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FINANCIAL ACCOUNTINGAN INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPTS,

METHODS, AND USES10th Edition

Chapter 4 -- Statement of Cash Flows: Effects Operating, Investing, Financing Activities on Cash Flows

Clyde P. Stickney and Roman L. Weil

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Learning Objectives

1. Understand why using the accrual basis of accounting creates the need for a statement of cash flows.

2. Understand the types of transactions that result in cash flows.

3. Develop an ability to prepare a statement of cash flows from a comparative balance sheet and income statement.

4. Develop an ability to analyze the statement of cash flows.

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Chapter Outline

1. Overview of cash flows. Classification of cash flows

2. Preparing the statement of cash flows. Direct and indirect methods. Columnar and t-account approaches.

3. Effects of a sale of a long-term asset.

4. An international perspective.

Chapter Summary

4-4 1. Overview of the Statement of Cash Flows

The statement of cash flows …

(a) explains the reasons for a change in cash.

(b) classifies the reasons for the change as an operating, investing or financing activity.

(c) reconciles net income with cash flow from operations.

4-5Classification of Cash Flows

1. Operations -- cash flows related to selling goods and services; that is, the principle business of the firm.

2. Investing -- cash flows related to the acquisition or sale of noncurrent assets.

3. Financing -- long term and short term cash flows related to liabilities and owners’ equity; dividends are a financing cash outflow.

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Example of a Statement

of Cash Flows

Exhibit 4.1

4-7Components of the Statement of Cash Flows

Cash received fromsale of goodsand services

Cash received fromsale of goodsand services

Cash paid foroperating goods

and services

Cash paid foroperating goods

and services

cash flowfrom operations

cash flowfrom operationsOperations - =

Cash received fromsales of investments

and PP&E

Cash received fromsales of investments

and PP&E

Cash paid for ac-quisition of invest-ments and PP&E

Cash paid for ac-quisition of invest-ments and PP&E

cash flowfrom investing

cash flowfrom investingInvesting - =

Cash received fromissue of debt or

capital stock

Cash received fromissue of debt or

capital stock

Cash paid for dividends and

reacquisition of debt or capital stock

Cash paid for dividends and

reacquisition of debt or capital stock

cash flowfrom financing

cash flowfrom financingFinancing - =

Net change in cashfor the period

Net change in cashfor the period

=

+ -

+ -

Figure 4.1

4-82. Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows

Firms could prepare the cash flow statement directly from the cash account. Most, however, find it more efficient to prepare the cash flow statement from the balance sheet and income statement.

(a) Direct and indirect methods.(b) Algebraic formulation will present the underlying

concept of the cash flow statement.(c) Two approaches to producing the cash flow

statement: columnar worksheet and t-account worksheet.

4-92.a. Direct and Indirect Methods

Direct method of presentation calculates cash flow from operations by subtracting cash disbursements to supplies, employees, and others from cash receipts from customers.

The indirect method calculates cash flow from operations by adjusting net income for noncash revenues and expenses.

Most firms present their cash flows using the indirect method.

Copyright 2000 by Harcourt Inc. All rights reserved.

4-102.b. Algebraic Formulation

Recall the basic accounting equation:Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity

or A = L + SEAssets are either cash (C) or not (N$A), so

C + N$A = L + SE C + N$A = L + SE

Where means the change in the balance,Rearranging gives the basic equation for the

statement of cash flows:

C = L + SE - N$A

4-112.b. Algebraic Formulation (Cont.)

C = L + SE - N$A The change in cash, C, is the increase or

decrease in the cash account. This amount must equal changes in liabilities

plus changes in shareholders’ equity minus changes in assets other than cash.

Thus, we can identify the causes in the change in the cash account by studying the changes in non-cash accounts.

4-122.c. Two Approaches to

Producing the Cash Flow Statement

The basic formula can be implemented using either of two approaches:

1. Columnar worksheet-- changes in balance sheet accounts are classified by definition using a multicolumn worksheet.

2. T-Account worksheet -- changes are classified by analysis of the t-accounts.

4-13 2.c.1. Columnar Worksheet

Works well for relatively simple situations involving few transactions.

Enhances understanding of the cash flow statement.

Does not work as well as the T-account method when the number and complexity of transactions increases.

4-14 2.c.1. Columnar Worksheet (Cont.)

