon

MacColl

National Union for Practical Progress



Commission of Surveillance

:و4981أغشطص/آب 6خطاب جالدستىٌ يف قاعة تاوٌ يف

The Town HallChester

Duke of Westminster

perhaps the worst on the face of the earth





Canon MacColl

Dillon

Daily Telegraph







Baron Von Kallay

:الصحافة وجالدستىٌ والتصعًد ضد األتراك

The London Times

The Spectator



TimesDaily Chronicle

StandardDaily News

Lord

Salisbury

a blank cheque





The Chronicle

Rev. Dr. Clifford

Mohammedans

Madame Novikoff



:جالدستىٌ وروسًا وجدلًة املشألة األرميًة

Daily News

Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky

M. Nelidov



Blue Books

The Armenian Relief Committee

Beet



ReimsLangénieux

LiverpoolLord Derby

The Executive Committee of the

British Arbitration Association

Budapest



Maurice M. Leudet

FigaroLa

Great Assassin



:و4986سبتنرب/أيمىل 91خطاب جالدستىٌ يف سريك ٍيجمري

Hengler

The Liverpool Reform Club





The Exchange Telegraph Company

The

Independent

Newark

Booth-TuckerIra

D. Sankey



Letters from the scenes of the recent massacres in Armenia

J. R. Harris H. B. Harries

Rendel Harries

to serve Armenia is to serve civilization



Albert VandalThe Red Sultan

The Bloody

AssassinAbdul the DamnedBloody

Sultan

:ىَاية املشألة األرميًة ووفاة جالدستىٌ

Paul CambonQuai

d'Orsay



Filian

The Great Gladstone

اخلامتة:







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ثاىًًا: املصادر واملراجع الرتكًة:

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:رابعًا: املىسىعات

The Encyclopedia of Islam, A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography

and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, (Leiden: E. J. Brill -

London: Luzac, 1936), Vol. I, Art of Armenia.



:احبا العربًة: األخامشًا

اهلىامش:

(1) Öztürk, Fatih. "The Ottoman Millet System", Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları

Dergisi, Sayı 16, 2009, p. 76.

(2) Kushner, David. The Rise of Turkish Nationalism 1876-1908 (London:

Routledge, 1977), p. 23.

(3) Öztürk. "The Ottoman", pp. 76-77.

(4) Ibid, pp. 77-81.

(5) McCarthy, Justin. The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923

(London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 129-30; Öztürk. "The Ottoman", po. 78-9.

(6) İnalcik, Halil (ed.), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), Vol. 2, pp. 761-762; Öztürk.

"The Ottoman", p. 82-4

(7) Hurewitz, J. C. Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary

Record 1535-1914 (New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Co, 1956), Vol. 1, pp. 113-

6; Shaw, Stanford J - Shaw, Ezel Kural. History of the Ottoman Empire and

Modern Turkey, Reform, Revolution and Republic, The Rise of Modern

Turkey 1808-1975 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), Vol. II,

p. 56.

(8) Firman and Hatti-Sheriff of Sultan relative to privileges and Reforms in

Turkey, 18 February 1856, Hertslet, Edward. The Map of Europe by Treaty,

Showing the Various Political and Territorial Changes Which Have Taken

Place Since the General Peace of 1814 (London: Butterworths, 1875), Vol. 2,

No. 263, p. 1243-9; Ubicini, M. A - Courteille, Pavet de. Etat Present de

L’Empire Ottoman, Statistique, Gouvernement, Administration, Finances,

Armee, Communautes Non Musulmanes, etc (Paris: Librairie Militaire de J.

Dumaine, 1876), pp. 235-54.

(9) Firman and Hatti-Sheriff of Sultan relative to privileges and Reforms in

Turkey, 18 February 1856, Hertslet. The Map. Vol. 2, No. 263, pp. 1243-9.

(10) Karpat, Kemal H (ed). The Ottoman State and its Place in World History

(Leiden: E. Brill, 1947), p. 96.

(11) The Encyclopedia of Islam, A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography

and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, (Leiden: E. J. Brill - London:

Luzac, 1936), Vol. I, Art of Armenia.

(12) Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1968), p. 350.

(13) Langer, William L. The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890-1902 (New York:

Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), pp. 147-8.



(14) Filian, George H. Armenia and her People, or the story of Armenia

(Hartford: American Publishing Company, 1896), pp. 21-4.

