45245280 Chemistry of the Elements 2nd Edition

5/24/2018 45245280 Chemistry of the Elements 2nd Edition

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Contents

Preface to the second editionPreface to the first editionChapter 1 Origin of the Elements. Isotopes and Atomic Weights

1.11.21.31.41.5

1.6

IntroductionOrigin of the UniverseAbundances of the Elements in the UniverseStellar Evolution and the Spectral Classes of StarsSynthesis of the Elements1.5.1 Hydrogen burning1.5.2 Helium burning and carbon burning1.5.3 The a-process1.5.4 The e-process (equilibrium process)1.5.51.5.6 The p-process (proton capture)1.5.7 The x-processAtomic Weights1.6.1 Uncertainty in atomic weights1.6.2

The s- and r-processes (slow and rapid neutron absorption)

The problem of radioactive elements

Chapter 2 Chemical Periodicity and the Periodic Table2.1 Introduction2.22.3 Periodic Trends in Properties

The Electronic Structure of Atoms2.3.12.3.2 Trends in chemical propertiesPrediction of New Elements and Compounds

Trends in atomic and physical properties2.4

Chapter 3 Hydrogen3.13.2

3.3

3.4

IntroductionAtomic and Physical Properties of Hydrogen3.2.1 Isotopes of hydrogen3.2.2 Ortho and para-hydrogen3.2.3 Ionized forms of hydrogenPreparation, Production and Uses3.3.1 Hydrogen3.3.2 Deuterium3.3.3 TritiumChemical Properties and Trends3.4.1 The coordination chemistry of hydrogen

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Vi ontents3.5 Protonic Acids and Bases3.6 The Hydrogen Bond3.6.1 Influence on properties3.6.2 Influence on structure

3.6.3 Strength of hydrogen bonds and theoretical description3.7 Hydrides of the Elements

Chapter 4 Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium andFrancium4.14.2

4.3

IntroductionThe Elements4.2.1 Discovery and isolation4.2.2 Terrestrial abundance and distribution4.2.3 Production and uses of the metals4.2.4 Properties of the alkali metals4.2.5 Chemical reactivity and trends4.2.6 Solutions in liquid ammonia and other solventsCompounds4.3.1 Introduction: the ionic-bond model4.3.2 Halides and hydrides4.3.34.3.4 Hydroxides4.3.54.3.6 Coordination chemistry4.3.74.3.8 Organometallic compounds

Oxides, peroxides, superoxides and suboxidesOxoacid salts and other compoundsImides, amides and related compounds

Chapter 5 Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium andRadium5.1 Introduction5.2 The Elements5.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution

5.2.25.2.3 Properties of the elements5.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends5.3.1 Introduction5.3.2 Hydrides and halides5.3.3 Oxides and hydroxides5.3.45.3.5 Organometallic compounds

Production and uses of the metals

5.3 Compounds

Oxoacid salts and coordination complexesBerylliumMagnesiumCalcium, strontium and barium

Chapter 6 Boron6.1 Introduction6.2 Boron

6.2.1 Isolation and purification of the element6.2.2 Structure of cjstal line boron6.2.36.2.4 Chemical properties6.3.1 Introduction6.3.2 Preparation and stoichiometry6.3.3 Structures of borides

Atomic and physical properties of boron6.3 Borides

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ontents6.4

6.56.66.7

6.8

6.96.10

Boranes (Boron Hydrides)6.4.1 Introduction6.4.2 Bonding and topology6.4.36.4.46.4.56.4.6 Chemistry of nido-decaborane, B10H146.4.7 Chemistry of ~loso-B,H,~-CarboranesMetallocarboranesBoron Halides6.7.1 Boron trihalides6.7.2 Lower halides of boronBoron -Oxygen Compounds6.8.1 Boron oxides and oxoacids6.8.2 Borates6.8.3Boron Nitrogen CompoundsOther Compounds of Boron6.10.16.10.2

Preparation and properties of boranesThe chemistry of small boranes and their anions (BI -B4)Intermediate-sized boranes and their anions (B5 -B9)

