35 Modern IndIa ... INDIA.pdf · What is Wood Despatch? Ans: The Educational Despatch of 1854, also known as Wood’s Despatch by Charles Wood. ♦ Charles Wood became the President

35 www.brilliancecollege.comwww.pschsa.com

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Maulavi Ahamedullah revolted at Faizabad. He later joined Begum Hazrat Mahal at Luc-know.

Awadh was annexed in 1856 on charges of maladministration and Jhansi was annexed owing to the Doctrine of Lapse.

The company took over the princely states of Sa-tara (1848) Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849) Nag-pur and Jhansi (1854) using this Doctrine.

Rani of Jhansi became folk heroine in the na-tionalist movement in India.

On 17th June 1858 the Rani became a martyr while fighting bravely.

“The best and the bravest military leader of the rebels” Sir Hugh Ross said this about Rani of Jhansi.

The original name of Rani of Jhansi was Mani Karnika.

Jawaharlal Nehru described Rani Lakshmi as "Light in a dark background'.

In Kanpur Nanasahib was proclaimed as the Peshwa and his troops were led by the brave leader Tantiya Tope.

Nana Sahib was refused pension, as he was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II.

Azimulla Khan was the foreign minister of Nana Saheb.

Nana Saheb escaped to Nepal. Tantiya Tope was captured and hanged. In Bihar Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur led the

revolt and defeated the British Army near Ar-rah, but he died on 27 April 1858.

The revolt was completely crushed in 1858. But it promoted the spirit of Nationalism and patriotism.

Renaissance & FReedom movement

The RevolT of 1857: UniT-1 Discontent in the British Indian army on the

issue of the use of greased cartridges is the primary cause behind the revolt of 1857.

Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their rifles and the reported presence of cow and pig fat was offensive to Hindu and Muslim soldiers.

29th March 1857 - First spark of revolt at Bar-rackpore in Bengal where Mangal Pandey killed the British adjutant and was later hanged for firing on senior officer.

Mangal Pandey was the first Martyr of revolt of 1857. He hanged on 1857 April 8.

He was the member of 34th Bengal Infantry. 10th May 1857 - Ninety sepoys of 3rd Native

Regiment at Meerut (UP) revolted on the issue of the greased cartridges.

The rebelled soldiers reached Delhi and they proclaimed Bahadursha Zafar as the Emperor of Hindustan.

Bahadurshah was the last Mugal ruler in India.

Bahadurshah II was the leader of the revolt of Delhi only for name sake.

The revolt was actually led by the commander in chief Bakht Khan.

The imperial city of Delhi was regained by the British on September 1857. Bahadurshah II sur-rended to Lt. Hudson on September 21, 1857 at Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi and was deported to Rangoon, where he died in 1862.

Modern IndIa

Modern IndIa

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In August 1858, the British Parliament passed an Act, which put an end to the rule of the company. The control of the British government in India was transferred to the British crown.

The Queen's proclamation of 1858 is known as 'The Magnacarta of the people of India'.

A minister of the British Government called the Secretary of state was made responsible for the Government of India.

The first Secretary of State was Lord Stanley. The British Governor - General of India was now

also given the title of Viceroy who was also the representative of the Monarch.

Lord Canning was appointed as the First Vice-roy of India.

He was the Governor General of India when the revolt of 1857 took place.

The first Secretary of State was Edward Henry Stanly.

Longest Serving Secretary of the State - George Hamilton.

Last Secretary of the State - William Francis Harre.

The last Mugal - William Darlibil The administration by Indian Civil Service of-

ficials started as a result of the Govt. of India Act of 1858 (Queen Victorias Proclamation)

Educated middle class section of Indian popula-tion did not support the revolt of 1857.

V.D. Savarkar was the first to called it as an organised war for national independence.

Ashok Mehta in his book “ The Great Rebel-lion” has tried to prove this to be a national revolt.

Benjamin Disraeli described the revolt as a ‘National Rising’.

CUlTURal & SoCial ChangeS of india: Unit-2

The 19th century saw India make a late entry into the modern age from medieval times.