(15) Dixon-Johnson, C. F. The Armenian Question, its Meaning to great Britain

(Leeds : Nutt & Co, 1914), p. 1; Langer. The Diplomacy, pp. 147-8

(16) Redgate, Anne Elizabeth. The Armenians (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), p. 270;

Zeidner, Robert F. "Britain and the Launching of the Armenian Question",

International Journal of Middle East Studies, Cambridge University Press,

Vol. 7, No.4, Oct. 1976, p. 481.

(17) Walker, Christopher J. Armenia and Carabagh, The Struggle for Unity

(London: Minority Rights Publications, 1991), p. 23.

(18) Aslan, Kevork. Armenia and the Armenians from the Earliest Time until the

Great War 1914, Translated from the French by Pierre Crabites (New York:

The MacMillan, 1920), p. 128; Yenovkian, S. S. Martyred Armenia, A Brief

Description of the recent Horrible, Massacres of The Christian Armenians

in Turkey (Cleveland: The Brinton, 1896), pp. 9-11; Wilson, Ann Marie. "In

the Name of God, Civilization, and Humanity: The United States and the

Armenian Massacres of the 1890s", Le Mouvement Social, numéro special,

L’humanitaire : XIX-XXI siècle, 227, April-June 2009, p. 29.

(19) Ramsaur, Ernest Edmondson. The Young Turk, Prelude to the Revolution of

1908 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957), p. 25; Walker. Armenia,

p. 23; Aslan. Armenia, p. 128; Yenovkian. Martyred, pp. 9-11; Wilson. "In

the name", p. 29.

(20) Walker. Armenia, p. 23.

( )

(22) Maurois, Andre. Disraeli, A Picture of the Victorian Age, Translated by,

Hamish Miles (London: John Lane the Bodley Heat, 1930), p. 273.

(23) Bolitho, Hector. The Reign of Queen Victoria (London: Collins, 1949), p.

260.

(24) Lewy, Guenter. The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey A Disputed

Genocide (Salt lake city: The University of Utan Press, 2005), p. 30; Ernest

Jackh, The Rising Crescent: Turkey Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (New

York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1994), p. 44.

(25) Pettifer, James. The Greeks. The Land and the People since the War

(London: Penguin, 1993), p. 192; Sahilyol, Kaan. "Turkish Image and Anti-

Turkish Lobbies Europe", Marmara Journal of European Studies, Vol. 16,

No: 1-2, 2008 , p. 95.

(26) Hopkins, J. Castell. The Sword of Islam or Suffering Armenia, Annals of

Turkish Power and the Eastern Question (Brantford: The Bradley-Garretson,

1896), p. 345.

(27) Times. Saturday 9 Dec. 1876, In Joll, James (ed). Britain and Europe, Pitt to

Churchill 1793-1940 (Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1967), p. 171.



(28) Garratt, G. T. The Two Mr. Gladstone (London: MacMillan, 1936), pp. 51-2.

(29) Langer. The Diplomacy, p. 152.

(30) Fisher, H. A. L. A History of Europe (London: Edward Arnold, 1942), p.

1042.

(31) Eyck, Erich. Bismarck and the German Empire (London: George Allen &

Unwin, 1950), p. 251.

(32) The Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge: At the University Press, 1910),

Vol. XII, p. 82.

(33) Marriott, J. A. R. England Since Waterloo (London: Methuen, 1913), p. 459.

(34) Joll. Britain, p. 165.

(35) Sonyel. The Ottoman, p. 41.

(36) Sonyel, Salahi. The Great War and the Tragedy of Anatolia, Turks and

Armenian in Maelstrom of Major Powers (Ankara: Turkish Historical

Society Printing House, 2000), p. 15; Edib, Halide. Turkey Faces West

(New York: Arno Press, 1973), p. 89.

(37) Şaşmaz, Musa. "The Legitimacy of the Emergence of the Armenian

Question", Osmanli Tarih Araştirma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi OTAM,

Ankara Üniversitesi, Sayi.8, 1977, s. 325-6.

(38) Hopkins. The Sword, pp. 345-6.

(39) Cemil, Bahtiyar. “Yakin Şark Tarihi’nin en Muhim Vakalarindan, Tarihte

Ermeni Meselesi”, Resimli Tarih Mecmuasi, Sayi. 12, Aralik 1950, pp. 491-

2; Basgün, Neclâ. Türk-Ermeni Ilişkileri, Abdülhamid’in Cülusundan

Zamanimiza Kadar (Ankara: San Matbaasi, 1970), s. 31.

