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Biology, 7e (Campbel l) C hapte r 41: Anima l Nutr it ion

C hapte r Q uestions 1) The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the following would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources? A) fat in adipose tissue B) glucose in the blood C) protein in muscle cells D) glycogen in muscle cells E) calcium phosphate in bone Answer: C Topic: Concept 41.1 Skill: Comprehension 2) An animal that migrates great distances would obtain the greatest benefit from storing its energy as A) proteins. B) minerals. C) carbohydrates. D) amino acids. E) fats. Answer: E Topic: Concept 41.1 Skill: Application 3) Which one of the following statements about obesity is false? A) The majority of the people in the United States are either obese or overweight. B) Obesity contributes to diabetes, cancer of the colon and breasts, and cardiovascular disease. C) Inheritance is a major factor in obesity. D) As adipose tissue increases, leptin blood levels rise. E) If a person's excess calories were stored as carbohydrates instead of fat, that person would weigh less. Answer: E Topic: Concept 41.1 Skill: Knowledge 4) Some nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain animals because A) only those animals use the nutrients. B) they are subunits of important polymers. C) they cannot be manufactured by the organism. D) they are necessary coenzymes. E) only some foods contain them. Answer: C Topic: Concept 41.2 Skill: Knowledge

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5) Which of the following is not one of the four classes of essential nutrients? A) essential sugars B) essential amino acids C) essential fatty acids D) essential vitamins E) essential minerals Answer: A Topic: Concept 41.2 Skill: Knowledge 6) Animals require certain basic amino acids in their diet. An amino acid that is referred to as nonessential would be best described as one that A) can be made by the animal's body from other substances. B) is not used by the animal in biosynthesis. C) must be ingested in the diet. D) is less important than an essential amino acid. E) is not found in many proteins. Answer: A Topic: Concept 41.2 Skill: Comprehension 7) Which of the following vitamins is incorrectly associated with its use? A) vitamin C synthesis of connective tissue B) vitamin A incorporated into the visual pigment of the eye C) vitamin D calcium absorption and bone formation D) vitamin E protection of membrane phospholipids from oxidation E) vitamin K production of red blood cells Answer: E Topic: Concept 41.2 Skill: Knowledge 8) Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? A) vitamin A B) vitamin B12 C) vitamin C D) iodine E) calcium Answer: A Topic: Concept 41.2 Skill: Knowledge 9) Because they accumulate in the body, excess ingestion of which of the following can have toxic effects? A) fat-soluble vitamins B) water-soluble vitamins C) calcium and phosphorus D) proteins E) sugars Answer: A Topic: Concept 41.2 Skill: Knowledge

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10) Which of the following minerals is incorrectly associated with its use in animals? A) calcium construction and maintenance of bone B) magnesium cofactor in enzymes that split ATP C) iron regulation of metabolic rate D) phosphorus ingredient of nucleic acids E) sodium important in nerve function Answer: C Topic: Concept 41.2 Skill: Knowledge 11) Which of the following terms could be applied to any organism with a digestive system? A) heterotroph B) autotroph C) herbivore D) omnivore E) chemoautotroph Answer: A Topic: Concept 41.3 Skill: Comprehension 12) During the process of digestion, fats are broken down when fatty acids are detached from glycerol. In addition, proteins are digested to yield amino acids. What do these two processes have in common? Both A) are catalyzed by the same enzyme. B) occur intracellularly in most organisms. C) involve the addition of a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis). D) require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH. E) require ATP as an energy source. Answer: C Topic: Concept 41.3 Skill: Comprehension 13) Which of the following digestive processes requires enzymes? A) ingestion B) peristalsis C) absorption D) hydrolysis E) elimination Answer: D Topic: Concept 41.3 Skill: Comprehension 14) To leave the digestive tract, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of food processing does this take place? A) ingestion B) digestion C) hydrolysis D) absorption E) elimination Answer: D Topic: Concept 41.3 Skill: Comprehension

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15) Intracellular digestion is usually immediately preceded by which process? A) hydrolysis B) endocytosis C) absorption D) elimination E) secretion Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.3 Skill: Comprehension 16) Which of these animals has a gastrovascular cavity? A) pigeon B) hydra C) elephant D) beetle E) leech Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.3 Skill: Knowledge 17) Increasing the surface area facilitates which of the following digestive processes? A) hydrolysis B) absorption C) elimination D) A and B only E) A, B, and C Answer: D Topic: Concept 41.3 Skill: Comprehension 18) Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity? A) Extracellular digestion is not needed. B) Specialized regions are possible. C) Digestive enzymes can be more specific. D) Extensive branching is possible. E) Intracellular digestion is easier. Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.3 Skill: Comprehension 19) Which of the following do not need a digestive system? A) heterotrophs B) autotrophs C) herbivores D) omnivores E) carnivores Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.3 Skill: Comprehension

