3D TV Report

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A

NET LAB REPORT

ON

3D TELEVISION TECHNOLOGY

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Award of

Bachelor of Technology Degree

Of

Rajasthan Technical University, KOTA

2011-2012

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr. Deepak Paliwal Hitesh Karmani

Lect., ECE (EC/10/1122)

II yr. ECE-C

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

POORNIMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ISI-6, RIICO INSTITUTIONAL AREA

SITAPURA, JAIPUR-302022

(RAJASTHAN)


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Introduction:-What is 3D TV?

3D TV is an emerging technology that allows consumers to enjoy three-dimensional movies,

television programs and video games in their homes. Several companies have developed viable

3D technology for the home theater environment, but the reality of seeing 3D TV in the average

household is probably years away. That's primarily because the technology requires the purchase

of new television equipment, including a 3D-ready TV and a 3D-capable Blu-ray player.

3D-ready TV sets are those that can operate in 3D mode (in addition to regular 2D mode) using

one of several display technologies to recreate a stereoscopic image. These TV sets usually

supportHDMI 1.4 and a minimum (input and output) refresh rate of 120 Hz; glasses may be sold

separately.

Philips was developing 3D television sets that would be available for the consumer market by

about 2011 without the need for special glasses autostereoscopy. However it was canceled due to

the slow adoption of customers going from 2D to 3D.

In August 2010, Toshiba announced plans to bring a range of autosteroscopic TVs to market by

the end of the year.

The Chinese manufacturer TCL Corporation has developed a 42-inch (110 cm) LCD 3D TV

called the TD-42F, which is currently available in China. This model uses a lenticular system

and does not require any special glasses (autostereoscopy). It is not as good as 3D active glasses.

It currently sells for approximately $20,000.

Onida, LG, Samsung, Sony, and Philips intend to increase their 3D TV offering with plans to

make 3D TV sales account for over 50% of their respective TV distribution offering by 2012. It

is expected that the screens will use a mixture of technologies until there is standardisation

across the industry.Samsung offers the LED 7000, LCD 750, PDP 7000 TV sets and the Blu-

ray 6900


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History of 3D TV:-In the late 1890s, the British film pioneer William Friese-Greene filed a patent for a 3-D movieprocess. When viewed stereoscopically, it showed that the two images are combined by the brain

to produce 3-D depth perception. On 10 June 1915, Edwin S. Porter and William E. Waddell

presented tests to an audience at the Astor Theater in New York City. In red-green anaglyph, the

audience was presented three reels of tests, which included rural scenes, test shots of Marie

Doro, a segment of John Mason playing a number of passages from Jim the Penman (a film

released by Famous Players-Lasky that year, but not in 3-D), Oriental dancers, and a reel of

footage of Niagara Falls However, according to Adolph Zukor in his 1953 autobiography The

Public Is Never Wrong: My 50 Years in the Motion Picture Industry, nothing was produced in

this process after these tests.

The stereoscope was improved by Louis Jules Duboscq, and a famous picture of Queen

Victoria was displayed at The Great Exhibition in 1851. In 1855 the Kinematoscope was

invented, i.e., the stereo animation camera. The first anaglyph (use of red-and-blue glasses,

invented by L.D. DuHauron) movie was produced in 1915 and in 1922 the first public 3D movie

was displayed. Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on 10 August

1928, by John Logie Baird in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London. Baird

pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electro-mechanical and cathode-ray tube

techniques. In 1935 the first 3D color movie was produced. By the Second World War,

stereoscopic 3D still cameras for personal use were already fairly common.

In the 1950s, when TV became popular in the United States, many 3D movies were produced.

The first such movie was Bwana Devil from United Artists that could be seen all across the US

in 1952. One year later, in 1953, came the 3D movie House of Wax which also featured

stereophonic sound. Alfred Hitchcockproduced his film Dial M for Murder in 3D, but for the

purpose of maximizing profits the movie was released in 2D because not all cinemas were able

to display 3D films. The Soviet Union also developed 3D films, with Robinzon Kruzo being its

first full-length 3D movie, in 1946.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaglyph_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Bairdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwana_Devilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wax_(1953_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinzon_Kruzohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinzon_Kruzohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wax_(1953_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwana_Devilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Bairdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaglyph_image


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Technologies:-There are several techniques to produce and display 3D moving pictures. The basic requirement

is to display offset images that are filtered separately to the left and right eye. Two strategies

have been used to accomplish this: have the viewer wear eyeglasses to filter the separately offset

images to each eye, or have the light source split the images directionally into the viewer's eyes

