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4.2 Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability. Extinction and threats to biodiversity. Remember Extinct is FOREVER!!. Causes of Extinction . Two major causes Natural Causes (Non-Human) Human Causes. Natural Causes (Non-Human). Volcanic Eruptions Drought Meteors Glaciers and ice age - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Extinction and threats to biodiversity
4.2 Evaluating Biodiversity and Vulnerability
Remember Extinct is FOREVER!!
Two major causesNatural Causes (Non-Human)Human Causes
Causes of Extinction
Volcanic EruptionsDroughtMeteorsGlaciers and ice ageCompetition and Predation
Natural Causes (Non-Human)
H-Habitat destruction and fragmentation
I- Introduced speciesP-PollutionP-Practices of agricultureO-Over hunting
Human Causes (HIPPO)
Dodo Bird – Extinct
Degradation: reducing the quality of available habitat Ex. Logging, agriculture, sewage
Fragmentation: splitting a single large, contiguous system into many disconnected areasEx. Putting a road through a wilderness area, or
building a dam across a riverLoss: Disappearing of an entire habitat
Ex. Paving natural area for building sites, converting prairies to farmland or residential subdivisions
Habitat Destruction/ Fragmentation
Organisms that are living in an environment outside of its normal range or natural environment
Many are transported by accidentBiocontrol: Species transported intentionally to
control other “problem” species populationsCharacteristics:
Fast growth/reproductionLive in wide range of environmentsUsually harmful to environment Outcompete native organisms for local food
sources Leads to extinction of native organisms
Invasive Species (Alien, exotic, non-native)
Asian CarpKudzuRabbitsStarlingsCane Toads
Examples of Invasive Species
“the vine that ate the South” and “The Green Menace”.
Grow up to 1 foot in a day!
Introduced from Japan as quick ground cover to prevent soil erosion
Kudzu
Asian Carp
Originally imported to clear algae from catfish ponds in the southern USA,
Flooding allowed some carp to escape into the Mississippi River and its tributaries where they quickly became MANY carp
Pose a strong threat to the Great Lakes
Asian Carp
“The introduction of a few rabbits could do little harm and might provide a touch of home, in addition to a spot of hunting.”
-Thomas Austin in 1859
(Released 24 rabbits)1950 ~ 600 million
rabbits1951 ~ 100 million
Rabbits
Government Drugged Watering Hole
Today starlings are blamed for agricultural losses of up to $800 million annually in the United States, as well as being implicated in a number of deadly plane crashes.
~ 60 were released in New York’s Central Park in 1890.
Starlings
Cane Toad
Good Example of biocontrol! In 1937 cane toads were released in
Australia's sugar cane plantations to control insect populations
By 1938 ~60,000 cane toads left sugar cane fields for more natural habitat (ate all majority of insect populations and outcompeted native amphibians for food)
Can grow up to 15 inches and eat anything!
Cane Toad
Toxins added to the environment lead to a loss or degradation of habitat.
Pollution
Farming causes habitat loss and reduces biodiversity because of…Monoculture: Farming of only one crop on a
large scalePesticides: Often lethal to many non-pest
speciesHerbicides: Lethal to species other than the
weeds
Practices of Agriculture
Collecting, and harvesting wild populations: unregulated, it can diminish local populations or even drive some to extinction Tasmanian tigerdodoNorth American sea minkPrairie buffalo Blue whale
Over Hunting
Fossil Records reveal average “lifetimes” of species.
Extinction occurs naturally and is referred to as the background rate of extinction
Humans have lead to a 1000x extinction rateEstimated 137 species lost each day
50,000 species a year
Rates of Extinction
The Earth has experienced 5 mass extinctionsMass Extinctions
Extinction # 1 ~445 MYA Ordovician Stage – Dramatic loss of sea level due to forming Antarctica -57% Extinct
Extinction # 2 ~ 370 MYA Devonian Stage – Changes in sea level and global cooling stage -50% Extinct
Extinction #3 ~250 MYA Permian Stage- Breaking up of Pangea change ocean currents- 83% Extinction
Extinction #4 ~200 MYA Triassic Stage – Climate warming from volcanic eruptions -48% Extinct
Extinction #5 ~65 MYA Cretaceous – Asteroid impacting the earth – 50% Extinct
Extinction Events
Mammals: ~ 1 million years
With approximately 5,000 mammals the background rate is 1 every 200 years
In past 400 years 89 extinctions have been recorded.45x background rate.
Over 50 extinctions have occurred in the past century100x background rate
Average Lifespan of mammals
Organisms that are…Limited habitatExtremely specialized nicheLow reproductive potential Require a large territory MigratoryValuable economically (hunted)Vulnerable to pollutionIncompatible with civilization
may be more likely to go extinct
Characteristics of Vulnerable Species
Contain ½ of Earth’s known speciesMost species have specialized
nichesHumans disrupt environment for
loggingChanging one part of ecosystem
alters the entire web of relationships
Breakdown of rainforest likely lead to extinction of 10% worlds species in 25 years
Regeneration rate is slow due to poor soil quality (rapid year round nutrient cycling depletes soil)
Rainforest Vulnerability
4.2.5 Red List Criteria
Red List CriteriaIUCN (International Union for Conservation
of Nature) Red list used to determine extinction riskSpecific Aims:
Provide system that can be applied consistentlyImprove evaluation of different factors which
affect the risk of extinction
Factors used to determine listPopulation size: how many organisms of the species still
exist?Reduction in population size: are the numbers falling
rapidly or slowly?Numbers of mature individuals: if many of the remaining
individuals are already at or past their reproductive peak, the species is likely to decline even further
Geographic range and fragmentation: wide geographic range makes the species less prone to
extinctionfragmented habitat makes it more difficult for populations
to interbreedQuality of habitat: degraded habitat supports fewer
individuals
CategoriesExtinct (Ex) – No reasonable doubt that the
last individual has died. Determined after exhaustive surveys of animals known range and expected habitats
Endangered (E)- Survival is unlikely if causal factors continue operating. Drastically reduced populations and habitat
Vulnerable (V) – Near endangered if causal factors continue. Numbers are abundant but are under threat from serious factors (overexploitation, habitat destruction)
Rare (R) – Small world populations that are at risk. Unexpected threat could easily cause a critical decline (small geographic disturbance)
Unknown (K) – Suspected to fit in one of the above categories but there is a lack of information
Categories