The Colosseum in Rome, Italy

c. 10 B.C.Livy writes hisHistory of Rome

A.D. 395Roman Empiredivided into easternand western parts

A.D. 527EmperorJustinianbegins rule

100 B.C. A.D. 100 A.D. 300 A.D. 500100 B.C. A.D. 100 A.D. 300 A.D. 500

Roman Civilization

--29

8–29

9 P

ictu

re F

inde

rs L

td./e

Sto

ck

456-459 C10-868874 1/6/05 12:09 AM Page 456

Chapter Overview Visitca.hss.glencoe.com for a preview of Chapter 10.

457

Life in Ancient RomeAs different societies interact, they often bring about change in each

other. The Romans learned from the Greeks but changed whatthey borrowed to suit their own needs. The lives of rich and poorRomans were very different.

The Fall of RomeStudying the past helps us to understand the present. Rome finally

fell when Germanic invaders swept through the empire in the A.D. 400s. Despite this, Roman achievements in government, law,language, and the arts are still important today.

The Byzantine EmpirePhysical geography plays a role in how civilizations develop and

decline. Because it was centered at Constantinople, the ByzantineEmpire developed a culture based on Roman, Greek, and Christianideas. It also established a powerful trading economy.

View the Chapter 10 video in the Glencoe Video Program.

Organizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize and analyzeinformation by asking yourself questions about Roman civilization.

Reading and WritingAs you read the chapter,write the main ideas foreach section in theappropriate columns of your foldable. Thenwrite one statement that summarizes themain ideas in eachcolumn.

Step 1 Fold a sheet ofpaper into thirds fromtop to bottom.

Step 2 Turn the paperhorizontally, unfold, andlabel the three columnsas shown.

The Fallof Rome

TheByzantine

Empire

Life in Ancient

Rome

456-459 C10-868874 1/6/05 12:13 AM Page 457

As you read, check your

predictions to see if they

were correct.

A prediction is a guess based on what you already know.One way to predict while reading is to guess what you believethe author will tell you next. As you are reading, each newtopic should make sense because it is related to the previousparagraph or passage. Read the excerpt below from Section 2.Based on what you have read, make predictions about whatyou will read in the rest of the section. After you read Section2, go back to your predictions to see if they were correct.

458

Predict how differ-ent our world mayhave been withoutthe Romans.

What ideas from oursystem of law do youpredict came fromthe Romans?

Our world would be very different ifthe Romans had never existed. Manywords in the English language andmany of our ideas about governmentcome from the Romans. The same istrue for our code of laws and ourknowledge about building.

— from page 482

Making Predictions

Can you predictwhich Roman build-ing influences willbe discussed in thetext that follows?

456-459 C10-868874 1/6/05 12:14 AM Page 458

Read the excerpt below from Section 1 of this chapter.

Select one blue subheadin this chapter. Withoutreading the text underthat subhead, write aparagraph that youthink might appearthere. Check the facts inyour paragraph to see ifthey are correct.

Read to Write

459

Predict what information willbe discussed throughout thissection, and write down yourpredictions. Then as you readthis section, discuss your pre-dictions with a partner, anddecide if they were correct.

A Roman family at the dinner table

Family life was important to theRomans. Their families were large. Theyincluded not only parents and youngchildren but also married children andtheir families, other relatives, andenslaved servants. The father was thehead of the household. Called the pater-familias (PA • tuhr • fuh • MIH • lee •uhs), or “father of the family,” he hadcomplete control over family members.

— from page 465

Before you read the chapter, skim thequestions on pages 494–495 in theChapter Assessment. Choose threequestions and predict what the answerswill be.