The ideas and activities of Rajaram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar, Vivekananda,

The CenTReS and leadeRS of The RevolT

Lucknow ...... Begum Hazrat Mahal (Awadh)Kanpur ......... Nana Saheb, Tantiya Tope &

Azimulla KhanDelhi ............. Bahadur Shah II, General Bhakt-

khanBihar ............. Kunwar SinghJhansi ............ Rani Lekshmi BaiFaizalabad ..... Maulavi AhmadullaBareily .......... Khan Bahadur KhanJagatheeshpur . Kunwar Singh

Book on RevolT of 1857The last Mugal ................................ William DarlimbilThe Great Rebellion ................................ Ashok MehtaIndian Mutiny ....................................... G.B. MallesonThe Indian's first war of Independence ..... V.D. SavarkarEighteen fifty Seven ........................................S.N. SenCivil Rebellions in the Indian Mutinies ............................. S.B. Chaudhary

? What is Doctrine of Lapse? Ans: The Doctrine of Lapse was an an-

nexation policy of Governor General Lord Dalhousie.

♦ According to the Doctrine, any Princely state or territory under the direct influence of the British East India Company would automati-cally be annexed if the ruler was died without a direct heir.

? What is Wood Despatch? Ans: The Educational Despatch of 1854, also known

as Wood’s Despatch by Charles Wood.♦ Charles Wood became the President of the Board

of Control. Later he became the second secretary of state for India.

♦ Woods Despatch generally considered as the ‘Magna Carta’ of English Education in India.


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Swami Dayananda Saraswathi and many other reformers directed the regeneration of Indian Society.

introduction of Westerneducation and Modern ideas

The English East India Company showed very little interest in the education of its subjects.

The Calcutta Madrasah set up by Warren Hastings in 1781 for the study and teaching of Muslim law.

The Sanskrit College at Varanasi was set up by Jonathan Duncan in 1792 for the study of Hindu law and philosophy.

The Asiatic Society was founded on January 15, 1784 by Sir William Jones.

The establishment of the Universities of Cal-cutta, Bombay, Madras, Punjab and Allahabad were some landmark developments of this period.

The Indian Education Commission of 1882,

generally known as ‘Hunter Commission’ was appointed by Lord Ripon.

Lord Curzon convened the first conference of Directors of Public instruction in 1901.

Lord Curzon appointed a Universities Com-mission under Thomas Raleigh.

The Sadler Commission was appointed by Lord Chelmsford to review the working of the Calcutta University.

Bethune College was founded as a school in 1849 by J.E.D. Bethune at Calcutta and in 1879 it developed into the first women’s college in India.

In 1928 the Simon Commission appointed a five member committee with Sir Philip Joseph Hurtog as its chairman to report on the growth of education in British India.

Basic education, also called Nai Talim was not so much a methodology of education.

The scheme was first put forward by Mahatma Gandhi in 1937 in a series of articles in his weekly, the Harijan.

Historians and their views about the nature of RevoltV.D. Savarkar - A Planned War of National IndependenceR.C. Majumdar - NeitherfirstnorNationalWarofIndependenceSir James Outram - A Result of Hindu Muslim conspiracySir John Lawrence - Sepoy’s MutinyBenjamin Disraeli - A National RisingT.R. Holmes - War between Barbarism and Civilisation

TRIBAl REvolTTribe Year leaders CauseBhills ........... 1817 ............ Sewaram ....................................................................Agrarian hardshipRamosi ........ 1822 ............ Chittur Singh, Pratap Singh, Dattaraya Patkar ..........British RuleAhom .......... 1828-33 ....... Gomadhar Kunwar ....................................................British occupationKhasi........... 1829-32 ....... Tiruth Singh ..............................................................British occupationKol .............. 1831-32 ....... Buddhu Bhagat ..........................................................land transfer to outsidersSanthals ...... 1855-56 ....... Sidhu and Kanhu .......................................................British Rule

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The first conference on ‘ National Education’ as it was called, was convened at Wardha on 1937.

indian RenaiSSanCe: Unit-3Socio-Religious Reform Movements

The historic role of socio- religious movements can only be understood within the context in which they originated and functioned.