(no glasses required). Common 3D display technology for projecting stereoscopic image pairs to

the viewer include:[3]

With filters/lenses: Anaglyphic 3D (with passive red-cyan filters) Polarization 3D (with passive polarized filters) Alternate-frame sequencing (with active shutter filters) Head-mounted display (with a separate display positioned in front of each eye, and

lenses used primarily to relax eye focus)

Without lenses: Autostereoscopic displays, sometimes referred to commercially as Auto 3D. Others

Anaglyphic 3D:-Anaglyph 3D is the name given to the stereoscopic 3D effect achieved by means of encoding

each eye's image using filters of different (usually chromatically opposite) colors,

typically red and cyan. Anaglyph 3D images contain two differently filtered colored images, one

for each eye. When viewed through the "color coded" "anaglyph glasses", each of the two

images reaches one eye, revealing an integrated stereoscopic image. The visual cortex of the

brain fuses this into perception of a three dimensional scene or composition.

Anaglyph images have seen a recent resurgence due to the presentation of images and video on

the Internet, Blu-ray Discs, CDs, and even in print. Low cost paper frames or plastic-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaglyph_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate-frame_sequencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_shutter_glasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-mounted_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostereoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaglyph_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaglyph_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostereoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-mounted_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_shutter_glasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate-frame_sequencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaglyph_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television#cite_note-2


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framed glasses hold accurate color filters that typically, after 2002, make use of all 3 primary

colors. The current norm is red and cyan, with red being used for the left channel. The cheaper

filter material used in the monochromatic past dictated red and blue for convenience and cost.

There is a material improvement of full color images, with the cyan filter, especially for accurate

skin tones.

Figure 1-Stereo monochrome image anaglyphed for red and cyan

Figure 2-Anaglyph (3D photograph) of a column head in Persepolis

Video games, theatrical films, and DVDs can be shown in the anaglyph 3D process. Practical

images, for science or design, where depth perception is useful, include the presentation of full

scale and microscopic stereographic images. Examples from NASA include Mars

Rover imaging, and the solar investigation, called STEREO, which uses two orbital vehicles to

obtain the 3D images of the sun. Other applications include geological illustrations by the United
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Roverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Roverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEREOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Surveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Surveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEREOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Roverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Roverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses


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States Geological Survey, and various online museum objects. A recent application is for stereo

imaging of the heart using 3D ultra-sound with plastic red/cyan glasses.

Anaglyph images are much easier to view than either parallel (diverging) or crossed-view

pairs stereograms. However, these side-by-side types offer bright and accurate color rendering,not easily achieved with anaglyphs. Recently, cross-view prismatic glasses with adjustable

masking have appeared, that offer a wider image on the new HD video and computer monitors.

Viewing:-

A pair of eyeglasses with two filters of the same colors, once used on the cameras (or now

simulated by image processing software manipulations) is worn by the viewer. In the case above,

the red lens over the left eye allows only the red part of the anaglyph image through to that eye,

while the cyan (blue/green) lens over the right eye allows only the blue and green parts of the

image through to that eye. Portions of the image that are red will appear dark through the cyan

filter, while portions of colors composed only of green and blue will appear dark through the red

filter. Each eye therefore sees only the perspective it is supposed to see.

Red sharpened anaglyph glasses

Simple paper, uncorrected gel glasses, cannot compensate for the 250 nanometer difference in

the wave lengths of the red-cyan filters. With simple glasses, the red filtered image is somewhat

blurry, when viewing a close computer screen or printed image. The (RED) retinal focus differs

from the image through the (CYAN) filter, which dominates the eyes' focusing. Better quality,

molded acrylic glasses frequently employ a compensating differential diopter power (a spherical

correction) to balance the red filter focus shift relative to the cyan, which reduces the innate

softness, and diffraction of red filtered light. Low power reading glasses worn along with thepaper glasses also sharpen the image noticeably.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Surveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Surveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeglass_prescription#Spherical_lenses_and_spherical_correctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeglass_prescription#Spherical_lenses_and_spherical_correctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeglass_prescription#Spherical_lenses_and_spherical_correctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeglass_prescription#Spherical_lenses_and_spherical_correctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey


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The correction is only about 1/2 + diopter on the red lens. However, some people with corrective

glasses are bothered by difference in lens diopters, as one image is a slightly larger magnification

than the other. Though endorsed by many 3D websites, the diopter "fix" effect is still somewhat

controversial. Some, especially the nearsighted, find it uncomfortable. There is about a 400%

improvement in acuity with a molded diopter filter, and a noticeable improvement of contrast

and blackness. The American Amblyopia Foundation uses this feature in their plastic glasses for

school screening of children's vision, judging the greater clarity as a significant plus factor

