Upload
tatyana-gaines
View
43
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Appeasement Collaboration Resistance Dissent. 4 Roads in the Garden of Beasts. Kevin P. Dincher www.kevindincher.com. Kevin P. Dincher. Bachelor of Arts, Accounting Canisius College Master of Arts, Philosophy Fordham University Master of Divinity Weston Jesuit School of Theology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
AppeasementCollaborationResistanceDissent
Kevin P. Dincher
www.kevindincher.com
Bachelor of Arts, Accounting Canisius College
Master of Arts, Philosophy Fordham University
Master of Divinity Weston Jesuit School of Theology
Master of Arts, Counseling Psychology (MFCC) Santa Clara University
Master of Science, Organizational Development University of San Francisco
Kevin P. Dincher 2
High School Teacher
Student Services
Mental Health
Non-profit Management
Organization/Business Development Consulting Crazy Moon Consulting
Kevin P. Dincher 3
Osher Lifelong Learning – since 2003▪ UC Santa Cruz Extension (Cupertino Campus)▪ CSU-East Bay (Concord Campus)▪ San Jose State University▪ Santa Clara University
“What do you teach?” Historical Anthropology?
Kevin P. Dincher 4
Kevin P. Dincher 5
Kevin P. Dincher 6
Kevin P. Dincher 7
Kevin P. Dincher 8
Kevin P. Dincher 9
Kevin P. Dincher 10
“… a wave of amnesia that has overtaken the West .”
William Shirer1960
Kevin P. Dincher 11
Kevin P. Dincher 12
Ambassador William E. Dodd and family arriving in Germany (1933)
Kevin P. Dincher 13
Kevin P. Dincher 14
Kevin P. Dincher 15
Some History
4 Roads
Appeasement
Collaboration
Resistance
Dissent
What was going on?
What were they thinking?
What were they responding to?
Kevin P. Dincher 16
Handout:
Resources, p. 2
Timeline, p. 3
Online
www.kevindincher.com/beasts▪ PowerPoint Slides▪ Links to additional resources
FaceBook▪ Kevin P. Dincher
Kevin P. Dincher 17
Kevin P. Dincher 18
Tiergarten: Animal Garden• Not a zoo (Zoologischer Garten Berlin)• 520 acre urban park
▪ Munich’s Englischer Garten: 910 acresKevin P. Dincher 19
Golden Gate Park •1017 acres
Kevin P. Dincher 20
Hitler Welthauptstadt
Germania▪ World Capital City
Germania
Kevin P. Dincher 21
Volkshalle (“People's Hall”)Große Halle (“Great Hall”) Ruhmeshalle (“Hall of Glory”)
Arch Of Triumph
350 feet
Kevin P. Dincher 22
The Olympiastadion in 1936 Capacity: 110,000 spectators(Candlestick Park Capacity: 69,732)
Schwerbelastungskörper (heavy load-bearing body)
Kevin P. Dincher 23
Kevin P. Dincher 24
Reichstag/Bundestag
Kevin P. Dincher 25
Reichstag (Parliament, 1894 to 1933 )•Dem Deutsches Volk – To the German People (1916)
Kevin P. Dincher 26
Reichstag Fire27 February 1933
Kevin P. Dincher 27
Kevin P. Dincher 28
Reichstag in postwar occupied Berlin3 June 1945
Kevin P. Dincher 29
Kevin P. Dincher 30
Kevin P. Dincher 31
Siegessäule (Victory Column)
2 September 1873•1865: Danish-Prussian War•1866: Austro-Prussian War•1870-1871: Franco-Prussian War
• Goldelse: "Golden Lizzy".