Begin with a comparative balance sheet.1. Compute the change in each balance sheet

account.2. Classify each change as operating, investing or

financing activity.2. Make any needed adjustments (for example,

for a sale of a long-lived asset).4. Recast the classified changes in the form of a

cash flow statement.

4-15Noncash Expenses

Noncash expenses, such as depreciation expense, are added back.

Not truly sources of cash, even though they are associated with cash inflows; rather, a reversal of the accrual process that required the expenses to be recognized without regard for the cash flow.

4-16 Changes in Specific Accounts

If noncash assetsare increased,

then cash was spent,so cash is an outflow,

so negative sign.

If noncash assetsare increased,

then cash was spent,so cash is an outflow,

so negative sign.

If noncash assetsare decreased,

then they provided cashso cash is an inflow,

so positive sign.

If noncash assetsare decreased,

then they provided cashso cash is an inflow,

so positive sign.

If liab. or S.E.increased, then cash

was obtained,so cash in an inflow,

so positive sign.

If liab. or S.E.increased, then cash

was obtained,so cash in an inflow,

so positive sign.

If liab. or S.E.decreased, then cash

was spent,so cash in an outflow,

so negative sign.

If liab. or S.E.decreased, then cash

was spent,so cash in an outflow,

so negative sign.

Non-cash Assets

Liabilitiesand Shareholders’Equity

increase decrease

4-17 2.c.2. T-account Worksheet

The columnar works well when the change in each balance sheet account affects only one of the three types of activities. It becomes cumbersome for more complex (and realistic) situations.

The T-account approach is a direct extension of T-accounts - facilitates analysis of a transaction which involves more than one activity.

For example, the change in Retained Earnings can be due to both net income (operating activity) and dividends (financing activity).

4-18 2.c.2. T-account Worksheet

1. Obtain beginning and ending balance sheets.2. Prepare a T-account worksheet with a master

account, cash, divided into operating, investing and financing sections.

3. Explain the change in the master cash account by reconstructing the original entries in a summary form.

4. Make any necessary adjustments.5. Recast the master account in the format of a

cash flow statement.

4-19 2.c.2. T-account Worksheet (Cont.)

Cash

beginningbalance

Operations

Investing Financing

endingbalance

Various Balance Sheet Accounts

beginningbalance endingbalance

nnnnnn

nnnnnn

1. adjustments are made to all balance sheet accounts to bring the beginning balance to the ending balance.

2. these are offset by an opposite entry in the cash account.

3. this part of the cash account becomes the cash flow statement.

4-20 3. Effects of a Sale of a Long-Term Assets on Cash Flows

A few transactions complicate the derivation of a cash flow statement from a comparative balance sheet, for example, the sale of a long-term (or fixed) asset.

Recall the journal entry for the sale of an asset:

Cash nnnnAccumulated Depreciation nnnn Asset nnnn Gain (or loss) on sale nnnn

4-21 3. Sale of an Asset (Cont.)

Each of the four parts of the above journal entry require an adjustment in the cash flow statement.

The first line, cash, adds a line to the investing section. The second line, a debit to accumulated depreciation,

increases the depreciation expense above the change in the change in the accumulated depreciation account.

The third line, a credit to the asset, increases the amount of cash invested in long-lived assets above the change in the fixed asset accounts.

The fourth line, a gain or loss, is reversed out in the operating sections since this is not a cash flow.

4-22 Comparison of Cash Flow to Net Income

Net income is an accrual based concept and purports to show the long-term.

Cash flows purport to show the short term. Consider the outlook for both short-term and long-term and

consider that each is either good or poor. A strong growing firm would show both good long-term and

good short-term outlooks. A failing firm would show both poor long-term and poor short

term outlooks. What about a firm with good cash flows (short-term) but poor

net income (long-term)? What about a firm with poor cash flows (short-term) but good

net income (long-term)?

4-234. An International Perspective

The International Accounting Standards Board (IAS No. 7) recommends but does not require a statement of cash flows.

An approximation to a cash flow statement can be prepared from a comparative balance sheet with some additional information.

4-24 Chapter Summary

The statement of cash flows is presented. It reports the effects on cash flows of a firm’s operating, investing and financing activities.

Information in this statement helps in understanding:

1. How operations affect liquidity,2. The level of capital expenditures needed to

support growth, and3. The major changes in financing.

Two methods are presented to produce a cash flow statement from a comparative balance sheet.