Anachrome filters

Plastic glasses, developed in recent years, provide both the diopter "fix" noted above, and a

change in the cyan filter. The formula provides intentional "leakage" of a minimal (2%)

percentage of red light with the conventional range of the filter. This assigns two-eyed "rednesscues" to objects and details, such as lip color and red clothing, that are fused in the brain. Care

must be taken, however, to closely overlay the red areas into near-perfect registration, or

"ghosting" can occur. Anachrome formula lenses work well with black and white, but can

provide excellent results when the glasses are used with conforming, "anachrome friendly"

images. The US Geological Survey has thousands of these "conforming", full-color images,

which depict the geology and scenic features of the U.S. National Park system. By convention,

anachrome images try to avoid excess separation of the cameras, and parallax, thereby reducing

the ghosting that the extra color bandwidth introduces to the images.

Figure 3-Paper anaglyph filters
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Surveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey


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Polarization 3D:-

Polarization is a property of certain types ofwaves that describes the orientation of

their oscillations. Electromagnetic waves, such as light, and gravitational waves exhibit

polarization; acoustic waves (sound waves) in a gas or liquid do not have polarization because

the direction of vibration and direction of propagation are the same.

By convention, the polarization of light is described by specifying the orientation of the

wave's electric field at a point in space over one period of the oscillation. When light travels in

free space, in most cases it propagates as a transverse wavethe polarization is perpendicular to

the wave's direction of travel. In this case, the electric field may be oriented in a single direction

(linear polarization), or it may rotate as the wave travels (circular or elliptical polarization). In

the latter cases, the oscillations can rotate either towards the right or towards the left in the

direction of travel. Depending on which rotation is present in a given wave it is called the

wave's chirality or handedness. In general the polarization of an electromagnetic (EM) wave is a

complex issue. For instance in a waveguide such as anoptical fiber, or for radially

polarized beams in free space, the description of the wave's polarization is more complicated, as

the fields can have longitudinal as well as transverse components. Such EM waves are either TM

or hybrid modes.

For longitudinal waves such as sound waves in fluids, the direction of oscillation is by definition

along the direction of travel, so there is no polarization. In a solid medium, however, sound

waves can be transverse. In this case, the polarization is associated with the direction of the shear

stress in the plane perpendicular to the propagation direction. This is important in seismology.

Polarization is significant in areas of science and technology dealing with wave propagation,

such as optics, seismology, telecommunications and radar science. The polarization of light can

be measured with a polarimeter. A polarizer is a device that affects polarization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptical_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_waveguidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_polarisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_polarisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_polarisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_polarisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_waveguidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptical_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)


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Theory:-

Basics: plane waves

The simplest manifestation of polarization to visualize is that of a plane wave, which is a good

approximation of most light waves (a plane wave is a wave with infinitely long and

wide wavefronts). For plane waves Maxwell's equations, specifically Gauss's laws, impose the

transversality requirement that the electric and magnetic field be perpendicular to the direction of

propagation and to each other. Conventionally, when considering polarization, the electric

field vector is described and the magnetic field is ignored since it is perpendicular to the electric

field and proportional to it. The electric field vector of a plane wave may be arbitrarily divided

into two perpendicular components labeled x and y (with z indicating the direction of travel).

For a simple harmonic wave, where the amplitude of the electric vector varies in

a sinusoidal manner in time, the two components have exactly the same frequency. However,

these components have two other defining characteristics that can differ. First, the two

components may not have the same amplitude. Second, the two components may not have the

same phase, that is they may not reach their maxima and minima at the same time.

Polarization state

The shape traced out in a fixed plane by the electric vector as such a plane wave passes over it

(aLissajous figure) is a description of the polarization state. The following figures show some

examples of the evolution of the electric field vector (black), with time (the vertical axes), at a

particular point in space, along with its x and y components (red/left and blue/right), and the path

traced by the tip of the vector in the plane (yellow in figure 1&3, purple in figure 2): The same

evolution would occur when looking at the electric field at a particular time while evolving the

point in space, along the direction opposite to propagation.