Organic compounds containing boron-oxygen bonds

Compounds with bonds to P, As or SbCompounds with bonds to S Se and Te

Chapter 7 Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium7.1 Introduction7.2 The Elements

7.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution7.2.27.2.3 Properties of the elements7.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends7.3.1 Hydrides and related complexes7.3.2 Halides and halide complexes

Aluminium trihalidesTrihalides of gallium, indium and thalliumLower halides of gallium, indium and thalliumTernary and more complex oxide phasesSpinels and related compoundsSodium-B-alumina and related phasesTricalcium aluminate, Ca3A1206ChalcogenidesCompounds with bonds to N, P, As, Sb or BiSome unusual stereochemistriesOrganoaluminium compoundsorganometallic compounds of Ga, In and T1AI-N heterocycles and clusters

Preparation and uses of the metals

7.3 Compounds

7.3.3 Oxides and hydroxides7.3.4

7.3.5 Other inorganic compounds

7.3.6 Organometallic compounds

Chapter 8 Carbon8.1 Introduction8.2 Carbon8.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution8.2.2 Allotropic forms8.2.3 Atomic and physical properties8.2.4 FullerenesStructure of the fullerenes

Other molecular allotropes of carbonChemistry of the fullerenesReduction of fullerenes to fullerides

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viii ontents

8.38.48.58.68.78.88.9

Addition reactionsHeteroatom fullerene-type clustersEncapsulation of metal atoms by fullerene clusters8.2.5 Chemical properties of carbonGraphite Intercalation Compounds

CarbidesMetallocarbohedrenes (met-cars)Hydrides, Halides and OxohalidesOxides and CarbonatesChalcogenides and Related CompoundsCyanides and Other Carbon-Nitrogen CompoundsOrganometallic Compounds

Chapter 9 Silicon9.1 Introduction9.2 Silicon9.2.1 Occurrence and distribution

9.2.29.2.3 Atomic and physical properties9.2.4 Chemical properties9.3.1 Silicides9.3.2 Silicon hydrides (silanes)9.3.39.3.4 Silica and silicic acids9.3.5 Silicate minerals

Isolation, production and industrial uses

9.3 Compounds

Silicon halides and related complexes

Silicates with discrete unitsSilicates with chain or ribbon structuresSilicates with layer structuresSilicates with framework structuresOther inorganic compounds of silicon.3.69.3.7 Organosilicon compounds and silicones

Chapter 10 Germanium, Tin and Lead10.1 Introduction10.2 The Elements10.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution

10.2.210.2.3 Properties of the elements10.2.4

10.3 Compounds10.3.1 Hydrides and hydrohalides10.3.2 Halides and related complexesGermanium halidesTin halidesLead halides

Production and uses of the elementsChemical reactivity and group trends

10.3.3 Oxides and hydroxides10.3.4 Derivatives of oxoacids10.3.5 Other inorganic compounds10.3.6 Metal-metal bonds and clusters10.3.7 Organometallic compoundsGermaniumTinLead

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Chapter 11 Nitrogen11.1 Introduction

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Contents11.2 The Element11.2.1 Abundance and distribution

11.2.2 Production and uses of nitrogen11.2.3 Atomic and physical properties11.2.4 Chemical reactivity

11.3 Compounds11.3.111.3.2 Ammonia and ammonium salts11.3.3 Other hydrides of nitrogen

Nitrides, azides and nitrido complexesLiquid ammonia as a solventHydrazineHydroxylamineHydrogen azideThermodynamic relations between N-containing speciesNitrogen halides and related compoundsNitrous oxide, N20Nitric oxide, NODinitrogen trioxide, N203Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, and dinitrogen tetroxide, N204Dinitrogen pentoxide, N205, and nitrogen trioxide, No3Oxoacids, oxoanions and oxoacid salts of nitrogenHyponitrous acid and hyponitritesNitrous acid and nitritesNitric acid and nitratesOrthonitrates, MiN04

11.3.411.3.511.3.6 Oxides of nitrogen

11.3.7

Chapter 12 Phosphorus12.1 introduction12.2 The Element12.2.1 Abundance and distribution