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20) Which one of the following has a shape most like an animal with a gastrovascular cavity? A) a drinking straw B) a baseball bat C) a garden hose D) an umbrella E) a vase Answer: E Topic: Concept 41.3 Skill: Application 21) What is peristalsis? A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel D) a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration E) smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal Answer: E Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Knowledge 22) After ingestion, the first type of macromolecule to be worked on by enzymes in the human digestive system is A) protein. B) carbohydrate. C) fat. D) nucleic acid. E) glucose. Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Comprehension 23) What is the substrate of salivary amylase? A) protein B) starch C) sucrose D) glucose E) maltose Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Knowledge 24) Which of the following statements about the mammalian digestive system is true? A) All foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth. B) After leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx. C) The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. D) Enzyme production continues in the esophagus. E) The trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach. Answer: C Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Knowledge

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25) What part(s) of the digestive system have secretions with a pH of 2? A) small intestine B) stomach C) pancreas D) A and B only E) A, B, and C Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Comprehension 26) Which of the following statements about pepsin is true? Pepsin A) is manufactured by the pancreas. B) helps stabilize fat-water emulsions. C) splits maltose into monosaccharides. D) begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach. E) is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH. Answer: D Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Knowledge 27) Without functioning parietal cells, an individual would A) not be able to initiate protein digestion in the stomach. B) not be able to initiate mechanical digestion in the stomach. C) only be able to digest fat in the stomach. D) not be able to produce pepsinogen. E) not be able to initiate digestion in the small intestine. Answer: A Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Comprehension 28) Most enzymatic hydrolysis of the macromolecules in food occurs in the A) small intestine. B) large intestine. C) stomach. D) liver. E) mouth. Answer: A Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Knowledge 29) Most nutrients are absorbed across the epithelium of the A) colon. B) stomach. C) esophagus. D) small intestine. E) large intestine. Answer: D Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Knowledge

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30) A structure that does not manufacture any digestive substances is the A) duodenum. B) pancreas. C) salivary gland. D) gallbladder. E) liver. Answer: D Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Knowledge 31) Which of the following statement(s) about bile salts is (are) true? Bile salts A) are enzymes. B) are manufactured by the pancreas. C) emulsify fats in the duodenum. D) increase the efficiency of pepsin action. E) are normally an ingredient of gastric juice. Answer: C Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Knowledge 32) Most nutrients absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream are in which form? A) disaccharides B) polymers C) monomers D) enzymes E) peptides Answer: C Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Comprehension 33) Which of the following enzymes has the lowest pH optimum? A) amylase B) pepsin C) lipase D) trypsin E) sucrase Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Comprehension

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The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.

Figure 41.1 34) Where are the agents that help emulsify fat produced? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 8 E) 9 Answer: E Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Knowledge 35) Where does the complete digestion of carbohydrates occur? A) 3 only B) 4 only C) 1 and 4 D) 3 and 4 E) 1, 3, and 4 Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Knowledge 36) Where does the digestion of fats occur? A) 3 only B) 4 only C) 1 and 4 D) 3 and 4 E) 1, 3, and 4 Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Knowledge

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37) Which structure is home to bacteria that produce vitamins as by-products of their metabolism? A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 7 E) 8 Answer: C Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Knowledge 38) Which one of the following statements about digestion is false? A) Digestion is catalyzed by enzymes. B) Digestion cleaves nucleic acids into nucleotides. C) Digestion cleaves fats into glycerol and fatty acids. D) During digestion the essential macromolecules are directly absorbed. E) During digestion polysaccharides and disaccharides are split into simple sugars. Answer: D Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Comprehension 39) How does the digestion and absorption of fat differ from that of carbohydrates? A) Processing of fat does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates does. B) Fat absorption occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine. C) Carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not. D) Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood. E) Only fat must be worked on by bacteria in the large intestine before it can be absorbed. Answer: D Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Comprehension 40) Which of the following is not a nutritional monomer that can be transported in the blood? A) sucrose B) glucose C) fatty acid D) amino acid E) nucleotide Answer: A Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Comprehension 41) In which blood vessel is glucose concentration likely to vary the most? A) abdominal artery B) coronary arteries C) pulmonary veins D) hepatic portal vessel E) hepatic vein, which drains the liver Answer: D Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Application