In the leftmost figure above, the two orthogonal (perpendicular) components are in phase. In this

case the ratio of the strengths of the two components is constant, so the direction of the electric

vector (the vector sum of these two components) is constant. Since the tip of the vector traces out

a single line in the plane, this special case is calledlinear polarization. The direction of this line

depends on the relative amplitudes of the two components.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%27s_law_for_magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissajous_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissajous_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissajous_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissajous_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%27s_law_for_magnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_wave


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In the middle figure, the two orthogonal components have exactly the same amplitude and are

exactly ninety degrees out of phase. In this case one component is zero when the other

component is at maximum or minimum amplitude. There are two possible phase relationships

that satisfy this requirement: the x component can be ninety degrees ahead of the y component or

it can be ninety degrees behind the y component. In this special case the electric vector traces out

a circle in the plane, so this special case is called circular polarization. The direction the field

rotates in depends on which of the two phase relationships exists. These cases are called right-

hand circular polarization and left-hand circular polarization, depending on which way the

electric vector rotates and the chosenconvention.

Unpolarized light

Most sources ofelectromagnetic radiation contain a large number of atoms or molecules thatemit light. The orientation of the electric fields produced by these emitters may not be correlated,

in which case the light is said to be unpolarized. If there is partial correlation between the

emitters, the light is partially polarized. If the polarization is consistent across the spectrum of

the source, partially polarized light can be described as a superposition of a completely

unpolarized component, and a completely polarized one. One may then describe the light in

terms of the degree of polarization, and the parameters of the polarization ellipse.

Figure 4-The effects of a polarizing filter on the sky in a photograph. The picture on the

right uses the filter.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarization#Left.2FRighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarization#Left.2FRighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_correlationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_correlationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarization#Left.2FRighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarization


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Alternate-frame sequencing:-Application in Films:-

The principle made its public debut remarkably early. In 1922, theTeleview3-D system was

installed in a single theater in New York City. Several short films and one feature-length film

were shown by running left-eye and right-eye prints in a pair of interlocked projectors with their

shutters operating out of phase. Each seat in the auditorium was equipped with a viewing device

containing a rapidly rotating mechanical shutter synchronized with the projector shutters. The

system worked, but the expense of the installation and the unwieldiness of the viewers, which

had to be supported on adjustable stands, confined its use to this one engagement.

In recent decades, the availability of lightweight optoelectronic shutters has led to an updatedrevival of this display method.

Themovieis filmed with twocameraslike most other 3-D films. Then the images are placed into

a single strip offilmin alternating order. In other words, there is the first left-eye image, then the

corresponding right-eye image, then the next left-eye image, followed by the corresponding

right-eye image and so on.

The film is then run at 48 frames-per-second instead of the traditional 24 frames-per-second. The

audience wears very specializedLCD shutter glassesthat have lenses that can open and close in

rapid succession. The glasses also contain special radio receivers. The projection system has a

transmitter that tells the glasses which eye to have open. The glasses switch eyes as the different

frames come on the screen.

Application in gaming:-

The same method of alternating frames can be used to render modern 3-D games into true 3-D,

although a similar method involving alternate fields has been used to give a 3D illusion on

consoles as old as the Sega Master System and Nintendo Famicom. Special software or hardware

is used generate two channels of images, offset from each other to create the stereoscopic effect.

High frame rates (typically ~100fps) are required to produce seamless graphics, as the perceived

frame rate will be half the actual rate (each eye sees only half the total number of frames). Again,

LCD shutter glasses synchronised with the graphics card complete the effect. Aside from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate-frame_sequencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_shutter_glasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_shutter_glasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_shutter_glasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Master_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Master_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_shutter_glasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate-frame_sequencing


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consoles, alternating frames to render 3-D images was used in some arcade games, most notably

Sega's Sub-Roc 3D in 1982, Namco's Thunder Ceptor II in 1986, and Taito's 1987

racer, Continental Circus.

Head-mounted display :-.

Figure 5-A binocular head-mounted display (HMD)

Overview:-

A typical HMD has either one or two small displays with lenses and semi-transparent mirrors

embedded in a helmet, eye-glasses (also known as data glasses) or visor. The display units are

miniaturised and may include CRT, LCDs, Liquid crystal on silicon (LCos), or OLED. Some

vendors employ multiple micro-displays to increase total resolution and field of view.

Figure 6-A professional head-mounted display (HMD).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Circushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-mounted_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_on_siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_on_siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-mounted_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Circus


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Without Lenses:-Autostereoscopy:-

Autostereoscopy is any method of displaying stereoscopic images (adding binocular perception

of 3D depth) without the use of special headgear or glasses on the part of the viewer. Because

headgear is not required, it is also called "glasses-free 3D" or "glassesless 3D". There are two

broad approaches currently used to accommodate motion parallax and wider viewing angles:

eye-tracking, and multiple views so that the display does not need to sense where the viewers'

eyes are located. Examples of autostereoscopic displays include parallax barrier, lenticular,

volumetric, electro-holographic, and light field displays.

