4/1/2015Columbus State University APA American Psychological Association

04/21/2304/21/23 Columbus State UniversityColumbus State University

APA APA American Psychological American Psychological

AssociationAssociation


Why use APA?Why use APA?


The Purpose of APA.The Purpose of APA.

Consistent format for the social sciences.Consistent format for the social sciences. Prevents plagiarism.Prevents plagiarism. Includes summations and direct quotation.Includes summations and direct quotation. Allows the inclusion of dates as part of the Allows the inclusion of dates as part of the

in-text citation for cross-referencing. in-text citation for cross-referencing.


Dates are imperative in the social Dates are imperative in the social sciences since contemporary sciences since contemporary research is desired in building research is desired in building

foundations for theory.foundations for theory.


Finding Good Sources for Finding Good Sources for Research PapersResearch Papers


Internet SourcesInternet Sources


Why should you evaluate internet Why should you evaluate internet sources?sources?

ANYONE can put ANYTHING on the ANYONE can put ANYTHING on the internetinternet

No Quality ControlNo Quality Control Not kept up-to-dateNot kept up-to-date Search engines only give recommended Search engines only give recommended

sites in order of the prominence of sites in order of the prominence of placement or the frequency of your search placement or the frequency of your search criteria- NOT order of most reputable or criteria- NOT order of most reputable or usefuluseful


Sources to be wary of:Sources to be wary of:

GoogleGoogle WikipediaWikipedia Anything .org or .com.Anything .org or .com.

Are they trying to serve a specific Are they trying to serve a specific agenda?agenda?

Are they trying to sell me something? Are they trying to sell me something? Online encyclopedias (too broad)Online encyclopedias (too broad)


GALILEOGALILEO


How to get to GALILEOHow to get to GALILEO Library Home Page Library Home Page

http://library.colstate.edu/http://library.colstate.edu/ GALILEO or GALILEO or www.galileo.usg.edu ““Science and Technology” tabScience and Technology” tab In dropdown menu:In dropdown menu:

Science and Technology, A to ZScience and Technology, A to Z


Once you are in the Once you are in the “Science and Technology” section“Science and Technology” section

#57: Health Source: Nursing / Academic Edition#57: Health Source: Nursing / Academic Edition #74: MEDLINE (at EBSCOhost) #74: MEDLINE (at EBSCOhost) See #73 for full index (not just full-text) You will See #73 for full index (not just full-text) You will

have to use the library to find hard copy have to use the library to find hard copy documentsdocuments

#5 CINAHL: similar interface to #57, but different #5 CINAHL: similar interface to #57, but different results results

#19 OVID: good sources, a little more #19 OVID: good sources, a little more cumbersomecumbersome


SourcesSources Peer-Reviewed JournalPeer-Reviewed Journal

Scholarly in natureScholarly in nature a journal in which articles have been a journal in which articles have been

evaluated by an independent expert or evaluated by an independent expert or experts in the field of research before experts in the field of research before acceptance for publication acceptance for publication

ExamplesExamples New England Journal of MedicineNew England Journal of Medicine American Journal of Nursing American Journal of Nursing International Nursing ReviewInternational Nursing Review


More SourcesMore Sources BooksBooks Newspaper articlesNewspaper articles Websites (remember– watch out for Websites (remember– watch out for

undocumented, biased information!!)undocumented, biased information!!) Government DocumentsGovernment Documents BrochuresBrochures


Contact InformationContact Information

Linda Schotz Linda Schotz Science Librarian Science Librarian

[email protected] [email protected] 706.565.3683 706.565.3683


APA APA Manuscript FormatManuscript Format


APAAPA

Always requires a thesis.Always requires a thesis.

Encourages headings.Encourages headings.

Requires that all references be cited both Requires that all references be cited both in-text and included in a list of references in-text and included in a list of references page. page.


According to According to Concise Rules of APA Concise Rules of APA StyleStyle, “where departmental , “where departmental

requirements differ from APA style, requirements differ from APA style, the departmental requirements take the departmental requirements take

precedence.”precedence.”


