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SDLCSDLC
SDLC stands forSDLC stands for
SystemsSystems
DevelopmentDevelopment
LifeLife
CycleCycle
What does it mean?What does it mean?
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SDLCSDLC
SDLC stands forSDLC stands for Systems DevelopmentSystems Development Life CycleLife Cycle
First, SDLC is aFirst, SDLC is a Life CycleLife Cycle..
AllAll systemssystems have a life cycle or a series of stages theyhave a life cycle or a series of stages theynaturally undergo.naturally undergo. The number and name of the stages varies, but the primaryThe number and name of the stages varies, but the primary
stages are conception,stages are conception, developmentdevelopment, maturity and decline., maturity and decline.
TheThe systems development life cycle (SDLC)systems development life cycle (SDLC) therefore,therefore,refers to therefers to the developmentdevelopment stage of thestage of the systemsystemss life cyclelife cycle..
Why are we so interested in theWhy are we so interested in the developmentdevelopment stage?stage?What about conception, maturity and decline?What about conception, maturity and decline?
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MethodologiesMethodologies
Is there a difference between the term SDLC andIs there a difference between the term SDLC andthe term methodology?the term methodology?
Whereas the SDLC refers to a stage all systemsWhereas the SDLC refers to a stage all systems
naturallynaturally undergo, a methodology refers to anundergo, a methodology refers to anapproachapproach invented by humansinvented by humans to manage theto manage theevents naturally occurring in the SDLC.events naturally occurring in the SDLC.
AA methodologymethodology is, in simple terms, a set of steps,is, in simple terms, a set of steps,guidelines, activities and/or principles to follow in aguidelines, activities and/or principles to follow in a
particular situation.particular situation. Most methodologies are comprehensive, multiMost methodologies are comprehensive, multi--stepstepapproaches to systems developmentapproaches to systems development
There are many methodologies out there. SeeThere are many methodologies out there. Seewww.methodology.orgwww.methodology.org ..
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SDLC vs. MethodologySDLC vs. Methodology
It is confusing, but unfortunately, the termIt is confusing, but unfortunately, the termSDLC is frequently used synonymously withSDLC is frequently used synonymously with
thethe waterfallwaterfall oror traditional approachtraditional approach forfordeveloping information systems.developing information systems.
The SDLC approachThe SDLC approach This approach essentially refers to a linear sequence ofThis approach essentially refers to a linear sequence of
stages to develop a system from planning to analysisstages to develop a system from planning to analysisto design to implementation.to design to implementation.
Stages are followed from beginning to end.Stages are followed from beginning to end.
Revisiting prior stages is not permitted.Revisiting prior stages is not permitted.
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Approaches to SystemsApproaches to Systems
DevelopmentDevelopment ProcessProcess--Oriented ApproachOriented Approach
Focus is onFocus is on flow, use and transformation of dataflow, use and transformation of data
in an information systemin an information system Involves creating graphical representations suchInvolves creating graphical representations suchas data flow diagrams and chartsas data flow diagrams and charts
Data are tracked from sources, throughData are tracked from sources, throughintermediate steps and to final destinationsintermediate steps and to final destinations
Natural structure of data is not specifiedNatural structure of data is not specified Disadvantage: data files are tied to specificDisadvantage: data files are tied to specific
applicationsapplications
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Approaches to SystemsApproaches to Systems
DevelopmentDevelopment DataData--Oriented ApproachOriented Approach
DepictsDepicts ideal organization of dataideal organization of data,,independent of where and how data areindependent of where and how data areusedused
Data model describes kinds of data andData model describes kinds of data and
business relationships among the databusiness relationships among the data Business rules depict how organizationBusiness rules depict how organization
captures and processes the datacaptures and processes the data
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Approaches to Systems DevelopmentApproaches to Systems Development
Process Approach:Lets look at all of our
processes. Processes takeprecedence over data. Get theprocesses correct first. Thenwell address what data isimportant.
Data Approach:Forget the processes, letslook at the data. Data comesfirst. Get the data correct, thensee how the processes actuallyuse the data.
Which is better, the Process Approach or the Data Approach?