12.2.212.2.3 Allotropes of phosphorus12.2.4 Atomic and physical properties12.2.5 Chemical reactivity and stereochemistry12.3.1 Phosphides12.3.2 Phosphine and related compounds12.3.3 Phosphorus halides

Production and uses of elemental phosphorus

12.3 Compounds

Phosphorus trihalidesDiphosphorus tetrahalides and other lower halides of phosphorusPhosphorus pentahalidesPseudohalides of phosphorus(II1)Oxohalides and thiohalides of phosphorusPhosphorus oxides, sulfides, selenides and related compoundsOxidesSulfidesOxosulfidesOxoacids of phosphorus and their saltsHypophosphorous acid and hypophosphites [H2PO(OH) and HzP02-]Phosphorous acid and phosphites [HPO(OH)2 and HP032-lHypophosphoric acid (&P206) and hypophosphatesOther lower oxoacids of phosphorusThe phosphoric acidsOrthophosphatesChain polyphosphatesCyclo-polyphosphoric acids and cyclo-polyphosphates

CyclophosphazanesPhosphazenes

12.3.412.3.5

12.3.6

12.3.7 Phosphorus -nitrogen compounds

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X ContentsPol yphosphazenesApplications12.3.8 Organophosphorus compounds

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Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth13.1 Introduction13.2 The Elements13.2.1 Abundance, distribution and extraction13.2.2 Atomic and physical properties

13.2.3Compounds of Arsenic, Antimony and BismuthChemical reactivity and group trends13.3 13.3.113.3.213.3.3

13.3.4

13.3.513.3.613.3.713.3.8

Oxygen

Intermetallic compounds-and alloysHydrides of arsenic, antimony and bismuthHalides and related complexesTrihalides, MX3Pentahalides, MXsMixed halides and lower halidesHalide complexes of M and MVOxide halidesOxides and oxo compoundsOxo compounds of M 'Mixed-valence oxidesOxo compounds of MVSulfides and related compoundsMetal-metal bonds and clustersOther inorganic compoundsOrganometallic compoundsOrganoarsenic(II1) compoundsOrganoarsenic(V) compoundsPhysiological activity of arsenicalsOrganoantimony and organobismuth compounds

14.1 The Element14.1.1 Introduction14.1.2 Occurrence14.1.3 Preparation14.1.4 Atomic and physical properties14.1.5 Other forms of oxygenOzone

Atomic oxygenChemical properties of dioxygen, 0 214.2 Compounds of Oxygen

Coordination chemistry: dioxygen as a ligandIntroductionDistribution and availabilityPhysical properties and structureWater of crystallization, aquo complexes and solid hydratesChemical propertiesPolywater14.2.3 Hydrogen peroxidePhysical propertiesChemical properties

14.1.614.2.114.2.2 Water

14.2.4 Oxygen fluorides14.2.5 OxidesVarious methods of classificationNonstoichiometry

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ontents

Chapter 15 Sulfur15.1 The Element15.1.1 Introduction15.1.2 Abundance and distribution15.1.315.1.4 Allotropes of sulfur

15.1.5 Atomic and physical properties15.1.6 Chemical reactivity

Production and uses of elemental sulfur

Polyatomic sulfur cationsSulfur as a ligandOther ligands containing sulfur as donor atomSulfides of the metallic elementsGeneral considerationsStructural chemistry of metal sulfidesAnionic polysulfides15.2.2 Hydrides of sulfur (sulfanes)15.2.3 Halides of sulfur

15.2 Compounds of Sulfur15.2.1

Sulfur fluoridesChlorides, bromides and iodides of sulfur15.2.4 Oxohalides of sulfur15.2.5 Oxides of sulfurLower oxidesSulfur dioxide, SO2Sulfur dioxide as a ligandSulfur trioxideHigher oxides

