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4. INTERCEPTION. Evapo - Transpiration ET. Precipitation P. S. Throughfall P T. Stemflow P S. Dripping P D. INPUT = OUTPUT +/- STORAGE. P = (P T + P S + P D + E) +/- S. P forest = (P T + P S + P D ). P interception = E +/- S. P = P forest + P interception. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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4. INTERCEPTION
PrecipitationP
Evapo-Transpiration
ET
DrippingPD
StemflowPS
ThroughfallPT
S
INPUT = OUTPUT +/- STORAGE
P = (PT + PS + PD + E) +/- S
Pforest = (PT + PS + PD)
Pinterception = E +/- S
P = Pforest + Pinterception
ATMOSPHERE
VEGETATION
GROUND
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eA
bove
For
est (
mm
/min
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Inte
rcep
tion
Rat
e(m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eB
enea
th F
ores
t (m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
ATMOSPHERE
VEGETATION
GROUND
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eA
bove
For
est (
mm
/min
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Inte
rcep
tion
Rat
e(m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eB
enea
th F
ores
t (m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
ATMOSPHERE
VEGETATION
GROUND
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eA
bove
For
est (
mm
/min
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Inte
rcep
tion
Rat
e(m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eB
enea
th F
ores
t (m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
ATMOSPHERE
VEGETATION
GROUND
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eA
bove
For
est (
mm
/min
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Inte
rcep
tion
Rat
e(m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eB
enea
th F
ores
t (m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
ATMOSPHERE
VEGETATION
GROUND
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eA
bove
For
est (
mm
/min
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Inte
rcep
tion
Rat
e(m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eB
enea
th F
ores
t (m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
ATMOSPHERE
VEGETATION
GROUND
Time vs Prate Time vs Prate Time vs Prate
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Abo
ve F
ores
t (m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Inte
rcep
tion
(mm
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Ben
eath
For
est (
mm
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time vs Prate Time vs Prate Time vs Prate
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Abo
ve F
ores
t (m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Inte
rcep
tion
(mm
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Ben
eath
For
est (
mm
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time vs Prate Time vs Prate Time vs Prate
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Abo
ve F
ores
t (m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Inte
rcep
tion
(mm
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Ben
eath
For
est (
mm
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Cum
ulat
ive
Tota
ls o
f Wat
er(m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50Cumulative Precipitationbeneath Forest.Cumulative InterceptionCumulative Precipitationabove Forest
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Per
cent
age
of C
umul
ativ
eP
reci
pita
tion
abov
e Fo
rest
0
20
40
60
80
100InterceptionBeneath Forest
Time (Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Cum
ulat
ive
Tota
ls o
f Wat
er(m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50Cumulative Precipitationbeneath Forest.Cumulative InterceptionCumulative Precipitationabove Forest
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Per
cent
age
of C
umul
ativ
eP
reci
pita
tion
abov
e Fo
rest
0
20
40
60
80
100InterceptionBeneath Forest
Time vs Prate Time vs Prate Time vs Prate
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ip./E
vap.
Rat
eA
bove
For
est (
mm
/min
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140In
terc
eptio
n R
ate
(mm
/min
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eB
enea
th F
ores
t (m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
IncludeEvaporativeLoss
Time vs Prate Time vs Prate Time vs Prate
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ip./E
vap.
Rat
eA
bove
For
est (
mm
/min
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140In
terc
eptio
n R
ate
(mm
/min
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eB
enea
th F
ores
t (m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
WithoutET
Time vs Prate Time vs Prate Time vs Prate
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ip./E
vap.
