4-1CHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECHCHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECH

Chapter FourChapter Four

Chemical Bonding: The Ionic Bond ModelChemical Bonding: The Ionic Bond Model

4-2CHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECHCHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECH

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 | 2

M. S. Davidson/Photo Researchers

The Ionic Bond in NaClThe Ionic Bond in NaCl

→ CO 4.1CO 4.1Magnification of crystals Magnification of crystals of sodium chloride.of sodium chloride.

4-3CHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECHCHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECH

Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.1 Lewis structures for selected representatives and noble-gas elementsLewis structures for selected representatives and noble-gas elements

Lewis Symbols of Main Group ElementsLewis Symbols of Main Group Elements

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Lewis Explained the Chemical BondingLewis Explained the Chemical Bonding

→ Fig. 4.2 Gilbert Newton Lewis was one of

the foremost chemists of the 20th

century.

Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library

4-5CHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECHCHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECH

← Fig. 4.3 Fig. 4.3 Loss of an Loss of an electron from a electron from a sodium atom sodium atom leaves it with leaves it with one more proton one more proton than electrons, than electrons, so it has a net so it has a net electrical charge electrical charge of +1.of +1.

The Ionic Bond FormationThe Ionic Bond Formation

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CC 4.1 A Matter of IonsCC 4.1 A Matter of Ions

Matter of IonsMatter of Ions

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What’s in NaCl CrystalsWhat’s in NaCl Crystals

Fig. 4.4 a-c (a,b) Two-dimensional cross section and a three-

dimensional view of sodium chloride. (c) sodium chloride crystals

4-8CHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECHCHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECH

Charge on IonsCharge on Ions

Table 4.1

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→ Fig. 4.5 Fig. 4.5 Cross section of the Cross section of the structure of the structure of the ionic solid NaCl.ionic solid NaCl.

Repeating Arrangement of Ions in NaClRepeating Arrangement of Ions in NaCl

E. R. Degginger/Color-Pic

4-10CHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECHCHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECH

← Fig. 4.6 Fig. 4.6 Ionic compounds usually Ionic compounds usually have crystalline forms, such have crystalline forms, such as in (a) fluorite and (b) as in (a) fluorite and (b) ruby.ruby.

E. R. Degginger/Color-Pic

Most Ionic Compounds are CrystalsMost Ionic Compounds are Crystals

4-11CHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECHCHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECH

Colors of Ionic CompoundsColors of Ionic Compounds

Fig. 4.7 Copper (II) oxide is black, whereas copper (I) oxide is reddish brown. Iron (II) chloride is green, whereas iron (III)

chloride is bright yellow.

4-12CHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECHCHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECH

Charge of Metals and Periodic TableCharge of Metals and Periodic Table

→ Fig. 4.8 Periodic table

in which the metallic elements

that exhibit a fixed ionic

charge are highlighted.

4-13CHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECHCHEM 120, Fall 2009, LA TECH

← Fig. 4.9Fig. 4.9Models of polyatomic Models of polyatomic ions: (a) a sulfate ion ions: (a) a sulfate ion and (b) a nitrate ion.and (b) a nitrate ion.

Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic Ions

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← Table 4.3Table 4.3

Name, Formula and Charge of Polyatomic IonsName, Formula and Charge of Polyatomic Ions

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← CC 4.2CC 4.2Tooth enamelTooth enamel

Ions in Tooth EnamelIons in Tooth Enamel

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← CAG 4.2CAG 4.2Nomenclature of Nomenclature of ionic ionic compounds.compounds.

Naming Ionic CompundsNaming Ionic Compunds