Sulfuric acid, H2S04Peroxosulfuric acids, HzSOs and H2S208Thiosulfuric acid, H2S2O3Dithionic acid, H2S206Polythionic acids, H2Sn06Sulfurous acid, HzS03Disulfurous acid, H2S2O5Dithionous acid, H2S204Binary sulfur nitridesSulfur-nitrogen cations and anionsSulfur imides, SsPn(NH),Other cyclic sulfur-nitrogen compoundsSulfur-nitrogen-halogen compoundsSulfur-nitrogen-oxygen compounds

15.2.6 Oxoacids of sulfur

15.2.7 Sulfur-nitrogen compounds

X

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Chapter 16 Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium16.1 The Elements16.1.1 Introduction: history, abundance, distribution16.1.2 Production and uses of the elements16.1.3 Allotropy16.1.4 Atomic and physical properties16.1.5 Chemical reactivity and trends16.1.6 Polyatomic cations, M, +16.1.7 Polyatomic anions, Mx216.2 Compounds of Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium16.2.1 Selenides, tellurides and polonides16.2.2 Hydrides16.2.3 Halides

Lower halidesTetrahalides

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X i i ontentsHexahalidesHalide complexes

16.2.4 Oxohalides and pseudohalides16.2.5 Oxides16.2.6 Hydroxides and oxoacids16.2.7 Other inorganic compounds16.2.8 Organo-compounds

Chapter 17 The Halogens: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, lodine andAstatine17.1 The Elements

17.1.1 IntroductionFluorineChlorineBromineIodineAstatineProduction and uses of the elements17.1.2 Abundance and distribution17.1.3

17.1.4 Atomic and physical properties17.1.5 Chemical reactivity and trends

General reactivity and stereochemistrySolutions and charge-transfer complexesCompounds of Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine7.2i7.2.i

17.2.217.2.3

17.2.417.2.517.2.617.2.7

17.2.8

17.2.9

Hydrogen halides, HXPreparation and usesPhysical properties of the hydrogen halidesChemical reactivity of the hydrogen halidesThe hydrogen halides as nonaqueous solventsHalides of the elementsFluoridesChlorides, bromides and iodidesInterhalogen compoundsDiatomic interhalogens, XYTetra-atomic interhalogens, XY3Hexa-atomic and octa-atomic interhalogens, XF5 and IF7Polyhalide anionsPolyhalonium cations XY2,Halogen cationsOxides of chlorine, bromine and iodineOxides of chlorineOxides of bromineOxides of iodineOxoacids and oxoacid saltsGeneral considerationsHypohalous acids, HOX, and hypohalites, XO-Halous acids, HOXO, and halites, X02-Halic acids, HOX02, and halates, XO3-Perhalic acid and perhalatesPerchloric acid and perchloratesPerbromic acid and perbromatesPeriodic acids and periodatesHalogen oxide fluorides and related compoundsChlorine oxide fluoridesBromine oxide fluoridesIodine oxide fluorides17.2.10 Halogen derivatives of oxoacids

17.3 The Chemistry of Astatine

7777777

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ontentsThe Noble Gases: Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenonand Radon

x

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

18.1 Introduction18.2 The Elements18.2.1 Distribution, production and uses18.2.2Chemistry of the Noble Gases18.3.1 Clathrates18.3.2 Compounds of xenon18.3.3

Atomic and physical properties of the elements18 3

Compounds of other noble gases

Coordination and Organometallic Compounds19.1 Introduction19.2 Types of Ligand19.3 Stability of Coordination Compounds19.4 The Various Coordination Numbers19.5 IsomerismConformational isomerismGeometrical isomerismOptical isomerismIonization isomerismLinkage isomerism

Coordination isomerismPolymerization isomerismLigand isomerism19.6 The Coordinate Bond19.7 Organometallic Compounds19.7.1 Monohapto ligands19.7.2 Dihapto ligands19.7.3 Trihapto ligands19.7.4 Tetrahapto ligands19.7.5 Pentahapto ligands19.7.6 Hexahapto ligands19.7.7 Heptahapto and octahapto ligands

Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum and Actinium20.1 Introduction20.2 The Elements20.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution20.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals

20.2.3 Properties of the elements20.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trendsCompounds of Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum and Actinium20.3.1 Simple compounds20.3.2 Complexes20.3.3 Organometallic compounds