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

456-459 C10-868874 1/6/05 12:15 AM Page 459

Life inAncient Rome

73 B.C.Spartacus leadsrevolt ofenslaved people

c. A.D. 80ColosseumcompletedConstantinopleRome

SPAINGAUL

BRITAIN

ITALY

GREECE

EGYPT

100 B.C. A.D. 1 A.D. 100100 B.C. A.D. 1 A.D. 100

460 CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization

c. 10 B.C.Livy writes hisHistory of Rome

Looking Back, Looking AheadYou have already learned about

Rome’s rise to power. Life in Romewas not easy, but as the empire grew,its people accomplished many thingsin art, science, and engineering.

Focusing on the • In addition to their own developments

in science and engineering, theRomans borrowed many Greek ideasabout art and literature. (page 461)

• The rich and poor had very differentlives in Rome, as did men andwomen. (page 464)

Meeting PeopleVirgil (VUHR• juhl)Horace (HAWR•uhs)Galen (GAY• luhn)Ptolemy (TAH• luh•mee)Spartacus (SPAHR•tuh•kuhs)

Content Vocabularyvault (VAWLT)satire (SA•TYR)ode (OHD)anatomy (uh•NA•tuh•mee)Forum (FOHR•uhm)gladiator (GLA•dee•AY•tuhr)paterfamilias

(PA•tuhr• fuh•MIH• lee•uhs)rhetoric (REH•tuh•rihk)

Academic Vocabularytechnique (tehk•NEEK)constant (KAHN•stuhnt)

Reading StrategyCompare and Contrast Use a Venndiagram like the one below to showsimilarities and differences betweenthe rich and the poor in Rome.

RomanRich

RomanPoor

HistorySocial ScienceStandardsWH6.7 Studentsanalyze the geographic,political, economic,religious, and socialstructures during thedevelopment of Rome.

WH7.1 Studentsanalyze the causes andeffects of the vastexpansion and ultimatedisintegration of theRoman Empire.

460-468 C10-868874 1/5/05 11:14 PM Page 460

WH6.7.8 Discuss the legacies of Roman art and architecture, technology and science, literature, language, and law.

WH7.1.1 Study the early strengths and lasting contributions of Rome (e.g., significance of Roman citizenship; rights under Roman law; Roman art, architecture, engineering, and philosophy; preservation and transmission of Christianity) and its ultimate internalweaknesses (e.g., rise of autonomous military powers within the empire, undermining of citizenship by the growth of corruption and slavery, lack of education, and distribution of news).

Roman CultureIn addition to their own developments

in science and engineering, the Romans borrowedmany Greek ideas about art and literature.

Reading Connection Are there people in your life that

you admire? What have you learned from them? Read to

find out what the Romans learned from the Greeks.

The Romans admired and studied Greekstatues, buildings, and ideas. They copiedthe Greeks in many ways. However, theychanged what they borrowed to accommo-date their own needs.

What Was Roman Art Like? The Romansadmired Greek art and architecture. Theyplaced Greek-style statues in their homesand public buildings. Roman artists, how-ever, carved statues that looked differentfrom those of the Greeks. Greek statueswere made to look perfect. People wereshown young, healthy, and with beautifulbodies. Roman statues were more realisticand included wrinkles, warts, and otherless attractive features.

In building, the Romans also turned tothe Greeks for ideas. They used Greek-styleporches and rows of columns called colon-nades. But they also added their own fea-tures, such as arches and domes. Romanbuilders were the first to make full use ofthe arch. Arches supported bridges, aque-ducts, and buildings. Rows of arches wereoften built against one another to form avault (VAWLT), or curved ceiling. Using thistechnique, the Romans were also able tobuild domes.

The Romans were the first people toinvent and use concrete, a mixture of vol-canic ash, lime, and water. When it dried,this mix was as hard as rock. Concretemade buildings sturdier and allowed themto be built taller.

Rome’s concrete buildings were so wellbuilt that many still stand. One of the mostfamous is the Colosseum, completed aboutA.D. 80. It was a huge arena that had a seat-ing capacity of about 60,000 people. Anotherfamous building is the Pantheon, a templebuilt to honor Rome’s gods. The Pantheon’sdomed roof was the largest of its time.