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Databases andDatabases and
Application IndependenceApplication Independence DatabaseDatabase
Shared collection of logically related dataShared collection of logically related data
Organized to facilitate capture, storage andOrganized to facilitate capture, storage andretrieval byretrieval by multiplemultiple usersusers
Centrally managedCentrally managed
Designed around subjects such as CustomersDesigned around subjects such as Customersor Suppliersor Suppliers
Application IndependenceApplication Independence Separation of data from the applications, e.g.Separation of data from the applications, e.g.
Payroll data is part of the enterprisePayroll data is part of the enterprise--wide datawide datamodel and can be used by many systems, not justmodel and can be used by many systems, not just
the Payroll Systemthe Payroll System
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Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
Life CycleLife Cycle Every textbook has different names forEvery textbook has different names for
the stages of the SDLCthe stages of the SDLC
Usually they stages areUsually they stages are
Planning (just after Conception)Planning (just after Conception)
AnalysisAnalysis
DesignDesign ImplementationImplementation
Maintenance (starting Maturity)Maintenance (starting Maturity)
1.111.11
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Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
Life CycleLife Cycle This text highlights 6 distinct phases:This text highlights 6 distinct phases:
Project Identification and SelectionProject Identification and Selection
Project Initiation and PlanningProject Initiation and Planning
AnalysisAnalysis
DesignDesign
ImplementationImplementation
MaintenanceMaintenance
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Stages of the SDLCStages of the SDLC
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Phases of the SystemsPhases of the Systems
Development Life CycleDevelopment Life Cycle1.1. Project Identification and SelectionProject Identification and Selection
Two Main ActivitiesTwo Main Activities
Identification of needIdentification of need Prioritization and translation of need into aPrioritization and translation of need into a
development scheduledevelopment schedule
Helps organization to determine whether orHelps organization to determine whether ornot resources should be dedicated to a project.not resources should be dedicated to a project.
2.2. Project Initiation and PlanningProject Initiation and Planning Two ActivitiesTwo Activities
Formal preliminary investigation of the problem atFormal preliminary investigation of the problem athandhand
Presentation of reasons why system should or shouldPresentation of reasons why system should or should
not be developed by the organizationnot be developed by the organization
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Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
Life CycleLife CycleAnalysisAnalysis
Study of current procedures andStudy of current procedures and
information systemsinformation systems Determine requirementsDetermine requirements
Study current systemStudy current system
Structure requirements and eliminate redundanciesStructure requirements and eliminate redundancies
Generate alternative designsGenerate alternative designs
Compare alternativesCompare alternatives
Recommend best alternativeRecommend best alternative
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Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
Life CycleLife Cycle DesignDesign
Logical DesignLogical Design
Concentrates on business aspects of the systemConcentrates on business aspects of the system Physical DesignPhysical Design
Technical specificationsTechnical specifications
ImplementationImplementation ImplementationImplementation
Hardware and software installationHardware and software installation
ProgrammingProgramming
User TrainingUser Training
DocumentationDocumentation
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Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
Life CycleLife Cycle MaintenanceMaintenance
System changed to reflect changingSystem changed to reflect changing
conditionsconditions System obsolescenceSystem obsolescence
A good way to learn the stages of theA good way to learn the stages of theSDLC is to createSDLC is to create deliverablesdeliverables (output)(output)of each stage in the process.of each stage in the process.
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Alternative ApproachesAlternative Approaches
PrototypingPrototyping
Building a scaledBuilding a scaled--down working version of thedown working version of the
systemsystem Advantages:Advantages:
Users are involved in designUsers are involved in design
Captures requirements in concrete formCaptures requirements in concrete form
Rapid Application Development (RAD)Rapid Application Development (RAD) Utilizes prototyping to delay producing systemUtilizes prototyping to delay producing system
design until after user requirements are cleardesign until after user requirements are clear
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PrototypingPrototypingFig. 1-6
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Alternative ApproachesAlternative Approaches
Joint Application Design (JAD)Joint Application Design (JAD)
Users, Managers and Analysts workUsers, Managers and Analysts work
together for several daystogether for several days
System requirements are reviewedSystem requirements are reviewed
Structured meetingsStructured meetings
We will see a video on this when weWe will see a video on this when wecover Chapter 7cover Chapter 7
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Alternative ApproachesAlternative Approaches
Evolutionary or spiral methodologyEvolutionary or spiral methodologyThe *** never gets done! Different versions, always inThe *** never gets done! Different versions, always in
different stages.different stages.