20.3

Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium2 1.1 Introduction21.2 The Elements21.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution21.2.221.2.3 Properties of the elements21.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends

Compounds of Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium21.3.1 Oxides and sulfides


21.3

9

9
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x iv ontents21.3.2 Mixed (or complex) oxides21.3.3 Halides21.3.4 Compounds with oxoanions21.3.5 Complexes

Oxidation state IV (do)Oxidation state 111 (d')Lower oxidation states


Chapter 22 Vanadium, Niobium and Tantalum22.1 Introduction22.2 The Elements

22.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution22.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals22.2.3 Atomic and physical properties of the elements22.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trendsCompounds of Vanadium, Niobium and Tantalum22.3.1 Oxides22.3.2 Polymetallates22.3.3 Sulfides, selenides and tellurides22.3.4 Halides and oxohalides22.3.5 Compounds with oxoanions22.3.6 Complexes

22.3

Oxidation state V (do)Oxidation state IV (d')Oxidation state I11 (d2)Oxidation state I1 (d3)22.3.7 The biochemistry of vanadium


Chapter 23 Chromium, Molybdenum and angsten23.1 Introduction23.2 The Elements23.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution

23.2.223.2.3 Properties of the elements23.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trendsCompounds of Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten23.3.1 Oxides23.3.2 Isopolymetallates23.3.3 Heteropolymetallates23.3.4 Tungsten and molybdenum bronzes23.3.5 Sulfides, selenides and tellurides23.3.6 Halides and oxohalides23.3.7 Complexes of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten

Oxidation state V I (do)Oxidation state V (d')Oxidation state IV (d2)Oxidation state I11 (d3)Oxidation state I1 (d4)Biological activity and nitrogen fixation


23.3

23.3.823.3.9 Organometallic compounds

Chapter 24 Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium24.1 Introduction24.2 The Elements

1

1
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ontents x

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

24.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution24.2.224.2.3 Properties of the elements24.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trendsCompounds of Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium24.3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides24.3.2 Oxoanions24.3.3 Halides and oxohalides24.3.4


24.3

Complexes of manganese, technetium and rheniumOxidation state VI1 (do)Oxidation state VI (d')Oxidation state V (d2)Oxidation state IV d3)Oxidation state I11 (d4)Oxidation state I1 (d5)Lower oxidation states

24.3.5 The biochemistry of manganese24.3.6 Organometallic compounds

Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium25.1 Introduction25.2 The Elements Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium25.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution

25.2.225.2.3 Properties of the elements25.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends

25.3 Compounds of Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium

Preparation and uses of the elements

25.3 -125.3.225.3.325.3.4

25.3.5

25.3.6

Oxides and other chalcogenidesMixed metal oxides and oxoanionsHalides and oxohalidesComplexesOxidation state VI (do)Oxidation state VI1 (d')Oxidation state VI (d')Oxidation state V (d3)Oxidation state IV (d4)Oxidation state I11 (d5)Oxidation state I1 (d6)Mixed valence compounds of rutheniumLower oxidation statesThe biochemistry of ironHaemoglobin and myoglobinCytochromesIron-sulfur proteinsOrganometallic compoundsCarbonylsCarbonyl hydrides and carbonylate anionsCarbonyl halides and other substituted carbonylsFerrocene and other c yclopentadienyls

Cobalt, Rhodium and Iridium26.1 Introduction26.2 The Elements26.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution

26.2.226.2.3 Properties of the elements26.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trendsCompounds of Cobalt, Rhodium and Indium


26.3

101010101010101010101010101010101010

1071010101010101010101010101010111111111111111

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ontents26.3.126.3.226.3.3

26.3.426.3.5

Oxides and sulfidesHalidesComplexesOxidation state IV (d5)Oxidation state I11 (d6)Oxidation state I1 (d7)Oxidation state I (d')Lower oxidation statesThe biochemistry of cobaltOrganometallic compoundsCarbonylsCyclopentadienyls