Citing CorrectlyCiting Correctly

Find a good resource for citing mechanics.Find a good resource for citing mechanics.

The Writing Center or the library has books for The Writing Center or the library has books for correct citation. correct citation.

http://langlit.colstate.edu/writingcenter/resources.htm

http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/


Citation MachineCitation Machine

New resource for the CSU Writing Center.New resource for the CSU Writing Center.

Allows automatic citation formatting in a Allows automatic citation formatting in a variety of different styles – including APA. variety of different styles – including APA.

Access will be opened to all CSU Access will be opened to all CSU students, and the rest of the web students, and the rest of the web community, during Fall Semester 2006. community, during Fall Semester 2006.


Avoiding PlagiarismAvoiding Plagiarism

You can be charged with plagiarism even if you You can be charged with plagiarism even if you don’t know the rules of APA. don’t know the rules of APA.

It is ANY unacknowledged (not cited) use of It is ANY unacknowledged (not cited) use of another person’s words or IDEAS. another person’s words or IDEAS.

Plagiarism can result in a failing grade on an Plagiarism can result in a failing grade on an assignment or in a class, academic sanctions, or assignment or in a class, academic sanctions, or expulsion from the University. expulsion from the University.

Quotation marks do not make you safe, you Quotation marks do not make you safe, you HAVE to provide source information. HAVE to provide source information.


Plagiarism, contd.Plagiarism, contd.

No need to document when:No need to document when:

1.1. It is your own idea, experience, insight, It is your own idea, experience, insight, observation, thoughts, conclusions.observation, thoughts, conclusions.

2.2. You are compiling generally accepted You are compiling generally accepted facts.facts.

3.3. When writing up your own experimental When writing up your own experimental results.results.

4.4. You are using “common knowledge.” You are using “common knowledge.”


Common KnowledgeCommon Knowledge

If the information is undocumented in five If the information is undocumented in five or more other or more other publishedpublished sources. sources.

It is information that the reader of your It is information that the reader of your paper already knows.paper already knows.

The information could be found in general The information could be found in general reference materials.reference materials.

Just because your Professor mandates Just because your Professor mandates that information be included does NOT that information be included does NOT mean it does not have to be cited. mean it does not have to be cited.


TypefaceTypeface

Always follow guidelines provided by the Always follow guidelines provided by the Professor or Instructor.Professor or Instructor.

Generally a 12 point font in a standard Generally a 12 point font in a standard typeface (Times New Roman or Arial). typeface (Times New Roman or Arial).


The Cover PageThe Cover Page

APA does not provide guidelines for a APA does not provide guidelines for a cover page, although many Instructors will cover page, although many Instructors will require that one be included. Always follow require that one be included. Always follow their guidelines for your cover page. their guidelines for your cover page.

Example of a Cover Page: Example of a Cover Page: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/


Page Numbers and Running Page Numbers and Running HeadersHeaders

In the upper right-hand corner of each In the upper right-hand corner of each page should be a short version of your page should be a short version of your title, five spaces and the page number.title, five spaces and the page number.

ALL pages should be numbered, even the ALL pages should be numbered, even the title page if present. title page if present.


Margins and Line SpacingMargins and Line Spacing

All sides should have a one (1) inch All sides should have a one (1) inch margin. margin.

Align, not justify, the right margin.Align, not justify, the right margin.

All pages should be double-spaced. All pages should be double-spaced.


Long QuotationsLong Quotations

A long quotation is any directly quoted text A long quotation is any directly quoted text forty (40) words or more. forty (40) words or more.

““Set off” these quotations by indenting ½ Set off” these quotations by indenting ½ inch (five spaces) from the left margin.inch (five spaces) from the left margin.

This quotation IS double spaced. This quotation IS double spaced. Quotation marks are NOT necessary. Quotation marks are NOT necessary.


AbstractAbstract

Included in the paper after the title page IF Included in the paper after the title page IF your professor requests this be included. your professor requests this be included.

It is a quick, succinct overview of your It is a quick, succinct overview of your essay in 75 to 100 words. essay in 75 to 100 words.