This Roman bridge still stands in Spain.In what other structures were arches used?

Nik

Whe

eler

/CO

RB

IS

460-468 C10-868874 7/12/05 10:08 PM Page 461

Roman Literature Roman authors basedmuch of their writing on Greek works. Forexample, the Roman writer Virgil (VUHR •juhl) drew some of his ideas from Homer’sOdyssey. Virgil’s epic poem, the Aeneid (uh •NEE • uhd), describes the adventures of theTrojan prince Aeneas and how he came toItaly. Virgil presents Aeneas as the idealRoman—brave, self-controlled, and loyal tothe gods.

Rome’s other famous writers alsolooked to the Greeks for inspiration. UsingGreek models, the poet Horace (HAWR •uhs)wrote satires (SA • TYRZ). These works pokedfun at human weaknesses. Horace alsocomposed odes (OHDZ), or poems thatexpress strong emotions about life. The

Roman writer Ovid wrote works that werebased on the Greek myths. The poet Catullusalso admired Greek writings. He wrote shortpoems about love, sadness, and envy.

Like the Greeks, Rome’s histori-ans recorded the events of their civi-lization. One of Rome’s most famoushistorians was Livy. He wrote hisHistory of Rome about 10 B.C. In thisbook, Livy describes Rome’s rise topower. Livy greatly admired thedeeds of the early Romans, and hebelieved that history had importantmoral lessons to teach people.

Livy celebrated Rome’s great-ness, but the Roman historian Tacitus

took a darker view. He believed thatRome’s emperors had taken people’s free-dom. Tacitus also thought Romans were notcommitted to the values that made themstrong. He accused them of wasting time onsports and other pleasures.

Also like the Greeks, the Romansenjoyed plays. Roman plays were oftenbased on Greek tragedies and comedies.Playwrights such as the tragedy writerSeneca and the comedy writers Plautus andTerence wrote plays for religious festivals.Romans especially liked plays with humor.

Roman authors influenced later writersin Europe and America, but the language ofthe Romans, Latin, had an even biggerimpact on future generations. Latin becameEurope’s language for government, trade,and instruction until about A.D. 1500. Latinbecame the foundation for many modernEuropean languages, such as Italian,French, and Spanish, and shaped manyothers. Many of the English words we usetoday come from Latin as well.

Roman Science and Engineering TheRomans also learned from Greek science. AGreek doctor named Galen (GAY • luhn)

462 CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization

The Book ofEpodes

In this poem excerpt, Horace praises thelifestyle of those who farm their fam-ily’s land.“Happy the man who, far frombusiness and affairs

Like mortals of the earlytimes,

May work his father’s fieldswith oxen of his own,

Exempt [free] from profit,loss, and fee,

Not like the soldier roused bysavage trumpet’s blare,

Not terrified by seas in rage,

Avoiding busy forums and the haughty doors

Of influencial citizens.”—Horace, The Book of Epodes

According to Horace, what kinds of thingsdoes the farmer avoid?

Horace

Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France, Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library

460-468 C10-868874 1/5/05 11:23 PM Page 462

WH6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome.

WH7.1 Students analyze the causes and effects of the vast expansion and ultimate disintegration of the Roman Empire.

Daily Life in RomeThe rich and poor had very different

lives in Rome, as did men and women.

Reading Connection Do you think there is a big dif-

ference in the lives of boys and girls you know today?

Why or why not? Read to learn how the lives of Roman

boys and girls were very different from each other.

What was it like to live in Rome over2,000 years ago? Rome was one of thelargest cities in the ancient world. By thetime of Augustus, over a million peoplelived there. Rome was carefully planned, aswere many Roman cities. It was laid out in asquare with the main roads crossing at rightangles. At its center was the Forum (FOHR•uhm). This was an open space that served asa marketplace and public square. Templesand public buildings were built around it.