Kevin P. Dincher 32
Kevin P. Dincher 33
Siegessäule (Victory Column)
1939: relocated to Großer Stern (Great Star)1941: tunnels and street widening
Kevin P. Dincher 34
Brandenburg Gate
Hotel Adlon, Pariser Platz
Kevin P. Dincher 35
US Embassy (Blücher Palace)
De facto US Embassy onBendlerstraße 39 (Stauffenbergstraße)
Dodd’s Residence27a Tiergartenstraße
Kevin P. Dincher 36
Kevin P. Dincher 37
Kevin P. Dincher 38
Kevin P. Dincher 39
Some History: If Clocks Could Talk
Kevin P. Dincher 40
Junghans Grandfather Clock
• 1910-1920
•Junghans und Tobler• Established: 15 April 1861• Schramberg, Baden- Württemberg (Black
Forest)• Erhard Junghans with his brother-in-law
Jakob Zeller-Tobler• 1900: world’s largest clockmaker
Kevin P. Dincher 41
Paul and Emma Kramer
Kevin P. Dincher 42
1915
1916
Hildegard Kramer1919: Born in Berlin 1923 (4): Beer Hall Putsch, Munich
Mein Kampf
1933 (14): • Jan: Hitler named Chancellor
• Feb: Reichstag Fire and Reichstag Fire Decree
• Mar: Enabling Act
• April: Gestapo formed
• May: Trade Unions dissolve; leaders sent to concentration camps
• Jul: NSDAP (Nazi Party) becomes the only legal party
Kevin P. Dincher 43
1935 16 years old
Mein Kampf My Struggle
▪ 1923: Munich▪ 1925: Volume 1▪ 1926: Volume 2
Viereinhalb Jahre (des Kampfes) gegen Lüge, Dummheit und Feigheit,
Four and a Half Years (of Struggle) Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice
Kevin P. Dincher 44
Mein Kampf
Judaism▪ “The Jewish Peril”
Communism/Marxism
Weimar Republic▪ Parliamentary System
Lebensraum
Re-emergence of Germany
▪ Stage 1: Treaty of Versailles
▪ Stage 2: Align with Britain and Italy
▪ Stage 3: War against France and Russia
Kevin P. Dincher 45
Hildegard Kramer1919: Born in Berlin 1923 (4): Beer Hall Putsch, Munich
Mein Kampf
1933 (14): • Jan: Hitler named Chancellor
• Feb: Reichstag Fire and Reichstag Fire Decree
• Mar: Enabling Act
• April: Gestapo formed; Jews banned from civil service jobs
• May: Trade Unions dissolve; leaders sent to concentration camps
• Jul: NSDAP (Nazi Party) becomes the only legal party
Kevin P. Dincher 46
1935 16 years old
Kevin P. Dincher 47
Gestapo Headquarters, Prinz-Albrecht- Straße, Berlin (1933)
Rudolf Diels, first Commander of the Gestapo (1933–1934)
Niederkirchnerstraße Topography of Terror
Gestapo (Geheimne Staatspolizei)
Secret State Police 1933 – 1945
SA (Sturmabteilung) Storm Troopers (Brown
Shirts)▪ Paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party
1920 - 1934
SS (Schutzstaffel) Defense Corps 1929 – 1945
Kevin P. Dincher 48
Hildegard Kramer1919: Born in Berlin 1923 (4): Beer Hall Putsch, Munich1933 (14):
• Jan: Hitler named Chancellor
• Feb: Reichstag Fire and Reichstag Fire Decree
• Mar: Enabling Act
• April: Gestapo formed; Jews banned from civil service jobs
• May: Trade Unions dissolve; leaders sent to concentration camps
• Jul: NSDAP (Nazi Party) becomes the only legal party
Kevin P. Dincher 49
1935 16 years old
Hildegard Kramer1934 (15):
• Hitler becomes Führer
• Nacht der Langen Messer
• Night of the Long Knives (June 30)
1935 (16):
• Germany rearms
• Hildegard graduates “high school” and receives Abteilung
• Sep: Nuremburg Laws
• The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor
• The Reich Citizenship LawKevin P. Dincher 50
1935 16 years old
Kevin P. Dincher 51
Hildegard Kramer1936 (17):
Hitler Youth made mandatory
▪ Hitler-Jugend: Boys, 14-18
▪ Deustches Jungvolk: Boys, 10-14
▪ Bund Deutscher Mädel in der Hitler-Jugend: Girls, 14-18
1938 (19): Kristallnacht
1939 (20): Invasion of Poland; “Final
Solution” ordered
1945 (26): Battle of Berlin (16 April – 2 May)
Kevin P. Dincher 52
1935 16 years old
Kevin P. Dincher 53
Kevin P. Dincher 54
Paul and Emma Kramer with Putzl about 1950
First Road: Appeasement
Kevin P. Dincher 55
AppeasementThe policy of acceding to the demands of a potentially hostile nation in the hope of maintaining peace
Kevin P. Dincher 56
William Edward Dodd (1869 – 1940)
▪ 1869 – 1940▪ Historian/Academic▪ US Ambassador to Germany:
1933 – 1937▪ “Telephone Book Dodd”
Kevin P. Dincher 57
I wish it were really possible to make our people at home understand, for I feel that they should understand it, how definitely this martial spirit is being developed in Germany. If this Government remains in power for another year and carries on in the same measure in this direction, it will go far towards making Germany a danger to world peace for years to come. With few exceptions, the men who are running this Government are of a mentality that you and I cannot understand. Some of them are psychopathic cases and would ordinarily be receiving treatment somewhere.
George S. MessersmithAmerican Consul General for
Germany, 1930-1934
June 1933 dispatch to the State Department
Kevin P. Dincher 58
In France, Britain, the United States and elsewhere, policymakers had to decide whether they were dealing with the mad, belligerent Hitler of Mein Kampf or the public, more cautious Hitler, the one who constantly praised the merits of peace, sought no more than equality for his nation, and cursed the useless strife of war.
