The last phaseSpace craft

Space TravelScience fictionH. G. Wells The Time Machine 1895War of the Worlds 1898Tales of Space and Time 1899The First Men on the Moon 1901Jules Vernele Voyage au Centre de la Terre 1864de la Terre a la Lune 1865

Georges Mlis1861-1938Early experimenter in filmfirst narrative filmsinventedstop motionslow motionfade outdissolveLe Voyage dans la Lune, 1902

MomentumMf Vf = Mr Vrto maximize Vr, we maximize Vf,that is, have a high velocity, hot exhaust

Early developmentChinese credited with development of rocketssolid fuel - gunpowder1232, likely first use of rockets against Mongols in defense of the city Kai-fengquickly spread to Europe

Scientific Approachto RocketsThree major playersKonstantin E. Tsiolkovsky 1857-1935 (Russian)Robert Goddard 1882-1945 (American)Hermann Oberth 1894-1989 (German)

TsiolkovskyFamily of modest means (deaf)at 16, went to Moscow universitychemistrymathematicsastronomymechanicsreturns, becomes teacher in Borovsktransfers in 1892 to Kaluga

Builds a wind tunnel to test aerodynamic shapeseffects of air frictionsmall grant from the Academy of Sciences1895, book (Dreams of Earth and Sky)1896, book (Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices)

Problems of rockets in space, heat transfernavigationfuel supplyhe never built a rocket

OberthStudied aeronauticssimulated weightlessnessdesigned a long-range liquid fuel rocketsought a Doctoral degree from Heidelburg 1922thesis topic: The Rocket into Interplanetary Space - rejected

Published the book on his own1929 published Ways to Space Flight - won a prizeanticipated ion rockets1931 patent on liquid fuel rocketfirst rocket launched May 7, 19311940-41 worked at Peenemnde with von Braun on V2

GoddardInfluenced by Wellss War of the WorldsPhD at Clark University, Worcester MAtaught physics there until his deathproved that rockets would work in a vacuum (NY Times)first to build a liquid fuel rocket (oxygen and gasoline)

First test of liquid fuel rocket in 1925first flight of rocket March 16, 1926 on Aunt Effies farm, Auburn MAfunded by Smithsonian Institutionlater by Guggenheim Fund (Charles Lindburgh)moved to Roswell, NM for larger testsbroke the sound barrier in 1935designed a steering apparatus

Designed a multi-stage rocketduring WW2, he offered his designs and patents to the Army - rejectedGermans took the lead based on Oberth and Goddardlater, military built rockets based on his designs - ultimately paid $1 millionbut Goddard died before thisClark University maintains a collection of his creations

Beginning of Space ExplorationWW2 - development of the V2 rocket by Germanyalcohol and liquid oxygen12 tonsrange of about 200 milesUS develops nuclear weaponsthe combination was impressive

US set up three entities:NavyJPLArmy. Civilianvon Braun.Et al.Small, low priority; belief was that the US was far ahead of USSRwe had most of the German engineers and lots of V2 rockets

Big SurpriseOctober 4, 1957 Sputnik 1, 84 kgNovember 3, 1957 Sputnik 2, 508 kg with Laikahttp://ham.spa.umn.edu/kris/laika.htmlclearly the USSR was far ahead and close to manned flightresponse - Vanguard (Navy) December 1957 - exploded

Redstone (Army) January 1958 - successful - discovered the van Allen radiation beltsend of 1958 - creation of NASA - subsumed military effort (except ICBMs) and, later, JPLJanuary 1959 - Luna 1 - flyby of the MoonApril 12, 1961 Vostok 1 with Yuri Gargarin on boarda belief (fear) that the Soviets were heading for the Moon

Kennedy and Johnson elected in 1961Bay of Pigs invasion failedMay 1961, Kennedy gives speech - land men on the Moon before 1970Tasks:landing sitesurface propertiesspace craft and rocket

Programs:Ranger1961-651,7,9 workedSurveyor1966-681,3,5,6,7 Lunar Orbiter1966-671-5 Mercury 1961-631 manGemini1965-662 manApollo19683 man 7 orbited Earth 8 new Saturn rocket 9 orbited the Moon

Apollo 10 orbited Moon, lunar module separatedApollo 11 July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin land on Mare Tranquilitatis

Theory of ExplorationNaked eyetelescopecrude (Galileo)refined (achromatic, reflectors)Space craft (Moon and Mars)fly by atmosphere size and position of planet

Fly by (Moon and Mars) temperatures on surface magnetic field some photographs of surface featuresOrbiters (Moon and Mars) photography of the whole planet temperatures of whole planet altimetry seasonal changes

Landers (Moon) samples of the surface age of planet history of planet origin of the planetColonization (not yet)

Apollo missions11Mare Tranquilitatisold mare12Oceanus Procellarumyoung mare13failed14Fra Maurohighland15Hadley Rillerille + high.16Descartesplains17Taurus Littrowhighlands

GoalsQuestionswhat kind of rocks (basalt lava and ???)what ageswhat eventsSynthesishistory of Moonorigin of Moon

ViewsPre-Apollothe Moon was ancient and unchanged since formation. Therefore, a simple place where volcanism dominated.RealityMoon has had a complicated history. Difficult to find old rocks. Impact dominates