Wealthy Romans lived in large, comfort-able houses. Each home had large rooms,fine furniture, and beautiful gardens. In thecenter was an inner court called an atrium.Wealthy Romans also had homes called vil-las on their country estates.

The city of Rome was crowded, noisy,and dirty. People tossed garbage into thestreets from their apartments, and thievesprowled the streets at night. Most people inRome were poor. They lived in apartmentbuildings made of stone and wood. Highrent forced families to live in one room.

Roman apartments were up to six storieshigh. They often collapsed because they wereso poorly built. Fire was a constant dangerbecause people used torches and lamps forlighting and cooked with oil. Once started, afire could destroy entire blocks of apartments.

To keep the people from rioting, theRoman government provided “bread and cir-cuses,” or free grain and shows. Romans of allclasses flocked to the chariot races and gladi-ator contests. Gladiators (GLA•dee•AY•tuhrz)

Ancient Roman Sports Sports wereimportant to the Romans. Paintings onvases, frescoes [moist plaster], and stoneshow Romans playing ball, including aversion of soccer. Roman girls are shownexercising with handheld weights andthrowing an egg-shaped ball.

Some Roman sporting events tookplace in the Colosseum. Wild beastfights, battles between ships, andgladiator contests attracted Romanspectators by the thousands. Chariotracing was held in the Circus Maximus,and the drivers wore team colors of red, white, green, and blue.

Scene showing gladiators in battle

Connecting to the Past1. How do we know sports were important to

the Romans?

2. How are today’s sports different fromRoman sports? How are they similar?

Pie

rre

Bel

zeau

x/P

hoto

Res

earc

hers

460-468 C10-868874 8/23/05 12:42 PM Page 464

fought animals and each other. Most gladia-tors were enslaved people, criminals, or poorpeople. Gladiators were admired, much likesports heroes are today.

What Was Family Life Like? Family lifewas important to the Romans. Their familieswere large. They included not only parentsand young children but also married chil-dren and their families, other relatives, andenslaved servants. The father was the headof the household. Called the paterfamilias(PA • tuhr• fuh•MIH• lee•uhs), or “father of thefamily,” he had complete control over fam-ily members. For example, he punished chil-dren severely if they disobeyed. He alsoarranged their marriages.

In some cases, the paterfamilias madesure his children were educated. PoorRomans could not afford to send their chil-dren to school. Wealthy Romans, however,hired tutors to teach their young children athome. Some older boys went to school,where they learned reading, writing, andrhetoric (REH • tuh • rihk), or public speaking.

Older girls did not go to school. Instead,they studied reading and writing at home.They also learned household duties such ascooking, weaving and cleaning.

Between the ages of 14 and 16, a Romanboy celebrated becoming a man. He wouldburn his toys and put on a toga, a loose-fitting robe that Roman men wore. Once hecame of age, a man might join his family’sbusiness, become a soldier, or begin a career

CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization 465

Chariot races were held in an arena called the Circus Maximus,one of the largest arenas ever made. Besides chariot races,what other types of shows attracted Romans?

A Roman teacher and student

(t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

460-468 C10-868874 1/5/05 11:28 PM Page 465

Bedrooms

Library

CourtyardKitchen

In the dining room, family members ate while reclining on couches.

Rainwater from the gutters collected in

the pool below.

Guests and business associates were

entertained in the living room/study.

Some homes had shops or workshops that

opened onto the street.

A Roman HouseA Roman House

in the government. Roman women did notbecome adults until they married. Awoman usually wore a long flowing robewith a cloak called a palla.

Women in Rome Women in early Romehad some rights, but they did not have thesame status as men. The paterfamilias con-trolled his wife’s activities. However, heoften sought her advice in private. Womenhad a strong influence on their families, andsome wives of famous men, includingemperors, became well-known themselves.For example, the empress Livia (LIHV • ee •uh), wife of Augustus, had a say in Rome’spolitics. She was later honored as a goddess.

