Nick Leach – Regional Director

The right technology for the right The right technology for the right

applicationapplication

Today’s issues for operators

What about

– Reliability and uptime?

– Operating cost?

– Fuel economy?

– Load/passenger capacity?

– Fuel quality?

– Resale value?

– Convenience?

– Purchase price?

– Investment?

– Environmental performance?

European emission legislation

Nitrogen

oxides

Particulate matter

0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

PM g/kWh

NOx g/kWh

Euro 1 1992 8

6

4

2

0

Euro 3 2001

Euro 2 1996

Euro 4 2006

Euro 5 2009

Euro 6 / EPA10 2012?

0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

PM g/kWh

NOx g/kWh

Euro 1 1992 8

6

4

2

00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

PM g/kWh

NOx g/kWh

Euro 1 1992 8

6

4

2

0

Euro 1 1992 Euro 1 1992 8

6

4

2

0

Euro 3 2001

Euro 2 1996

Euro 4 2006

Euro 5 2009

Euro 6 / EPA10 2012?

Euro 3 2001

Euro 2 1996

Euro 4 2006

Euro 5 2009

Euro 6 / EPA10 2012?

g/kWh

Likely Euro 6 levelsLikely Euro 6 levels

NOxNOx 400 mg/kWh400 mg/kWh

PM PM 100 mg/kWh100 mg/kWh

Revised test cycleRevised test cycle

Particulate emissions(smoke and soot)

One vehicle from 1990

35 vehicles from 2005

Nothing beats

the diese

l engine prin

ciple!

Nothing beats

the diese

l engine prin

ciple!

Scania philosophy – start in the combustion chamber

One combustion chamber

12-litre 340 360 380 400 420

DT 12-litre 420 470

9-litre 230 270 310

1616--litre V8 500 580 620 (only truck)litre V8 500 580 620 (only truck)

11-litre 330 340 380

400,000 cylinders per year

1995 2000 2005

How to reduce Nox

• Combustion temperature

• Injection timing

• Intake air temperature

• Injection rate

• Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

• After-treatment (SCR)

NOx Production

Engine development

Nitrogen oxidesNOx= NO + NO2

Fu

el

co

nsu

mp

tio

nC

O2

em

issio

ns

Engine development

Nitrogen oxidesNOx= NO + NO2

Fu

el

co

nsu

mp

tio

nC

O2

em

issio

ns

Engine development

Engine development is to shift the curve

Nitrogen oxides

0.5% per year

NOx= NO + NO2

Fu

el

co

nsu

mp

tio

nC

O2

em

issio

ns

EGR SCR

Technical solutions

Enginecontrol

unitUrea

Air

CatalyticconverterEngine

Exhaust gas

NH3 + NOx → N2 + H2O

Attacking emissions at source Aftertreatment

Recirculated and cooled exhaust gas

Intake air Exhaust gas

* Exhaust gas recirculation ** Selective catalytic reduction

***

Effect of SCR

Nitrogen oxides

NOx= NO + NO2

Fu

el

co

nsu

mp

tio

n

Euro 4 Euro 1

Euro 3

NOx removed with aftertreatment

+ urea

Technical solutions – SCR

• Aftertreatment method

• New technology for automotive use

• Relies on added reagent

• Requires heating system, extra tank and

filling

• Needs infrastructure for urea solution

• Operating cost dependent on costs

for urea which often outweigh any

fuel saving

• Best choice if fuel quality in doubt

• Relies on high exhaust temp.

• Works best under higher load, e.g.

long-haulage

EngineManagement

System Urea

Air

CatalyticconverterEngine

Exhaust gas

NH3 + NOx → N2 + H2O

Scania SCR

500 hp

2500 Nm at 1000-1350 r/min

560 hp2700 Nm at 1000-1400 r/min

620 hp3000 Nm at 1000-1400 r/min

15.6-litre V8 Euro 5

Exhaust temperatures

City bus DC9 05

April 2001

0

100

200

300

400

500

09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00Time

Tem

p inle

t cata

lyst,

C

Measured

Mean

Citybus

Scania EGR

Technical solutions - EGR

Attacking emissions at source

Recirculated and cooled exhaust gas

Intake air Exhaust gas

• Refined combustion, attacks NOx-

emissions at source

• Tried-and-proven

• Works at any load

• Operational in urban stop-and-go

traffic

• Fuel economy retained through

other engine developments

• Just fill with good quality diesel

Effect of EGR

NOx= NO + NO2

Fu

el

co

nsu

mp

tio

n

Euro 4

Nitrogen oxides

NOx removed with

improved combustion technology

Euro 3

Operating economy(Comparable Scania engines)

Fuel

Euro 3

Scania SCR

Fuel

Euro 4

Fuel

Euro 5

Urea solution

Fuelsaving

3-4%(V8)

Euro 4

3-4%

Scania EGR

Fuelsaving

3-4%(V8)

Urea solution

5-6%

Euro 5

Cost ?