Figure 7-Autostereoscopy is any method of displaying stereoscopic images
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Other:-In a CEATEC 2011 exhibition, Hitachi released glasses-free 3D projection systems that use a set

of 24 projectors, lenses, and translucent half mirrors to superimpose 3D images with a horizontal

viewing angle of 60 degrees and a vertical viewing angle of 30 degrees. Besides Hitachi, Sony is

also working on similar technologies.[4]

Single-view displays project only one stereo pair at a time. Multi-view displays either use head

tracking to change the view depending on the viewing angle, or simultaneous projection of

multiple independent views of a scene for multiple viewers (automultiscopic). Such multiple

views can be created on the fly using the 2D plus depth format.

Various other display techniques have been described, such as holography, volumetric display,

and the Pulfrich effect; which was used in Doctor Who Dimensions in Time, in 1993, by 3rd

Rock From The Sun in 1997, and by the Discovery Channel's Shark Week in 2000.

Stereoscopy is the most widely accepted method for capturing and delivering 3D video. It

involves capturing stereo pairs in a two-view setup, with cameras mounted side by side and

separated by the same distance as is between a person's pupils. If we imagine projecting an

object point in a scene along the line-of-sight for each eye, in turn; to a flat background screen,

we may describe the location of this point mathematically using simple algebra. In rectangular

coordinates with the screen lying in the Y-Z plane, with the Z axis upward and the Y axis to the

right, with the viewer centered along the X axis; we find that the screen coordinates are simply

the sum of two terms. One accounting for perspective and the other for binocular shift.

Perspective modifies the Z and Y coordinates of the object point, by a factor of D/(D-x), while

binocular shift contributes an additional term (to the Y coordinate only) of s*x/(2*(D-x)), where

D is the distance from the selected system origin to the viewer (right between the eyes), s is the

eye separation (about 7 centimeters), and x is the true x coordinate of the object point. The

binocular shift is positive for the left-eye-view and negative for the right-eye-view. For verydistant object points, it is obvious that the eyes will be looking along essentially the same line of

sight.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEATEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEATEC


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Broadcasts:-

Figure 8

3D Channels

As of 2008, 3D programming is broadcast on Japanese satellite BS11 approximately four times

per day.[23]

Cablevision launched a 3D version of its MSG channel on 24 March 2010, available only to

Cablevision subscribers on channel 1300. The channel is dedicated primarily to sports

broadcasts, including MSG's 3D broadcast of a New York Rangers-New York Islanders game,

limited coverage of the 2010 Masters Tournament, and (in cooperation with YES Network) a

game between the New York Yankees and Seattle Mariners.

The first Australian program broadcast in high-definition 3D was Fox Sports coverage of the

soccer game Australia-New Zealand on 24 May 2010.

Also in Australia, the Nine Networkand Special Broadcasting Service will be bringing the State

of Origin (matches on 26 May, 16 June and 7 July 2010) (Nine) and FIFA World Cup (SBS) in

3D on Channel 40 respectively.

In early 2010, Discovery Communications, Imax, and Sony announced plans to launch a 3D TV

channel in the US with a planned launch in early 2011. At the same time, a Russian company
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_BS_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablevisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSG_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Islandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Masters_Tournamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YES_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Marinershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_State_of_Originhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_State_of_Originhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_State_of_Originhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_State_of_Originhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Marinershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YES_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Masters_Tournamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Islandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSG_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablevisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_television#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_BS_Broadcasting


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Platform HD and its partners General Satellite and Samsung Electronics announced about

their 3D television project, which would be the first similar project in Russia.

In Brazil Rede TV! became the first Terrestrial television to transmit 3D signal freely for all 3D

enabled audience on 21 May. But despite their technology, its programming is still inpoor quality.

Health Effects:-Some viewers have complained of headaches and visual problems after watching 3D TV and

films. There have been several warnings, especially for the elderly.

It is believed that approximately 12% of people are unable to properly see 3D images, due to a

variety of medical conditions. According to another experiment up to 30% of people have very

weak stereoscopic vision preventing them from depth perception based on stereo disparity. This

nullifies or greatly decreases immersion effects of digital stereo to them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_HD#3D_Television_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_TV!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_TV!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_HD#3D_Television_in_Russia


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REFERENCES:-

http://seminarprojects.com http://en.wikipedia.org
http://seminarprojects.com/http://seminarprojects.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/http://seminarprojects.com/

Documents

3D TV Report