The freedoms a Roman woman enjoyeddepended on her husband’s wealth and sta-

tus. Wealthy women had a great deal ofindependence. They could own land, runbusinesses, and sell property. They man-aged the household and had enslaved peo-ple do the housework. This left the womenfree to study literature, art, and fashion.Outside the home, they could go to the the-ater or the amphitheater, but in both placesthey had to sit in areas separate from men.

Women with less money had less free-dom. They spent most of their time workingin their houses or helping their husbands infamily-run shops. They were allowed toleave home to shop, visit friends, worship attemples, or go to the baths. A few womendid work independently outside the home.Some served as priestesses, while othersworked as hairdressers and even doctors.

Wealthy Romans often lived in spacious houses with centralcourtyards. The houses had high brick walls without windows.Many of the rooms opened into the courtyard to allow in lightand fresh air. How is a Roman home similar to homes in yourneighborhood? How is it different?

A Roman couple

Sca

la/A

rt R

esou

rce,

NY

460-468 C10-868874 1/5/05 11:29 PM Page 466

CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization 467

These apartments were built of brickand stone for wealthy Romans. What sort of buildings did poor Romans live in?

How Did Romans Treat Enslaved People?Historians can trace slavery to early times inRoman history. But the use of slave laborgrew as Rome took over more territory.Thousands of prisoners from conqueredlands were brought to Italy. By 100 B.C., anestimated 40 percent of the people in Italywere enslaved.

Enslaved people did many differentjobs. They worked in homes, fields, mines,and workshops. They helped build roads,bridges, and aqueducts. Many enslavedGreeks were well educated. They served asteachers, doctors, and artisans.

For most enslaved people, life was miser-able. They were punished severely for poorwork or for running away. To escape theirhardships, enslaved people often rebelled.

In 73 B.C. a slave revolt broke out in Italy.It was led by a gladiator named Spartacus(SPAHR • tuh •kuhs). Under Spartacus, a forceof 70,000 enslaved people defeated severalRoman armies. The revolt was finallycrushed two years later. Spartacus and

6,000 of his followers were crucified, or putto death by being nailed to a cross.

Roman Religion and Philosophy Theancient Romans worshiped many gods andgoddesses. They also believed that spiritslived in natural things, such as trees andrivers. Greek gods and goddesses werepopular in Rome, although they were givenRoman names. For example, Zeus becameJupiter, the sky god, and Aphrodite becameVenus, the goddess of love and beauty.Roman emperors also were worshiped.This practice strengthened support for thegovernment.

Romans honored their gods and god-desses by praying and offering food. EveryRoman home had an altar for the family’shousehold gods. Government officialsmade offerings in temples. There the impor-tant gods and goddesses of Rome werehonored. Some Roman priests looked formessages from the gods. They studied theinsides of dead animals or watched theflight of birds, looking for meaning.

A Roman family atthe dinner table

(l)Stanley Searberg, (r)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY

460-468 C10-868874 1/5/05 11:30 PM Page 467

Reading SummaryReview the • Roman art, literature, and science

borrowed much from the Greeks.Roman engineers made advances,including the development ofcement, the arch, aqueducts, anddomes.

• Religion and family were impor-tant parts of Roman life. Enslavedpeople carried out many differenttasks in Roman society.

1. What were some of Ptolemy’sscientific achievements?

2. How were the Roman andGreek religions similar?

Critical Thinking3. Compare and Contrast

Draw a chart like the onebelow. Fill in details comparingRoman and Greek art andarchitecture.

4. Analyze Why is the Romanlanguage important?

5. Describe Describe Romaneducation.

6. The Romans bor-rowed ideas from other peo-ples. Do you think our culturetoday borrows ideas fromother peoples? Explain youranswer.

7. MakingPredictions Reread the texton Roman literature on page462. How might Roman writinghave been different withoutthe influence of Greek writers?