Cost balance – Euro 4/5

EGR

• Purchase price similar to SCR

• Just add diesel!

• Second-hand value

– Proven technology

SCR

• Purchase price similar to EGR

• How to fill/store urea solution?

– Filling station

– From local supplier

– Own installation

• Second-hand value

– New technology for automotive use

Main strategy: Scania EGR• EGR is a proven technology

– 250,000 heavy commercial vehicles per year in North America

– Millions of cars and light commercials

• No active aftertreatment – maintenance-free oxicat

– Eliminates diesel fumes, recovers from sulphur

• No additional maintenance

• Oil-change intervals unchanged

• Chassis installation unaffected

• Scania EGR – high customer value

– Just add diesel!

– Excellent operating economy

– High resale value

Scania EGRExhaust gas recirculation

Scania patented2-stage EGR cooling

Euro 4 Euro 5

EGR rate 15-20% 25-30%

Coolingrequirement 35 kW 70 kW

Temperatureafter cooling 150° 50°

How to reduce NOx

• Combustion temperature

• Injection timing

• Intake air temperature

• Injection rate

• EGR

How to reduce PM

• Complete combustion

• Increased injection pressure

• Multiple injection

• Controlled boost pressure

• Combustion chamber design

• After-treatment (SCR)

• After-treatment

• Oxicat

• Particulate trap

• Trap with burner

and improve fuel economy

Scania XPIExtra high-pressure injection

Injection pressure

Max. 2400 bar

Average 1800 bar

Min. 850 bar

3 injections per combustion

Scania XPI

Scania VGTVariable-geometry turbocharger

Scania VGT

Boosts response and low-speed torque

Speeds up Opticruise gearchanges

Supplies EGR

Scania engine management

140 in/out signals continuously

Scania XPI

Pressure control

3 injections per cylinder cycle

Scania EGR

1-stage cooling

2-stage cooling

Scania VGT

Electronic EGR control

Boost pressure forfaster gearchanging

Other vehicle systems

Integrated with up to 20 ECUs

Scania engine management

Performance – new inline enginesScania EGR Euro 5 and EEV

9-litre 13-litre

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

10501400

16001900

21002300

2500

230 280 320 360 400 440 480

Nm

hp

Torque peak1000-1500

1000-1350

1000-1350

1000-1300

1000-1300

1000-1300

1000-1300 r/min

Torque/power 5.25.25.35.35.05.04.6

Performance = torque, but power is what sells!

Torque and power300-500 hp Euro 5 engines, Europe

Torque-to-power ratio

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

Competitors Scania Euro 5 EGR

Average 4.8Average 5.2

Bestcompetitor

Choice of technologyEuro 5 and EEV

hp Nm litres emission level technology

230 1050 9.3 5-cyl Euro 5, EEV EGR

270 1200 8.9 5-cyl EEV ethanol EGR

280 1400 9.3 5-cyl Euro 5, EEV EGR

320 1600 9.3 5-cyl Euro 5, EEV EGR

360 1900 12.7 6-cyl Euro 5 EGR

380 1900 11.7 6-cyl Euro 5 SCR

400 2100 12.7 6-cyl Euro 5 EGR

420 2100 11.7 6-cyl Euro 5 SCR

440 2300 12.7 6-cyl Euro 5 EGR

480 2500 12.7 6-cyl Euro 5 EGR

500 2500 15.6 V8 Euro 5 SCR

560 2700 15.6 V8 Euro 5 SCR

620 3000 15.6 V8 Euro 5 SCR

Choice of technology

Euro 5Diesel engineScania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management

Euro 6Diesel engineScania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management

CO2 limitationDiesel engineRenewable fuelPre-mix technology (HCCI)

√Likely Euro 6 levels

NOx 400 mg/kWh

PM 100 mg/kWh

Revised test cycle

Choice of technology

Euro 5Diesel engineScania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management

Euro 6Diesel engineScania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management

CO2 limitationDiesel engineRenewable fuelHybrid technology

Euro …Diesel engineScania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management

Pre-mix technology (HCCI) VVT (variable valve timing)

HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition)

√Likely Euro 6 levels

NOx 400 mg/kWh

PM 100 mg/kWh

Revised test cycle

Scania HCCI

• Homogeneous charge compression ignition

• Technology mature around 2015

• Lean (cold) combustion gives low NOx

• Premix prevents formation of particulates

• High EGR rate

• Tricky combustion control

• High strength required

• High efficiency

Image from test cell

or in truck