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05.2015 1 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
4.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table
Dr. Fred O. Garces
Chemistry 152 Miramar College
05.2015 2 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
The Elements: Building block of Matter The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements, first devised in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev intended the table to illustrate recurring ("periodic")
trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time, as many new elements have been discovered, and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior.
Groups
A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the elements. Groups are considered the most important way of classifying the elements. In some groups, the elements have very similar properties and exhibit
a clear trend in properties down the group — these groups tend to be given trivial (non-scientific) names, e.g. the alkali
metals, halogens and noble gases. Some other groups in the periodic table display fewer similarities and/or vertical trends (for example Groups 14 and 15). Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain that elements
within the same group have the same electron configurations in their valence shell, which is the largest factor in accounting for their similar chemical properties.
Periods
A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table of the elements. Although groups are the most common way of classifying elements, there are some regions of the period table where the horizontal trends and similarities in
properties are more significant than vertical group trends. This can be true in the d-block (or "transition metals"), and
especially for the f-block, where the lanthanoids and actinoids form two substantial horizontal series of elements.
05.2015 3 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
Elemental Symbols Chemical Elements: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element
A chemical element, or element for short, is a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons. Common examples of elements are hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon. In total, 118 elements have been observed as of 2010, of which 98 occur naturally on Earth. Elements with atomic numbers greater than 82 (i.e., bismuth and those above), are inherently unstable and undergo radioactive decay. In addition, elements 43 and 61 (technetium and promethium) have no stable isotopes, and also decay. The decay is so long however it has yet to be determined experimentally. However, even the elements up to atomic number 94 with no stable nuclei are nevertheless found in nature, as a result of the natural decay processes of uranium and thorium.
More expensive than gold
Three forms
Tarnish silver Tarnish silver
Main source from meteor
05.2015 4 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany) published nearly identical classification schemes for elements known to date. The periodic table is base on the similarity of properties and reactivities exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established that each elements has a unique atomic number, which is how the current periodic table is organized.
http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html
05.2015 5 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
Periodic Table: Before Dmitri Mendeleev
http://elementsunearthed.com/2010/03/09/periodic-table-history-videos-are-done/
05.2015 6 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
The Periodic Table
A map of the building block of matter. 1IA
18VIIIA
11
H1.00797
2IIA Periodic Table 13
IIIA14IVA
15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2He4.0026
23
Li6.939
4Be9.0122
5B10.811
6C
12.0112
7N
14.0067
8O
15.9994
9F
18.9984
10Ne20.179
311
Na22.9898
12Mg24.305
3IIIB
4IVB
5VB
6VIB
7VIIB
8 9VIIIB
10 11IB
12IIB
13Al26.9815
14Si28.086
15P
30.9738
16S32.064
17Cl35.453
18Ar39.948
419K39.102
20Ca40.08
21Sc44.956
22Ti47.90
23V50.942
24Cr51.996
25Mn54.9380
26Fe55.847
27Co58.9332
28Ni58.71
29Cu63.54
30Zn65.37
31Ga65.37
32Ge72.59
33As74.9216
34Se78.96
35Br79.909
36Kr83.80
537
Rb85.47
38Sr87.62
39Y88.905
40Zr91.22
41Nb92.906
42Mo95.94
43Tc[99]
44Ru101.07
45Rh102.905
46Pd106.4
47Ag107.870
48Cd112.40
49In114.82
50Sn118.69
51Sb121.75
52Te127.60
53I
126.904
54Xe131.30
655
Cs132.905
56Ba137.34
57La138.91
72Hf178.49
73Ta180.948
74W183.85
75Re186.2
76Os190.2
77Ir192.2
78Pt195.09
79Au196.967
80Hg200.59
81Tl204.37
82Pb207.19
83Bi208.980
84Po[210]
85At[210]
86Rn[222]
787Fr[223]
88Ra[226]
89Ac[227]
104Ku[260]
105 106 107 108 109http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html
05.2015 7 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
Living Periodic Table Periodic Videos: Element Project: http:/www.periodicvideos.com/
05.2015 8 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
Periodic Table Expanded View The way the periodic table is usually presented is a compressed view, placing the Lanthanides and Actinides at the bottom of the stable.
The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells. The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition metals, and the f-block are the Lanthanides and Actinide metals
05.2015 9 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement
Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals
1IA
18VIIIA
1 2IIA
13IIIA
14IVA
15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
3 3IIIB
4IVB
5VB
6VIB
7VIIB
8 9VIIIB
10 11IB
12IIB
4
5
6
7
Metals
Nonmetals
05.2015 10 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
Periodic Table: The three broad Classes Main, Transition, Rare Earth
Atomic number
Atomic mass
Element symbol
Main (Representative) and Transition metals
05.2015 11 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
Reading the Periodic Table: Classification Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases
05.2015 12 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
Across the Periodic Table Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the
periodic table (rows 1-7) These elements have the same number of valence shells.
1IA
18VIIIA
1 2IIA
13IIIA
14IVA
15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
3 3IIIB
4IVB
5VB
6VIB
7VIIB
8 9VIIIB
10 11IB
12IIB
4
5
6
7
2nd Period
6th Period
05.2015 13 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
Down the Periodic Table Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table
(columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B) These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell.
1IA
18VIIIA
1 2IIA
13IIIA
14IVA
15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
3 3IIIB
4IVB
5VB
6VIB
7VIIB
8 9VIIIB
10 11IB
12IIB
4
5
6
7
Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell
Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell
05.2015 14 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
Infamous Families of the Periodic Table
Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members:
1IA
18VIIIA
1 2IIA
13IIIA
14IVA
15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
3 3IIIB
4IVB
5VB
6VIB
7VIIB
8 9VIIIB
10 11IB
12IIB
4
5
6
7
Alkali Alkaline (earth)
Transition Metals
Noble Gas Halogen
Chalcogens
05.2015 15 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
1IA
18VIIIA
1 2IIA
13IIIA
14IVA
15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
3 3IIIB
4IVB
5VB
6VIB
7VIIB
8 9VIIIB
10 11IB
12IIB
4
5
6
7
Important members - the Elements
Individual members of selected Elements & their characteristics
H He
Li
Na
K Ca
Mg
Fe
I
Cl
F
P S Si
O N C
Al
Zn Cu Br Co
http://www.aomega.com/minerals/minerals.htm
Ge Mn
Mo
Se V
B
Cr
05.2015 16 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table
Periodic Table: electron behavior The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons
1IA
18VIIIA
1 2IIA
13IIIA
14IVA
15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
3 3IIIB
4IVB
5VB
6VIB
7VIIB
8 9VIIIB
10 11IB
12IIB
4
5
6
7
W e s t ( S o u t h ) M i d - p l a i n s E a s t ( N o r t h ) M E T A L S
A l k a l i A l k a l i n e
T r a n s i t i o n
M E T A L L O I D N O N - M E T A L S N o b l e g a s H a l o g e n s C a l c o g e n s
T h e s e e l e m e n t s t e n d t o g i v e u p
e - a n d f o r m C A T I O N S
T h e s e e l e m e n t s w i l l g i v e u p e - o r
a c c e p t e -
T h e s e e l e m e n t s t e n d t o a c c e p t e - a n d f o r m A N I O N S