Kevin P. Glowalla An American Ambassador in Berlin: Observing Hitler’s
Gambles in Foreign Policy 1933-1937 Link to the full article: www.kevindincher.com/beast
Kevin P. Dincher 59
Kevin P. Dincher 60
1. Political/Economic Instability
2. Nativism, Isolationism, Neutrality and Pacifism
3. Hitler’s Message
4. America’s “Affinity” with Germany
Kevin P. Dincher 61
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTABILITY
Loss of WW I and the Abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1818)
“German Revolution” (1918-1919)
The Weimar Republic (1919)
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Economic Collapse and Hyperinflation (1921-1923)
Kevin P. Dincher 62
Loss of WW I and the Abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1918)
▪ Conditional Surrender:
▪ Abdicated: November 9, 1918
▪ Armistice: November 11, 1918
Kevin P. Dincher 63
63
Kevin P. Dincher
Kaiser Wilhelm II1859 – 1941
Reign: 1888 – 1918(picture: circa 1890)
Abdication: 9 Nov 1918
Authority: church and state
PersonificationGermanyGerman peopleGerman way of life
Psychological Impact
Armistice: 11 Nov 1918
Kaiser’s role?
Dolchstosslegende
“dagger thrust” myth stabbed in the back
myth
November Criminals
Kevin P. Dincher 64
64
Kevin P. Dincher
Kevin P. Dincher 651919 Austrian postcard
Kevin P. Dincher 66
1924 German political cartoon
Kevin P. Dincher 671924 German Magazine
Kevin P. Dincher 68
Loss of WWI and Kaiser’s Abdication Psychological wounding of the Nation Dolchstosslegende Political vacuum
German Revolution of 1918 Revolutionary Period: 1917—1921 1918—1919 WW I surrender Abdication:
▪ Kaiser Wilhelm II▪ King Ludwig III of Bavaria
Kevin P. Dincher 69
1845 – 1921King of Bavaria (1913 – 1918)
German Revolution of 1918
November 1918 – August 1919
Social Democrats (Democratic Republic)
Communists (Socialist/Marxist Republic)▪ First Red Scare (1919–1921)
Kevin P. Dincher 70
Kevin P. Dincher 71
Kevin P. Dincher 72
Revolutionary Movement
A "new" conservatism
Ethnic nationalism ▪ German people/heritage (völkisch)
Anti-democracy▪ Opposed individualism/liberalism (anti-democracy)
Anti-communism▪ Advocated their own brand of "conservative
socialism“
Authoritarian/militaristicKevin P. Dincher 73
Kevin P. Dincher 74
Kevin P. Dincher 75
Major Political Parties of the Weimar Republic
1. Bavarian People's Party 2. Centre Party (Zentrum)3. Christian Social People's
Service 4. Communist Party of Germany 5. Communist Party of Germany
(Opposition)6. Conservative People's Party7. German Democratic Party 8. German National People's
Party
9. German People's Party10. German Racialist Freedom
Party11. German State Party 12. German Workers' Party13. Independent Social Democratic
Party of Germany
14.14. National Socialist German National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP - Nazi Workers' Party (NSDAP - Nazi Party) Party)
15. Socialist Workers' Party of Germany
Political/Economic Instability
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
▪ Dissolution of the Army▪ Paramilitary/Militia Groups
▪ Reparations
Kevin P. Dincher 76
Versailles Treaty Reparations
1921: 226 billion Gold Marks▪100,000 tons of pure gold = 50% of all gold ever mined ▪$53.8 billion ($757 billion in 2012)
1929: reduced to 132 billion Gold Marks▪$31.4 billion ($442 billion in 2012)
1931: Germany suspended annual payments
1954: London agreement
Oct 4, 2010: final payment – 20th anniversary of unificationKevin P. Dincher 77
Versailles Treaty Reparations
Loans:▪1933: Owed US banks $1.2 billion
▪ In 2013 dollars?