(40) Karal, Enver Ziya. Birinci Meşrutiyet ve Istibdat Devirleri 1876-1907

(Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1983), s. 130; Langer. The

Diplomacy, p. 151.

(41) Abdülhamid, Sultan. Siyasi Hatiratim (Istanbul: Harket Yayinlari, 1974), s.

64-5.

(42) Indian, An Old. Historical Sketch, Armenia the Armenians in Ancient and

Modern Times special Reference to the Present Crisis (London: Elliot Stock,

1896), p. 153.

(43) Mekhitarian, Vosgan. (ed). Armenians, Twilight of the Ottoman Era, News

Reports from the International Press, The New York Times 189O-

1914(Armenia: Genocide Documentation& Research Center, 2O11), p. 49;

Lewy. The Armenian, p. 20

(44) Indian. Historical, p. 153; Mekhitarian. Armenians, p. 49.

(45) Russell, Bertrand. Prophesy and Dissent 1914-16 (London: Unwin Hyman,

1988), p. 565; Indian. Historical, p. 153.

(46) Toynbee, Arnold J. Armenian Atrocities, the Murder of a Nation (London:

Hodder & Stoughton, 1915), p. 12; Hopkins. The Sword, p. 345.

(47) Mekhitarian. Armenians, pp. 97-98; Hopkins. The Sword, p. 347.

(48) Mekhitarian. Armenians, pp. 97-98; Hopkins. The Sword, p. 347.



(49) Greene, Fredrick Davis. The Armenian Crisis in Turkey, The Massacre of

1894, its Antecedents and Significance (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons,

1895), p. 121-122; Hopkins. The Sword, pp. 348-9; Mekhitarian. Armenians,

p. 109.

(50) Greene. The Armenian, pp. 121-122; Hopkins. The Sword, pp. 349-50.

( )

(52) Bliss, Edwin Munsell. Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities (Philadelphia:

Hubbard Publishing, 1896), pp. 386-7; Greene. The Armenian, pp. 123-124;

Hopkins. The Sword, p. 350.

(53) The London Times, Weekly Edition, Jan. 14, 1895, in Greene. The Armenian,

p. 125; Bliss. Turkey. p. 387; Hopkins. The Sword, p. 349.

(54) Hopkins. The Sword, p. 349.

(55) Ibid, pp. 350-351.

(56) Mekhitarian. Armenians, p. 165.

(57) Ibid, p. 171.

(58) Ibid, p. 175.

(59) Hopkins. The Sword, pp. 350-351; Mekhitarian. Armenians, p. 175.


(61) Yauz, Fvikrettin. "Armenian Question and Western Public Opinion From the

Congress of Berlin to the 1890s", British Journal of Arts and Social

Sciences, Vol.11, No. I, 2012, p. 125; Hopkins. The Sword, p. 351.

(62) Mekhitarian. Armenians, pp. 182-183.

(63) Küçük, Cevdet. Osmanlı Diplomasisinde Ermeni Meselesinin Ortaya Çıkışı

1878-1897 (İstanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, 1986 , s. 113-114;

Halaçoğlu, Yusuf. Ermenilerin Suriye'ye Nakli :Sürgün Mü, Soykırım Mı ?

Belgeler (Ankara: Ankara Ticaret Odası, 1992), s. 3; Walker. Armenia, p.

24.

(64) Uras, Esat. Tarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi (İstanbul: Belge Yayınları,

1976), s. 478; Gürün, Kâmuran. Ermeni Dosyası (Ankara: Türk Tarih

Kurumu Basımevi, 1983), s. 149-61; Halaçoğlu. Ermenilerin, s. 3.


(66) Greene. Armenian, p. 243.

(67) Pierce, James Wilson. Story of Turkey and Armenia (Baltimore: R. H.

Woodward, 1896), p. 291; Greene. Armenian Massacres, p. 243.

(68) Greene. Armenian, p. 243; Pierce. Story, p. 292.

(69) Morley, John. The Life of William Ewart Gladstone (London: MacMillan,

1903), Vol. 3, p.521; Greene. Armenian, p. 244; Pierce. Story, p. 292;

Hopkins. The Sword, pp. 351-2.