It should discuss main ideas, key points, It should discuss main ideas, key points, and possible applications or implications of and possible applications or implications of your research. your research.


HeadingsHeadings

Encouraged, but not always necessary. Encouraged, but not always necessary.

One level of headings is typically sufficient One level of headings is typically sufficient for undergraduate papers. for undergraduate papers.

Major headings are centered; the first Major headings are centered; the first word, and all other words in the heading word, and all other words in the heading except articles, short prepositions, and except articles, short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions, are capitalized. coordinating conjunctions, are capitalized.


VisualsVisuals

Charts, drawings, photographs, tables, Charts, drawings, photographs, tables, figures. figures.

Should be as simple as possible, labeled Should be as simple as possible, labeled (e.g. Table 1, Table 2, etc.), and have a (e.g. Table 1, Table 2, etc.), and have a title on a separate line, flush left. title on a separate line, flush left.

A note under the visual with the source A note under the visual with the source information is also required. information is also required.


Visuals, contd. Visuals, contd.

For figures included in the paper, include a For figures included in the paper, include a label and a caption below the figure, flush label and a caption below the figure, flush left. These do not have to be on separate left. These do not have to be on separate lines. lines.

Always be sure to discuss the most Always be sure to discuss the most significant features of each visual in the significant features of each visual in the text of your paper, placing the visuals as text of your paper, placing the visuals as close to the applicable sentences as close to the applicable sentences as possible. possible.


APA List of APA List of ReferencesReferences


Organization and FormattingOrganization and Formatting

Often helpful to complete the List of Often helpful to complete the List of References first. References first.

““List of References” should be centered, List of References” should be centered, not underlined, at the top of the page.not underlined, at the top of the page.

The list of references should include all The list of references should include all works referenced, not just the ones cited works referenced, not just the ones cited in-text.in-text.

Organize the list of works alphabetically by Organize the list of works alphabetically by the author’s last name.the author’s last name.


Organization and Formatting, Organization and Formatting, contd.contd.

Use the title of the work if there is no Use the title of the work if there is no author. author.

Always indent the second and subsequent Always indent the second and subsequent lines for each individual reference using lines for each individual reference using the toolbar at the top of your document. the toolbar at the top of your document.

List of references is doubled spaced and List of references is doubled spaced and should be in the same size and type font should be in the same size and type font as the paper.as the paper.


Refer to the Sample Refer to the Sample APA List of APA List of

References.References.


APA In-Text APA In-Text CitationCitation


Signal PhrasesSignal Phrases

Used in APA format to introduce borrowed Used in APA format to introduce borrowed material. material.

Can include the author’s last name.Can include the author’s last name.

If the author’s last name is not in the signal If the author’s last name is not in the signal phrase, it comes at the end of the phrase, it comes at the end of the sentence within the parenthesis.sentence within the parenthesis.


Borrowed LanguageBorrowed Language

Directly borrowed words must be in Directly borrowed words must be in quotation marks.quotation marks.

Paraphrased material must be restated in Paraphrased material must be restated in your own words. your own words.


The Author, (date) is always The Author, (date) is always included in the in-text citation, and included in the in-text citation, and

followed by the (page number). The followed by the (page number). The date and the page number are in date and the page number are in parenthesis and the page number parenthesis and the page number comes at the end of the sentence. comes at the end of the sentence.


Alternatively, the author can also Alternatively, the author can also be included in the parenthetical at be included in the parenthetical at

the end of the sentence if not in the the end of the sentence if not in the signal phrase. But never both. signal phrase. But never both.


In-Text Citation ExampleIn-Text Citation Example

Rumbaugh (1995) reported that “Kanzi’s Rumbaugh (1995) reported that “Kanzi’s comprehension of over 600 novel sentences of comprehension of over 600 novel sentences of request was very comparable to Alia’s; both request was very comparable to Alia’s; both complied with requests without assistance on complied with requests without assistance on approximately 70% of the sentences” (p. 722). approximately 70% of the sentences” (p. 722).