Rat
eA
bove
For
est (
mm
/min
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140In
terc
eptio
n R
ate
(mm
/min
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Prec
ipita
tion
Rat
eB
enea
th F
ores
t (m
m/m
in)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
WithoutET
Time (Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Cum
ulat
ive
Tota
ls o
f Wat
er(m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50 Cumulative Precipitationbeneath Forest.Cumulative EvaporationCumulative Precipitationabove ForestTime vs CumVeg
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Per
cent
age
of C
umul
ativ
eP
reci
pita
tion
abov
e Fo
rest
0
20
40
60
80
100
Interception + EvaporationBeneath Forest (Evap. considered)Interception onlyBeneath Forest (Evap. not considered)
Time (Minutes)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Cum
ulat
ive
Tota
ls o
f Wat
er(m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50 Cumulative Precipitationbeneath Forest.Cumulative EvaporationCumulative Precipitationabove ForestTime vs CumVeg
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Per
cent
age
of C
umul
ativ
eP
reci
pita
tion
abov
e Fo
rest
0
20
40
60
80
100
Interception + EvaporationBeneath Forest (Evap. considered)Interception onlyBeneath Forest (Evap. not considered)
Precipitation in Storm (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Pre
cipi
tatio
n In
terc
epte
d, a
s %
(% N
ot R
each
ing
the
Gro
und)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Precipitation in Storm (ins)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Precipitation in Storm (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Pre
cipi
tatio
n In
terc
epte
d, a
s %
(% N
ot R
each
ing
the
Gro
und)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Precipitation in Storm (ins)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Observed interceptionCalculated as the mean of the “interceptometer’ readings
Source: R. Horton, 1919. Monthly Weather Review
Precipitation in Storm (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Pre
cipi
tatio
n In
terc
epte
d, a
s %
(% N
ot R
each
ing
the
Gro
und)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Precipitation in Storm (ins)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Precipitation in Storm (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Pre
cipi
tatio
n In
terc
epte
d, a
s %
(% N
ot R
each
ing
the
Gro
und)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Precipitation in Storm (ins)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Initially leaf storage accounts for all precipitation in the storm
Evaporation as a fixed percentage of precipitation accounts for most of the precipitation NOT reaching the ground
Transition during which leaf storage becomes proportionally less important relative to the total precipitation in the storm.
Precipitation in Storm (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Pre
cipi
tatio
n In
terc
epte
d, a
s %
(% N
ot R
each
ing
the
Gro
und)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Precipitation in Storm (ins)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Initially leaf storage accounts for all precipitation in the storm
Evaporation as a fixed percentage of precipitation accounts for most of the precipitation NOT reaching the ground
Transition during which leaf storage becomes proportionally less important relative to the total precipitation in the storm.
WEEKLY PRECIPITATION BENEATH VARIOUS LAND USE TYPES
Maine, Winter 1965-66.
Week
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Mea
sure
d P
reci
pita
tion
(mm
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Snowmelt drip
After Schomaker, 1966
WEEKLY INTERCEPTION LOSSES As Percentage of Precipitation in Open
Week
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Inte
rcep
ted
Pre
cipi
tatio
n (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 Birch
Spruce
PRECIPITATION UNDER FOREST COVERAs Function of Precipitation in Open
Precipitation in Pasture, Po (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Pre
cipi
tatio
n be
neat
h Fo
rest
,P
f (m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60Birch
Spruce
Pf = -0.063 + 0.906 Po (r2 = 0.993)
Pf = 0.482 + 0.675 Po (r2 = 0.939)
Source: Bonan, 2008: Ecological Climatology
2012 Forest Fires
2013 Floods
Front Ranges, Colorado
Time (hours)0 1 2 3 4 5
Rai
nfal
l (cm
)
0
1
2
3
L = S + K.E.t
S = Leaf storage (e.g. 0.05cm)K = Leaf Area Index (e.g. 0.6)E = Evaporation rate (e.g. 0.1 cm/hr)
Rainfall intensity = 0.5 cm/hr
Cumulative Rainfall
Cumulative Interception (L)
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERCEPTION TERMS
Ground
Veg
Leaf area index in monocultures and mixtures of Cedrela, Cordia, and Hyeronima from age 1.0 to 3.5 yr at La Selva Biological Station, CostaRica.