(70) Greene. Armenian, p. 244; Pierce. Story, pp. 292-3.

(71) Salt , Jeremy. Imperialism, Evangelism and the Ottoman Armenians 1878-

1896 (Oxon: Routledge, 1993), p. 128; Greene. Armenian, pp. 244-5; Pierce.



Story, p. 293; Hopkins. The Sword, pp. 351-2; Morley. The Life, Vol. 3,

p.521; Mekhitarian. Armenians, pp. 208-209; Hopkins. The Sword, pp.351-2.

(72) Greene. Armenian, p. 245; Hopkins. The Sword, p. 352; Mekhitarian.

Armenians, pp. 208-209; Salt . Evangelism, p. 128.

(73) Danielyan, Eduard L. Progressive British Figures’ Appreciation of

Armenia’s Civilizational Significance Versus the Falsified, Ancient Turkey,

Exhibit in the British Museum (Yerevan: Lusakn Publishing House 2013), p.

14; Greene. Armenian, p. 246; Pierce. Story, p. 293.

(74) Greene. Armenian, p. 246; Mekhitarian. Armenians, pp. 236-237; Hopkins.

The Sword, pp. 351-2.

(75) Greene. Armenian, p. 247.

(76) Greene. Armenian, pp. 247-8.

(77) Ibid, p. 249.

(78) Loc. Cit; Hopkins. The Sword, p. 354.

(79) Greene. Armenian, p. 249; Mekhitarian. Armenians, p. 208-209; Hopkins.

The Sword, pp. 351-2; Salt . Imperialism, p. 128; Danielyan. Progressive, p.

14.


(81) Ibid, p. 252; Hopkins. The Sword, p. 355.


(83) Ibid, p. 253.

(84) Ibid, p. 254.

(85) Ibid, p. 255.


(87) Ibid, p. 356.

(88) Mekhitarian. Armenians, pp. 236-237; Hopkins. The Sword, pp. 351-2;

Danielyan. Progressive, p. 14.

(89) Kirakossian, Arman J. The Armenian Massacres 1869-1894, British Media

Testimony (Dearborn: The Armenian Research Center, 2007), p. 275.

(90) Ibid, pp. 275-6.

(91) İtelr, Erdal. "Ermeni meselesi'nin Doğuşunda ve Gelişmesinde İngiltere'nin

Rolü", Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi

(OTAM), (Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama

Merkezi Dergisi), Sayı. 6, Yayın Tarihi: 1995, s. 170; Kirakossian. The

Armenian, pp. 276-277.

(92) Kirakossian. The Armenian, pp. 277-278; Walker. Armenia, p. 24.

(93) Mekhitarian. Armenians, pp. 250-251.

(94) Ibid, p. 272.

(95) Ibid, p. 284.

(96) Ibid, p. 359.

(97) Ibid, p. 440.





(100) Russell, George W E. William Ewart Gladstone (London: J. M. Dent &

Sons, 1910), pp. 273-274; Hopkins. The Sword, p. 359.


(102) Ibid, p. 360.


(104) Ibid, pp. 707-708



(107) Ibid, p. 760.

(108) Ibid, p. 762.

(109) Ibid, p. 722.

(110) Ibid, p. 774; Russell. William, p. 275.

(111) Miller, William. The Ottoman Empire 1801-1913 (Cambridge: At the

University Press, 1913), p. 431; Mekhitarian. Armenians, p. 796.

(112) Finnemore, Martha. "Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention" in

Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms,

Identity, and World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996),

p. 9; Mekhitarian. Armenians, p. 798.


(114) Ibid, pp. 816-817; Danielyan. Progressive, p. 14.


(116) Ibid, p. 819; Russell. William, pp. 273-274.

(117) Mekhitarian. Armenians, pp. 819-821; Morley. The Life, Vol. 3, p.521

(118) Gooch, G. P. History of Modern Europe 1878-1919 (London: Cassell,

1924), p. 242; Ketelbey, D. M. A History of Modern Times From 1789 to

the Present Day (London: George G. Harrap, 1929), p 317; Low, Sidney -

Sanders, Lloyd C. The History of England During the Reign of Victoria

1937-1901 (London – Longmans: Green, 1907), p. 437; The Cambridge

Modern History, Vol. XII, p. 418.


(120) Ibid, pp. 821-822.