Kevin P. Dincher 78
= $212 billion
Versailles Treaty Reparations
Hyperinflation 1914 – 1918 (WW I):
▪Amount of currency in circulation rose 400%▪Prices doubled
1921: January – June – Prices doubled again▪1921: $1 = 75 DM▪1922: $1 = 400 DM▪1923: $1 = 7000 DM
▪ Aug: $1 = 1 million DM▪ Nov: $1 = 4 billion DM
Kevin P. Dincher 79
Kevin P. Dincher 80
Hyperinflation
•1923 Loaf of Bread
▪ Sep 1922: 163 DM▪ Sep 1923: 1,500,000 DM▪ Nov 1923: 200,000,000,000 DM
Workers: paid hourly Restaurant Menus: no prices
•November 1923: Rentenmark (RM) Debt Security Mark Eliminated 9 zeros Backed by mortgages and bonds
Kevin P. Dincher 81
Political/Economic Instability (1918-1933)
America Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism
Kevin P. Dincher 82
Kevin P. Dincher 83
Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism
Immigration Laws Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907 Immigration Act of 1917
▪ Homosexuals▪ “Idiots” and “feeble-minded persons▪ Criminals▪ Epileptics▪ “Insane persons” and alcoholics▪ “Professional beggars”▪ All persons “mentally or physically
defective”▪ Polygamists▪ Anarchists
Kevin P. Dincher 84
Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism
Immigration Laws
▪ 1921: Emergency Quota Act
▪ 3% based upon 1910 census
▪ 1924: Immigration Act ▪ 2% based upon 1890 census
Kevin P. Dincher 85
Kevin P. Dincher 86
Kevin P. Dincher 87
Kevin P. Dincher 88
Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism
Immigration Laws
Isolationism▪ League of Nations
Neutrality ▪ German Americans▪ Irish Americans
New Pacifism
Kevin P. Dincher 89
Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy
Andrew PrestonWorld War I
The war to end all wars Crusade: use of war for holy cause Pacifism = treason War = “glorious paradox”
Inter-war Years Peace movement Christian pacifism Returning veterans Failure of the Great War to end all wars
America Lead the world into a warless future War = “impossible, hateful contradiction”
Kevin P. Dincher 90
American Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism
Political/Economic Instability (1918-1933)
American Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism
Hitler’s Message
Kevin P. Dincher 91
Hitler’s Message social justice for Germany and the
German people
1920s – 1930s America▪ Unprecedented economic prosperity and
then the worst depression in history▪ Social conflict and suffering▪ Questions of recovery, reform and social
justice
Kevin P. Dincher 92
Political/Economic Instability (1918-1933)
American Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism
Hitler’s Message
America’s “Affinity” with GermanyKevin P. Dincher 93
1. America’s “Affinity” with Germany German-Americans Anti-semitism
Kevin P. Dincher 94
The German authorities are treating Jews shamefully and the Jews in this country are greatly excited. But this is also not a government affair. We can do nothing except for American citizens who happen to be made victims. We must protect them, and whatever we can do to moderate the general persecution by unofficial and personal influence ought to be done.
FDR to Dodd
Kevin P. Dincher 95
1. Political/Economic Instability
2. American Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism
3. Hitler’s Message
4. America’s “Affinity” with Germany
Kevin P. Dincher 96
Kevin P. Dincher 97
Kevin P. Dincher 98
William Dodd•Ambassador: 30 August 1933 – 29 December 1937
•Instructions: “don’t upset the apple cart” $1.2 billion in loans; American domestic politics
•Pro-German Initially saw the “positives” of a strong leader Concerned by militaristic spirit
•Critical Oct, 1933: American Chamber of Commerce (Berlin) Jul, 1934: Night of the Long Knives Nov, 1936: Report to the State Department Annual Nazi Party Rallies (Nuremburg)
•Lack of “Style” – Not a Member of the “Club”
•“Resigned” in 1937
Kevin P. Dincher 99
Kevin P. Dincher 100
William Dodd•“There were very few men who realized what was happening in Germany more thoroughly" than Dodd, who proved ineffective because he "was completely appalled by what was happening.” (George S. Messersmith)
•“Sincere though impulsive and inexperienced.“
•Dodd “has impressed his diplomatic associates as a man who is inclined to forget his responsibilities as an envoy in his zeal as an historian and in his views as a contemporary observer of governing trends.”
•“A tragic misfit … "a babe-in-the-woods in the dark forests of Berlin”
Several policies were adopted during the first two
years of the Nazi regime.
The first was to suppress the Jews.... They were to
hold no positions in University or government
operations, own no land, write nothing for
newspapers, gradually give up their personal business
relations, be imprisoned and many of them killed....
And of course there is not a word … to warn the
unwary … that all the people who might oppose the
regime have been absolutely silenced.
The central idea behind it is to make the rising
generation worship their chief and get ready to "save
civilization" from the Jews, from Communism and from
democracy—thus preparing the way for a Nazified
world where all freedom of the individual, of
education, and of the churches is to be totally
suppressed.
Dodd, 1938Kevin P. Dincher 101
William Dodd• Speaking tour of Canada
and the US
• Warned against the dangers posed by Germany, Italy, and Japan, and detailed racial and religious persecution in Germany
• Predicted German aggression against Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland
• Nuremburg Trials:"one of the few accredited diplomats in Berlin who very obviously had no sympathy of any sort for the regime in power".