Chapter 27 Nickel, Palladium and Platinum27.1 Introduction27.2 The Elements27.2.1 Terresuial abundance and distribution27.2.227.2.3 Properties of the elements27.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trendsCompounds of Nickel, Palladium and Platinum27.3.1 The Pd/H;? system27.3.2 Oxides and chalcogenides27.3.3 Halides27.3.4 Complexes


27.3

Oxidation state IV (d6)Oxidation state 111 (d')Oxidation state I1 (d8)Oxidation state I (d9)Oxidation state 0 (d )27.3.5 The biochemistry of nickel27.3.6 Organometallic compoundsa-Bonded compoundsCarbonylsCyclopentadienylsAlkene and alkyne complexesn llylic complexes

Chapter 28 Copper, Silver and Gold28.1 Introduction28.2 The Elements28.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution28.2.2

28.2.328.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trendsCompounds of Copper, Silver and Gold28.3.1 Oxides and sulfides28.3.2 High temperature superconductors28.3.3 Halides28.3.4 Photography28.3.5 Complexes

Preparation and uses of the elementsAtomic and physical properties of the elements

28.3

Oxidation state I (ds)Oxidation state I1 (d9)Electronic spectra and magnetic properties of copper(I1)Oxidation state I (d ) 1194Gold cluster compounds28.3.6 Biochemistry of copper28.3.7 Organometallic compounds

111111111111

1111111111111111111111111

11
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ontents

Chapter 29 Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury29.1 Introduction29.2 The Elements

29.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution29.2.229.2.3 Properties of the elements29.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trendsCompounds of Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury29.3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides29.3.2 Halides29.3.3 Mercury(1)29.3.4 Zinc(I1) and cadmium(I1)29.3.5 Mercury(I1)


29.3

Polycations of mercury

Hg N compoundsHg -S compoundsCluster compounds involving mercury

29.3.6 Organometallic compounds29.3.7 Biological and environmental importance

xv

Chapter 30 The Lanthanide Elements (Z 58-71)30.1 Introduction30.2 The Elements30.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution

30.2.230.2.3 Properties of the elements30.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends30.3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides30.3.2 Halides30.3.3 Magnetic and spectroscopic properties30.3.4 Complexes


30.3 Compounds of the Lanthanides

Oxidation state IVOxidation state I11Oxidation state II30.3.5 Organometallic compoundsCyclopentadienides and related compoundsAlkyls and aryls

Chapter 31 The Actinide and Transactinide Elements (Z 90- 112)3 1.1 Introduction31.2 The Actinide Elements

Superheavy elements3 1.2.131.2.2

Terrestrial abundance and distributionPreparation and uses of the actinide elementsNuclear reactors and atomic energyNuclear fuel reprocessingProperties of the actinide elements1.2.3

31.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends31.3 Compounds of the Actinides31.3.131.3.2 Mixed metal oxides

3 1.3.33 1.3.431.3.5

Oxides and chalcogenides of the actinidesHalides of the actinide elementsMagnetic and spectroscopic propertiesComplexes of the actinide elementsOxidation state VI1Oxidation state VIOxidation state VOxidation state IV

120121212121212121212121212121212121212

12121212121212121211121211111

121111111111111111111
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14/14

xviii ontentsOxidation state 111 127Oxidation state I 12731.3.6 Organometallic compounds of the actinides 1273 1.4 The Transactinide Elements 12831.4.1 Introduction 12831.4.2 Element 104 12831.4.3 Element 105 128

31.4.4 Element 106 12831.4.5 Elements 107, 108 and 109 12831.4.6 Elements 110, 111 and 112 128

Appendix 1 Atomic Orbitals 128Appendix 2 Symmetry Elements, Symmetry Operations and Point Groups 129Appendix 3 Some Non-SI Units 129Appendix 4 Abundance of Elements in Crustal Rocks 129Appendix 5 Effective Ionic Radii 129Appendix 6 Nobel Prize for Chemistry 129Appendix 7 Nobel Prize for Physics 13Index 13
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45245280 Chemistry of the Elements 2nd Edition