(121) Ibid, p. 823.

(122) Ibid, pp. 824-825.

(123) Ibid, p. 844.

(124) Russell. William, p. 274.


(126) Harris, J. Rendel - Harris, Hellen B. Letters from the Scenes of the Recent

Massacres in Armenia (London: James Nisbet, 1897), p. Introduction;

Danielyan. Progressive, p. 13.

(127) Russell. William, p. 275; Danielyan. Progressive, p. 13.

(128) Anderson, Margaret Lavinia, "Down in Turkey, far away: Human Rights,

the Armenian Massacres and Orientalism in Wilhelmine Germany", The

Journal of Modern History, University of Chicago, No. 79, March 2007, p.



84; Gal, Allon (Others). The Call of the Homeland: Diaspora Nationalisms,

Past and Present (Leiden: Brill, 2010), p. 117; Danielyan. Progressive, p.

78.


(130) İlter. "Ermeni", s. 170.

(131) Kocabaş, Süleyman. Sultan II. Abdülhamid Şahsiyeti ve Politikasi

(Istanbul: Vatan Yayinlari, 1995), s.175; Langer. The Diplomacy, p. 159;

The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. XII, p. 418; Finnemore.

"Constructing", p. 9.

(132) Langer. The Diplomacy, p. 159.

(133) Bruce, Maurice. British Foreign Policy, Isolation or intervention? (London:

Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1983), p. 108.

(134) Stempel, Jeffrey W. (Others). Stoney Road Out of Eden: The Struggle to

Recover Insurance for Armenian Genocide Deaths and Its Implications for

the Future of State Authority, Contract Rights, and Human Rights

(University of Nevada: School of Law, 2012), p. 15.

(135) Currie to Salisbury, 28 Oct. 1897, Salisbury A. 137, fos. 145-9, In Douglas,

Roy. “Britain and the Armenian Question 1894-7”, The Historical Journal,

Vol. 19, March 1976, No. I, p. 132.

(136) Kocabaş. Sultan, s. 196.

(137) Ensor, R. C. K. England 1870-1914 (Oxford: At The Clarendon Press,

1946). p, 220; Woodward, E. L. Great Britain and the German Navy

(Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1935), pp. 144-5.

(138) Selvi, Haluk. "Terör Eylemlerine Tarihsel Bir Yaklaşım: Osmanlı

Devleti’nde Ermeni Terör Eylemleri ve Yurtdışı Bağlantıları, Sakarya

Üniversitesi Türk-Ermeni İlişkileri Araştırma Merkezi Müdürü,

Uluslararası Güvenlik ve Terörizm Dergisi, Yıl 2011 , Cilt 2 , Sayı 1, s. 39-

56; (N. A).The Armenian Genocide? Facts & Figures (Ankara: Center for

Strategic Research, 2007), p. 5.

(139) Medlicott, W. N. “Austria-Hungary, Turkey and the Balkans”, The New

Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge: At the University Press, 1960),

Vol. XI, p. 347; Sonyel, Salahi Ramsdan. The Ottoman Armenian Victims

of Great Power Diplomacy (London: K. Rustem & Brother, 1987), p. 171-

2; Sarkissian, A. O. “Concert Diplomacy and the Armenians 1890-1897”

Within: Studies in Diplomacy History and Historiography (ed), by A.O.

Sarkissian, (London: Longmans, Green, 1961), p. 74; Akbulut, İlhan. "Türk

Tarihide Ermenilar", Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi,

Cilt. 50, Sayı. 1, 1995, s. 30; Tupper, H Allen. Armenia: Its Present Crisis

and Past History (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1896), p. 35; Apcar, Diana

Agabeg. On the Cross of Europe's Imperialism Armenia Crucified

(Yokohama: The Fukuin Printing, 1918), p. 20.

(140) Filian. Armenia, p.239.

(141) Wilson. In the name, p. 30.



(142) George, H. Armenia and her People, or the story of Armenia (Hartford:

American Publishing Company, 1896), p. 217; Sonyel. The Ottoman, pp.

171-2.

(143) Apcar. On the Cross, p. 20.

(144) George , Joan. Merchants in Exile: The Armenians in Manchester, England

1835-1935 (London: Gomidas Institute, 2002), p. 113.


(146) Sahilyol. "Turkish" , p. 96.

(147) Lewy. The Armenian, p. 20.

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