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42) Which of the following glandular secretions involved in digestion would be most likely released initially as inactive precursors? A) protein-digesting enzymes B) fat-solubilizing bile salts C) acid-neutralizing bicarbonate D) carbohydrate-digesting enzymes E) hormones such as gastrin Answer: A Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Comprehension 43) In humans, about 7 liters of fluid are secreted each day into the intestinal tract. Which of the following does not secrete fluid? A) salivary glands B) stomach C) liver D) pancreas E) large intestine Answer: E Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Comprehension 44) Adult lampreys attach onto large fish and feed regularly on their body fluids. Given this continuous supply of food, which one of the following is most likely missing in lampreys? A) liver B) pancreas C) intestine D) stomach E) gallbladder Answer: D Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Application 45) Which portion of the digestive tract is most like a hallway in a school building, connecting one classroom to another? A) stomach B) esophagus C) small intestine D) liver E) pancreas Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Application 46) Which of the following would probably contribute to constipation? A substance that A) contains plenty of fiber. B) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine. C) speeds up movement of material in the large intestine. D) decreases water reabsorption in the large intestine. E) stimulates peristalsis. Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.4 Skill: Application

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47) In general, herbivorous mammals have molars modified for A) cutting. B) ripping. C) grinding. D) splitting. E) piercing. Answer: C Topic: Concept 41.5 Skill: Knowledge 48) In which group of animals would you expect to find a relatively long cecum? A) carnivores B) herbivores C) autotrophs D) heterotrophs E) omnivores Answer: B Topic: Concept 41.5 Skill: Comprehension 49) All of the following are adaptations to an herbivorous diet except A) broad, flat molars. B) a rumen. C) ingestion of feces. D) bile salts. E) amylase. Answer: D Topic: Concept 41.5 Skill: Comprehension 50) Why are cattle able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material? A) They are autotrophic. B) Cattle, like the rabbit, reingests its feces. C) They manufacture all 15 amino acids out of sugars in the liver. D) Cattle saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose. E) They have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs. Answer: E Topic: Concept 41.5 Skill: Comprehension

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Me dia Activity Q uestions 51) Your small intestine can absorb ________ without their being further digested. A) starches B) fats C) proteins D) fructoses E) nucleic acids Answer: D Topic: Web/CD Activity: Digestive System Function 52) Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as A) lactose. B) glucose. C) sucrose. D) fructose. E) maltose. Answer: E Topic: Web/CD Activity: Digestive System Function 53) What is the main component of gastric juice? A) inactive pepsin B) amylase C) hydrochloric acid D) water E) bile Answer: D Topic: Web/CD Activity: Digestive System Function 54) Secretin stimulates the ________ to secrete ________. A) pancreas; bicarbonate B) pancreas; pancreatic enzymes C) small intestine; disaccharidases D) stomach; bicarbonate E) liver; liver enzymes Answer: E Topic: Web/CD Activity: Hormonal Control of Digestion 55) The acidity of the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as A) cholecystokinin, or CCK. B) histones. C) TSH. D) secretin. E) pepsin. Answer: D Topic: Web/CD Activity: Hormonal Control of Digestion

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Se lf-Q uiz Q uestions 56) Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism? A) lion substrate feeder B) baleen whale suspension feeder C) aphid fluid feeder D) earthworm deposit feeder E) snake bulk feeder Answer: A 57) If you were to jog a mile a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap? A) muscle proteins B) muscle and liver glycogen C) fat stored in the liver D) fats stored in adipose tissue E) blood proteins Answer: B 58) Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would likely become A) obese. B) anorexic. C) overnourished. D) undernourished. E) malnourished. Answer: E 59) The mammalian trachea and esophagus both open into the A) large intestine. B) stomach. C) pharynx. D) rectum. E) epiglottis. Answer: C 60) Which of the following enzymes has the lowest pH optimum? A) salivary amylase B) trypsin C) pepsin D) pancreatic amylase E) pancreatic lipase Answer: C 61) Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function? A) stomach protein digestion B) oral cavity starch digestion C) large intestine bile production D) small intestine nutrient absorption E) pancreas enzyme production Answer: C

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62) Enteropeptidase, an enzyme bound to the intestinal epithelium, has which of the following actions? A) inhibits bile secretion B) inhibits duodenal secretion C) activates pancreatic enzymes D) inhibits peristalsis in the stomach E) increases the pH of chyme Answer: C 63) After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict his or her dietary intake of A) starch. B) protein. C) sugar. D) fat. E) water. Answer: D 64) Our oral cavity, with its dentition, is most functionally analogous to an earthworm's A) intestine. B) pharynx. C) gizzard. D) stomach. E) anus. Answer: C 65) The symbiotic microbes that help nourish a ruminant live mainly in specialized regions of the A) large intestine. B) liver. C) small intestine. D) pharynx. E) stomach. Answer: E