From: Menalled, Kelty and Ewell, 1998
Time (hours)0 1 2 3 4 5
Rai
nfal
l (cm
)
0
1
2
3
Inte
rcep
tion
as %
0
20
40
60
80
100
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERCEPTION TERMS
Interception as % of rainfall
K
Time (hours)0 1 2 3 4 5
Inte
rcep
tion
as %
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.2
0.40.6
0.8
1.21.4
1.61.82.02.22.42.6
2.8
1.0
Model:L = S + K.E.t
Parameters:S = 0.05 cm E = 0.1 cm/hr I = 0.5 cm/hr
K = 0.2 - 2.8 steps of 0.2
EFFECTS OF MODIFYING LEAF INDEXON INTERCEPTION
EFFECTS OF MODIFYING EVAPORATIONRATE ON INTERCEPTION
Time (hours)0 1 2 3 4 5
Inte
rcep
tion
as %
0
20
40
60
80
100Model:L = S + K.E.t
Parameters:S = 0.05 cm K = 0.6 I = 0.5 cm/hr
E = 0.02 - 0.32 cm/hr steps of 0.02 cm/hr
0.1
0.2
0.3
E (cm/hr)
Time (hours)0 1 2 3 4 5
Inte
rcep
tion
as %
0
20
40
60
80
100
Model:L = S + K.E.t
Parameters:K = 0.6 I = 0.5 cm/hr E = 0.1 cm/hr
S = 0.02 - 0.13 cm steps of 0.01 cm
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
S (cm)
EFFECTS OF MODIFYING REGRESSION INTERCEPT(STORAGE CAPACITY) ON INTERCEPTION
Interception Under Woodlands
Rainfall (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Inte
rcep
tion
(mm
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Maple Shrub WillowHemlock and Pine
a b nOrchards 0.04 0.18 1Ash woods 0.02 0.18 1Beech woods 0.04 0.18 1Oak woods 0.05 0.18 1Maple woods 0.04 0.18 1Willow shrubs 0.02 0.40 1Hemlock and pine woods
0.05 0.20 0.5
Interception Under Woodlandsas percentage
Rainfall (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Inte
rcep
tion
as %
of R
ainf
all
0
20
40
60
80
100
(inches)
Source: Gray, 1970, Principles of Hydrology
a bSmall crops 0.02h 0.15hMeadow grass 0.005h 0.08hForage crops 0.01h 0.10hSmall grains 0.005h 0.05hCorn 0.005h 0.005
h
Interception by Growing Corn Plants
Rainfall (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60In
terc
eptio
n (m
m)
0
2
4
6
8
600mm
1200mm
1800mm
2400mm
3600mm
4200mm
Height of CornPlant
Precipitation (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Per
cent
age
Inte
rcep
ted
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Height of CornPlant
Interception by Growing Cabbage Plants
Rainfall (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Inte
rcep
tion
(mm
)
0
2
4
6
8
30mm60mm
120mm
180mm
240mm
360mm
420mmHeight of CabbagePlant
Precipitation (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Per
cent
age
Inte
rcep
ted
0
10
20
30
40
60mm120mm180mm240mm360mm420mm
Height of CabbagePlant
Source: Gray, 1970, Principles of Hydrology
Storm Precipitation (mm)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Thro
ughf
all/S
tem
flow
(mm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
ThroughfallDeciduous
ThroughfallConiferous
Stemflow
Water partitioning between the canopy andthe surface in individual storms.
Collated by Dunne and Leopold (1978) from a variety of,dominantly temperate, studies.
FITTED REGRESSION RELATIONSHIPSWESTERN AMAZONIA
Gross Precipitation (mm)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Thro
ughf
all (
mm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sedimentary Plain High Terrace
Low TerraceFlood Plain
all explain 99% of variance
after Tobón Marin et al., 2000.
Sedimentary Plain
Thro
ughf
all a
s %
of G
ross
Pre
cipi
tatio
n
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
High Terrace
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Low Terrace
Thro
ughf
all a
s %
of G
ross
Pre
cipi
tatio
n
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Flood Plain
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
< 55 -20
20 - 4040 - 80
> 80 < 55 -20
20 - 4040 - 80
> 80
< 55 -20
20 - 4040 - 80
> 80 < 55 -20
20 - 4040 - 80
> 80
Classes of Gross Daily Precipitation (mm)Source: Tobon Marin et al., 2000
STEMFLOW AND PRECIPITATIONWestern Amazonia
Gross Precipitation (mm)0 20 40 60 80 100
Ste
mflo
w (m
m)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Sedimentary Plain (0.92)High Terrace (0.94)Low Terrace (0.95)Flood Plain (0.91)
after Tobón Marin et al., 2000.