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• How can we really know that every human being thinks in counterfactual ways? (Where is the evidence?) Does this not have to do with different personality types and different (pessimistic vs. optimistic) views on life?
• safe beach = non-compositional meaning• What about other parts of speech? In the
conceptual integration framework, is meaning ever compositional?
• toothbrush, hairbrush, paintbrush, airbrush
• emergent structure: meaning that is present in the blend but in none of the input spaces
• Laptop computers have been getting smaller, thinner, and more powerful.– input spaces: computers from different years– emergent structure: ‘slimming down’
A buddhist monk begins at dawn one day walking up a mountain, reaches the top at sunset, meditates at the top for several days, until one dawn when he begins to walk back to the foot of the mountain, where he reaches at sunset. Make no assumptions about his starting or stopping or about his pace during the trips.
Is there a place on the path that the monk occupies at the same hour of the day on the two separate journeys?
A buddhist monk begins at dawn one day walking up a mountain, reaches the top at sunset, meditates at the top for several days, until one dawn when he begins to walk back to the foot of the mountain, where he reaches at sunset. Make no assumptions about his starting or stopping or about his pace during the trips.
Is there a place on the path that the monk occupies at the same hour of the day on the two separate journeys?
Conceptual integration
• two or more input spaces (frames)• vital relations between input spaces• integration into a blended space• selective projection into the blended space• compression of vital relations• emergent structures in the blended space
Conceptual integration
• two or more input spaces (frames)• vital relations between input spaces• integration into a blended space• selective projection into the blended space• compression of vital relations• emergent structures in the blended space
like conceptual metaphor?
Conceptual integration
• two or more input spaces (frames)• vital relations between input spaces• integration into a blended space• selective projection into the blended space• compression of vital relations• emergent structures in the blended space
Space 1: upward journey Space 2: downward journey
Vital relations:identity of place, path,the monkdifference in time
Space 1: upward journey Space 2: downward journey
Vital relations:identity of place, path,the monkdifference in time
A blend:two monks making the journey on the same day
Space 1: upward journey Space 2: downward journey
Vital relations:identity of place, path,the monkdifference in time
A blend:two monks making the journey on the same day
Compression:separate days arecompressed into oneDecompression:two monks
Space 1: upward journey Space 2: downward journey
Vital relations:identity of place, path,the monkdifference in time
A blend:two monks making the journey on the same day
Compression:separate days arecompressed into oneDecompression:two monks
Emergent structure:encounter scenario
German politicsUS politics
. ..
.
..
. .
.Germany with Obama as candidate
The Germans might not have elected Obama.
voters
Obama Merkelpresidency
chancellor-ship
voters
US politics Seafaring
.
...
..Clinton-ship stronger than the laws of physics
If Clinton had been the Titanic, the iceberg would have sunk.
Clinton Titanic
collisionscandal
sinkingiceberg.
iceberg.
Commercialair traffic
Computing . .. .
...
. .
.
Community-based air traffic
What if computer operating systems were airlines?UNIX: Each passenger brings a piece of the airplane and a box of
tools to the airport.
P U
Pl Spilots open
sourceattendants
hypotheticalexperience
. ..
..
blend of actual and hypothetical
I wonder if my brother and I would get along if he was still alive.
ego
actualexperience
ego
brother
Frames available as input spaces
• near-identical scenarios • myself with/without a brother• myself 5 minutes earlier / later• myself in your position
• conventional analogies• US politics, German politics
• creative metaphors• Clinton, Titanic• Computing, air traffic
What are vital relations?
• Time, Identity, Space, Role, Cause-Effect, among several others.
• Conceptual integration involves the compression of vital relations
• Different times, spaces, etc. are compressed into a single blended space.
What is selective projection?
• Not all elements of the input spaces have counterparts.
• Not all elements of the input spaces are projected into the blend.
• Titanic ~ Clinton• collision ~ scandal• journey ~ career• lifeboats ~ ???• ??? ~ impeachment
• Conceptual integration is a creative, non-deterministic cognitive process.
What are emergent structures?
• Conceptual integration is not the mere addition of two input spaces.
• Instead, the integration of two inputs creates new meanings that were not present in either of the sources.– Buddhist Monk: encounter scenario– World record: prior record holders aware of running
against El Guerrouj, prior record holders lose out
Emergent structures
surgeon butcher. .. .
. .
..
. ..
.
incompetent, careless surgeon, danger
That surgeon is a butcher.
S
P
B
AScalpel
CleaverHealing
Severing
Emergent structures
1784 contemporaryphilosophy
. ..
. .
..
. ..
.
debate
I claim that reason is a self-developing capacity. Kant disagrees with me. He says it is innate, but I answer that is begging the question, to which he counters that only innate ideas have power. But I ask, what about neuronal group selection? And he has no answer.
Kant K‘
PIdeas
EnglishGerman
Ideas
Negation
“I see nobody on the road”, said Alice.“I only wish I had such eyes“, the King remarked,
in a fretful tone. “To be able to see Nobody. And at that distance, too!“
Modality
I would attend your talk, but I have a class to prepare.
They have to score one more goal to win.You may now kiss the bride.
Causation
Warning: Smoking causes impotence!My inner 3-year old made me do it.
Experiences, not possessions, lead to greater happiness.
Clause linkage
He speaks excellent French, even though he has never lived there.
You only won because you cheated.I will believe that when I see it.
caffeine headache
morningactivities . .
...
.
.
.
P P
alertness
coffee
headache
morningactivities
headache
no coffee
attributive constructions
a red applea likely candidate
a safe distancea guilty pleasure
an intellectual desert
Lexical items
There is a missing chair!I have a hole in my pocket.
I forgot my umbrella.That is a lie.
Interim summary• Conceptual integration is the fusion of several input
spaces into a new, blended space.• It involves compression of vital relations such as time,
space, identity, role, etc.• It creates emergent structures that are not present in
the input spaces.• Conceptual integration is not limited to counterfactual
conditional clauses, it extends over a multitude of grammatical domains.
domain of WAR domain of ARGUMENTS
Participants in an argument
Raising objections
Maintaining one’s opinion
Giving up youropinion
Fighting parties
Attacking
Defending
Surrendering
source domain target domain
mappings
emergent structure
• That surgeon is a butcher.– Whence the idea of incompetence?
• The senator is a puppet of the oil industry.– Whence the idea of corruption?
the invariance principle• Metaphorical mappings preserve the cognitive
topology (that is, the image-schema structure) of the source domain, in a way consistent with the inherent structure of the target domain.
• Entire image-schemas are mapped from source to target– balance: entity 1, entity 2, comparison between them
the topology constraint
• the image-schematic structure of the input spaces is mapped into the blend, so as to create a ‘match’
the topology constraint
• the image-schematic structure of the input spaces is mapped into the blend, so as to create a ‘match’
• this ‘match’ may lead to the creation of a new image-schematic structure: ‘encounter’ is not present in either of the input spaces
Conceptual integration
• like categorization, it is a domain-general cognitive ability
• closely related to conceptual metaphor• different in three respects– more than two input domains– emergent meanings– topology from input spaces is preserved, but the
result may differ considerably from either input space
next time: frame semantics
That day, the crew stayed on the land.
That day, the crew stayed on the ground.