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3D Cartographic TechniquesNathan Shephard & Kenneth Field
Why create 3D views?
“It’s cool, man!”
Which really means…
• See vertically stacked content
• Show data in an easy-to-understand form
• Invite imagination and understanding
3D is how humans see the world
Rhodes, Greece
Konrad Grünenberg (1487)
“Along the River”
Keifeng, China
Zhang Zeduan (1084-1145)
3D View: Four Main Elements
Surfaces
- A ground (primary) surface
- Plus optional other surfaces
Textures
- The “cover” on top of the surfaces
(eg: aerial imagery, cartographic maps, etc)
Features
- That live on / relative-to the ground
- That know their own absolute z’s
Marginalia and effects
- Reference aids (eg: north arrow, TOC, …)
- Atmospheric effects (eg: lighting, fog, rain, …)
Photorealistic Scenes
For 3D cartographers…
…they’re kind of boring
…it’s not really cartography
DESIGN OPTIONS?
Look outside
USEFULNESS?
Changes to the status quo
AUTHORING OPTIONS?
Mood effects (lighting, rain, fog, …)Beautiful, ray-traced
Cityscape for Rotterdam,
showing proposed new buildings
with a setting sun and water reflections
Cartographic Scenes
For 3D cartographers…
…they can be anything you want
…make cartographic decisions
DESIGN OPTIONS?
As rich / full as for 2D maps
USEFULNESS?
Powerful, eye-catching, immersive
AUTHORING OPTIONS?
Size, Shape, Offset, Textures, Text …
Key cartographic principles
Select
Omit
Generalize
Exaggerate
Simplify
Symbolize
Displace
…
Types of 3D Worlds
Global Coordinate System (WGS84)
Curvature of the earth
‘Global’ context
Projected Coordinate Systems
Fishtank area-of-interest
‘Relative’ context
Global Local
Images (grab attention)
- Print media
- Marketing Materials
- Web Pages
Videos (tell stories)
- Social Media
- Web Pages
Interactive Scenes (invite exploration)
- Online
- Mobile Devices
- Virtual Reality / Augmented Reality
Delivery Methods
Beware, 3D can be evil…
Perspective distortion = lying
Content can be hidden = lying
Continuous scale = symbols change across scales
Easy to get disoriented = annoying
Large amounts data = slow
Hard to author = scary+ Building
Footprints
+ Minor Roads
+ Major Roads
+ POI’s
SCALE
Demo timeLet’s get practical…
Checklist for authoring better 3D scenes
• What’s the message? – what should the viewer see / learn?
• How are you delivering it? – images, videos, interactive scenes?
• Which 3D canvas type? – global, or local? Does it need to be axonometric?
• Symbology choices – realistic, thematic, or a mixture of the two?
• Does your data support your story? – is it the right resolution, do you need more?
• What’s the basemap’s role? – informative, contrasting colors, feature-less?
• Do you need elevation? – should the world be flat, bumpy, or exaggerated?
• What’s the mood? – set scene properties, such as shadows, lighting, haze
• Are you guiding the user? – bookmarks, labels, popups, fly-throughs, voice-overs, …
• Be creative! – the z-axis does not have to be only for ‘z’ or ‘time’
3D Guidelines (review at your leisure)
• Use dictates the level of structure required
- Promotional maps require less structure. Thematic maps require more structure.
• Impact – 3D can be powerful, eye-catching and immersive
- Use it to support attention-grabbing needs
• Content – 3D can be overwhelming and messy
- Simplification and generalization are critical. Make your scene clean, simple, functional.
• Texturing objects – Use classified colors sparingly as shading / shadows will change them
• If going for realism, attempt natural realistic (not photorealistic)
• Symbols – Recognizable / mimetic symbols support easier recognition
• Typography / Text – Use carefully, don’t drape on the ground, rotate within the scene
• Projection – Consider parallel / axonometric to maintain scale (esp. for images)
3D Guidelines (review at your leisure)
• Haze off in the distance, plus real-world size objects, add to depth perception
• Sky / cloud effects can be created by adding a floating cloud layer (sky dome)
• Space-Time Cubes use the Z-axis for time, and show data through time at once
- Good for linear data, as long as it’s not too dense
- May require binning for point / area data, and watch out for ‘inner holes’
• Z values can represent anything (eg: votes, price), use it to show ‘what’s important’
• For images and videos, avoid occlusions by choosing appropriate camera positions
- For videos, limit the amount of rotation (motion sickness)
• Bookmarks provide easy camera repositioning, and can highlight key view points
• Interaction with features should be rewarding, such as popups with more information
• Videos can have sound – consider music and narration for adding to the story
One more thingActually…a few more things
Last year’s bookIn the UC store and Amazon
esripress.esri.com
Future book
Introductory concepts for 3D mapping
Stay tuned…
The MOOC
esri.com/mooc/cartography
Run 3 times (so far) ~100k sign-ups
esri.com/arcgis-blog
carto.maps.arcgis.com
cartonerd.com
adventuresinmapping.com
mapdesign.icaci.org
The URLs
https://learn.arcgis.com/en/gallery/
The other cartography sessionsHow maps work (Field/Jones) | Wed 10:00 | Thu 14:30
Map wizardry (Field/Nelson) Tue 13:00 | | Thu 08:30
Designing Thematic Maps (Field/Nelson) | Wed 08:30 | Thu 10:00
3D Cartographic Techniques (Shephard/Field) Tue 10:00 | Wed 16:00 |
Leveraging styles (Punt/Field/Nelson) Tue 14:30 | | Thu 16:00
Mapping and Visualization (Kinghorn/Preppernau/Song) Tue 16:00 | | Thu 16:00
Creating High Quality Map Labels (Rowland-Simms/Harrison) Tue 13:00 | | Thu 16:00
Design Story Maps for Emotional Impact (Nelson/Bell) | Wed 10:00 |
3D Visualization in ArcGIS Pro (Mielke/Shephard/Heidelberg) | | Thu 08:30
ArcGIS Pro: The Road Ahead Tue 16:00 | | Thu 13:00
| Fri 09:00
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