Or It is reported that “Kanzi’s […] (Rumbaugh, Or It is reported that “Kanzi’s […] (Rumbaugh, 1995, p. 722). 1995, p. 722).

- dianahacker.com- dianahacker.com


The date is included in APA in-text citation The date is included in APA in-text citation because the social sciences operate on a because the social sciences operate on a chronological basis of development.chronological basis of development.

The designation for page is “p.”. The designation for page is “p.”.

Putting the author and date in the signal Putting the author and date in the signal phrase or at the end of the sentence is a phrase or at the end of the sentence is a stylistic preference. stylistic preference.


Multiple AuthorsMultiple Authors

For two authors, both last names are For two authors, both last names are listed, joined by “and,” if included in the listed, joined by “and,” if included in the signal phrase.signal phrase.

If included in the end of sentence citation, If included in the end of sentence citation, both last names are included, joined by an both last names are included, joined by an ampersand (the & symbol). ampersand (the & symbol).


Multiple Authors, contd.Multiple Authors, contd.

For a work with three to five authors, use For a work with three to five authors, use all authors last name’s.all authors last name’s.

Separate the names with commas, joining Separate the names with commas, joining the last name with “and” in text, and the the last name with “and” in text, and the “&” symbol if in parenthetical. “&” symbol if in parenthetical.

In any further citations, use the first last In any further citations, use the first last name, referring to the rest as “et al.” name, referring to the rest as “et al.”



Example:Example:

The chimpanzee Nim was raised by The chimpanzee Nim was raised by researchers who trained him in American researchers who trained him in American Sign Language by molding and guiding his Sign Language by molding and guiding his hands (Terrace, Petitto, Sanders, & hands (Terrace, Petitto, Sanders, & Beaver, 1979, p. 234).Beaver, 1979, p. 234).

(Terrace et al., 1979, p. 245).(Terrace et al., 1979, p. 245).



For a work with six or more authors, use For a work with six or more authors, use only the last name of the first author listed, only the last name of the first author listed, referring to the other authors as “et al.” referring to the other authors as “et al.”

Use this format in the signal phrase or if Use this format in the signal phrase or if included in the parenthetical. included in the parenthetical.


Unknown AuthorUnknown Author

For works where the author is unknown, For works where the author is unknown, include the entire title, if it is short, or the include the entire title, if it is short, or the first two words, if the title is long, in either first two words, if the title is long, in either the signal phrase or the parenthetical. the signal phrase or the parenthetical.


Other Common CitationsOther Common Citations

Organization as an author: use the full name of Organization as an author: use the full name of the organization, the first time and the the organization, the first time and the abbreviation in subsequent citations. abbreviation in subsequent citations.

For authors with the same last name, use the For authors with the same last name, use the first initial and the last name, e.g. J. Smith first initial and the last name, e.g. J. Smith (2001).(2001).

For personal communication include (Name, For personal communication include (Name, personal communication, September 27, 2006).personal communication, September 27, 2006).


Other Common Citations, contd.Other Common Citations, contd.

In an indirect citation, include the original In an indirect citation, include the original author’s name in the signal phrase, and in the author’s name in the signal phrase, and in the parenthetical and list of references, the format parenthetical and list of references, the format should include the indirect source’s author.should include the indirect source’s author.

Example: Linguist Noam Chomsky has Example: Linguist Noam Chomsky has dismissed studies on Kanzi with a flippant dismissed studies on Kanzi with a flippant analogy: “To maintain that Kanzi has language analogy: “To maintain that Kanzi has language ability is like saying that man can fly because he ability is like saying that man can fly because he can jump in the air” (as cited in Booth, 1990, p. can jump in the air” (as cited in Booth, 1990, p. A3).A3).


Electronic citations often can be Electronic citations often can be complicated since frequently there complicated since frequently there

is missing information. Always is missing information. Always consult an APA handbook for the consult an APA handbook for the citation of electronic resources. citation of electronic resources. Again, make sure that electronic Again, make sure that electronic

sources are “good” sources. sources are “good” sources.


QuestionsQuestions