CA 6RC2.3

CA 6RC2.3

CA 6RC2.0

CA 6RC2.0

CA 6RC2.4

What Did You Learn?

468 CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization

The Romans also bor-rowed ideas from Greekphilosophy. For example,they borrowed and modi-fied, or changed slightly,the Greek philosophy ofStoicism. For Romans,Stoicism was not aboutfinding happiness throughreason like it was for theGreeks. Instead, Stoicismencouraged Romans tolive in a practical way.Stoic philosophers urgedpeople to participate in public affairs, todo their civic duty, and to treat conqueredpeoples well.

As the empire grew larger, Romanscame into contact with other religions.These religions were allowed, as long as

they did not threaten the government.Those that did faced severe hardships.You will read about one of these reli-gions—Christianity—in the next chapter.

Contrast Compare the lifeof upper-class women to women of other classes.

Ares

Roman God

Mars

Role

god of war

JunoHera wife of chief god

Zeus Jupiter chief god

Aphrodite Venus goddess of love

Artemis Diana goddess of the hunt

Athena Minerva goddess of wisdom

Hermes Mercury messenger god

Hades Pluto god of the underworld

Poseidon Neptune god of the sea

Hephaestus Vulcan god of fire

Greek God

Greek and Roman GodsGreek and Roman Gods

Greek Art Roman Art

Greek Architecture

Roman Architecture

Study Central Need help understanding howthe Romans lived? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com andclick on Study Central.

Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY

460-468 C10-868874 1/5/05 11:31 PM Page 468

469

Do you know a person who isalways friendly and generous, nomatter what the circumstances?In this story, a good-naturedhusband and wife are rewardedwhen they receive special guestsinto their home.

By Don Nardo

Before You ReadThe Scene: This story takes place in ancient Rome in the legendary timewhen gods visited Earth to interact with humans in person.

The Characters: Baucis and Philemon are a woman and man who welcomeguests into their home. Jupiter and Mercury are two ancient Roman gods.

The Plot: A husband and wife welcome two guests into their cottage. Asthe pair try to provide for their guests with food, the guests reveal theiridentities and reward the host and hostess for their generosity.

Vocabulary Previewdiversion: something that relaxes, amuses, or entertains

descend: to pass from a higher level to a lower level

hospitality: kind treatment ofguests and visitors

thatch: a plant material used tocover the roof of a building

burden: something taken as a duty or responsibility

edible: safe to eat

replenish: to make full or complete again

vantage: a position giving a total view

deluge: flood

unscathed: unharmed

transform: to change completely

ensure: to make certain

eternity: endless time

foliage: leaves from a tree

peasant: farm laborer

469-473 C10-868874 1/6/05 12:50 AM Page 469

470

As You ReadKeep in mind that this story is a myth. Likethe Greeks, Romans passed myths from onegeneration to the next to explain some aspectof the world. Often, the stories involved godsand goddesses as well as humans.

One of Jupiter’s favorite pastimes wasdisguising himself as a mortal and roamingthe earth in search of diversions andadventures. On one particular day, he andhis messenger, Mercury, dressedthemselves as lowly beggars anddescended to the land of Phrygia1 (incentral Asia Minor) to test the hospitalityof the local people. To their dismay, thegods encountered much rudeness andselfishness. As they went from house to

house, rich ones and poor ones alike,asking humbly for a scrap of food and aplace to sleep, one owner after anothertold them to go away and barred the dooragainst them. They tried a thousandhouses and always received the same poortreatment.

Finally, Jupiter and Mercury came to asmall hut thatched with straw and reeds,the humblest and poorest hovel2 they hadseen so far. This time, an elderly couple,Baucis and Philemon by name, welcomedthem in. As Ovid3 told it: They hadmarried young and were deeply in love.

1Phrygia: an area of the Roman Empire in present-day Turkey

2hovel: a small, poorly built house3Ovid: Roman poet, author of tales of Romanmythology

¢

469-473 C10-868874 1/6/05 12:52 AM Page 470

471

They had grown old together in the same cottage; they were very poor, but faced theirpoverty with cheerful spirit and made its burden light by not complaining. It would do youlittle good to ask for servants or masters in that household, for the couple were all thehouse; both gave and followed orders.

The two old people went out of their way to make the strangers comfortable. Bauciscarefully washed her wobbly wooden table, and she and her husband prepared a supper ofcabbage, olives, radishes, eggs, and whatever else edible they could find. As they and theirguests ate the meal, Baucis and Philemon noticed that each time their mixing bowl wasnear to empty, it suddenly filled up again; and the wine kept on replenishing itself, too. Notrealizing that this was the work of their superhuman guests, the two humans becameafraid and raised their hands high in prayer.

At this moment, Jupiter and Mercury revealed themselves to the old people. They toldthem not to fear and led them to a mountaintop. From that vantage, Baucis and Philemonwatched as a great flood drowned all their neighbors, the ones who had treated the godsso badly, a deluge that left only their own hut standing unscathed. Jupiter then

469-473 C10-868874 1/6/05 12:52 AM Page 471

transformed the hut into a magnificent temple,and the two mortals thereafter resided in it as hisdevoted priests.

The king of the gods did the two aging loversa further kindness, ensuring that neither wouldhave to endure the sadness and loneliness ofoutliving the other and also that they wouldremain together for eternity. On the last day oftheir lives each suddenly saw leaves sproutingfrom the other.

Philemon watched Baucis changing, Bauciswatched Philemon, and as the foliage spread,they still had time to say “Farewell, my dear!” andthe bark closed over sealing their mouths. Andeven to this day the peasants in that district showthe stranger the two trees close together, and theunion of oak and linden4 in one [trunk].

¢

1. Who comes to visit Baucis and Philemon?

2. What did Baucis and Philemon notice washappening to their food?

3. Cause and Effect What reward was given tothe two hosts by Jupiter and Mercury? Whywere Baucis and Philemon rewarded in such away?

4. Analyze How does the setting of the storyinfluence the plot? Support your ideas withdetails from the story.

5. Read to Write Imagine that you are Baucisor Philemon. What would your reaction be todiscovering that Jupiter and Mercury wereguests in your house? How would you treatthem once you knew who they were? Write ajournal entry that describes your reaction.

CA 6WA2.4

CA 6RL3.3

CA 6RL3.0

Responding to the Literature

4linden: a type of tree with large heart-shaped leaves

472

469-473 C10-868874 1/6/05 12:53 AM Page 472

CHAPTER 10 • Roman Civilization 473

Do you want to learn more about the ancient Romans or the history ofChristianity? If so, check out these other great books.

Biography

Julius Caesar: Great Dictator of Rome by Richard Platt follows the life andtimes of Rome’s most famous leader. The book explains Caesar’s rise to power,his achievements, and his death. The content of this book is related toHistory–Social Science Standard WH6.7.

Nonfiction

Science in Ancient Rome by Jacqueline L. Harris provides details and descrip-tions of the important scientific contributions made by the ancient Romans. Itgives specific examples of the significant people and events in Roman historythat helped make these advancements. The content of this book is related toHistory–Social Science Standard WH6.7.

Fiction

The Thieves of Ostia by Caroline Lawrence tells the story of Flavia Gemina, ayoung girl living in ancient Rome. The book follows Flavia and her friends asthey try to solve a crime in the Roman city of Ostia. The content of this book isrelated to History–Social Science Standard WH6.7.

Nonfiction

The Story of Christianity by Michael Collins and Matthew A. Price covers thehistorical background of Christianity. The book takes the reader from the birthof Jesus to the present day, detailing the important people and events thathelped shape the religion along the way. The content of this book is related toHistory–Social Science Standard WH6.7.

469-473 C10-868874 7/12/05 10:12 PM Page 473