Raja Rammohan Roy (1772-1833) & Brahmo Samaj

Brahmo Samaj Ram Mohan Roy established the Brahmo

Samaj at Calcutta in 1828 in order to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism.

Believed in monotheism and opposed idol wor-ship.

Established the ‘Atmiya Sabha’ in Calcutta in 1815 in order to propagate monotheism and to fight against the evil customs and practices in Hinduism.

He also applied rationality to Christianity by publishing in 1820, a book entitled “The per-cepts of Jesus, the Guide to peace and Happi-ness.”

In 1821, he started a Bengali Weekly called Samvad Kaumudi.

Mirat-ul-Akbar (the Mirror of News) which was the first journal in Persian started in 1822.

The Mughal Emperor Akbar Shah II gave Ram Mohan the title ‘Raja’.

In the same year Ram Mohan and Dwaraka-nath Tagore jointly started a newspaper called Bangadatta.

In 1825, he started the Vedanta College at Cal-cutta.

In 1828, August he founded the BrahmaSabha Later in 1845 the name Brahmo Samaj was given to it by Devendranath Tagore.

He led a life -long crusade against the practice of Sati.

Finally in 1829 he succeeded in persuading Lord William Bentick to abolish it.

After the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy Brahmo Samaj was divided into several sects.

Adi Brahmo Samaj led by Devendranath Tag-ore and Brahmo Samaj of India led by Keshav Chandra Sen were started in 1866.

Devendranath Tagore was the founder of Tat-wabodhinisabha in Calcutta in 1839.

Keshav Chandra Sen started a paper called Indian Mirror in 1861.

Sadharan Brahma Samaj was started by Anan-dmohan Bose in 1878.

Surendra Nath Banerjee was the first Indian who took up his political activity on an all India basis.

Tuhfat - ul- Muwahidin or Gift to Monotheists is also a work of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy died of meningitis at Bristol, England in 1833 and was buried at Arnos Vale Cemetery, Bristol, England.

Prarthana Samaj (1867) Founded in 1867 in Bombay by Dr. Atmaram

Pandurang as an offshoot of the Brahmo Sa-maj.

It was later joined by M.G. Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar.

It was a reform movement within Hinduism. It concentrated social reforms like inter-dining,

inter - marriage, remarriage of women etc.

Arya Samaj (1875) It was founded by Swami Dayananda Saras-

wathi at Bombay in 1875. He considered Vedas as eternal and infallible

and said ‘Go back to Vedas’ Dayananda Saraswati (1824 - 1883) was a San-

yasi from Gujarat.


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Dayananda, was known in his early life as Mool Shankar.

He was the first to use the terms - Swarajya, Swabhasha and Swadharma.

He was the first to consider Hindi as the na-tional language.

He started the Suddhi Movement to re-convert to Hinduism those who were converted to other religions. He is known as Calvin of Hinduism.

His major works. Satyartha Prakash (Hindi) Veda - Bhashya Bhumika (Hindi & Sanskrit) Veda - Bhashya (Sanskrit) Lala Hansraj, a follower of Arya Samaj founded

Dayanand Anglo Vedic College at Lahore in 1886.

Aryaprakash was the news paper started by Dayanand Saraswati.

Ramakrishna Mission (1897) It was founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897

at Belur in West Bengal. Shri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa (1836 - 1886)

was born in West Bengal. His early name was Shuddirama Gadhadhar

Chatterjee. He is called the Saint of Dakshineswar. Vivekananda was born on 12 January in 1863

at Calcutta. His birthday is celebrated as National Youth

Day in India. (January 12)

His real name was Narendranath Dutta. He attended the Parliament of Religions at

Chicago in 1893. The first ‘Ramakrishnamath’ was established

at Baranagar. In 1894, he founded first Vedanta Society in

New York. He started two papers - the monthly Prabud-

dha Bharata in English and Udbodhana in Bengali.

Later he made his second visit to USA in 1899. He spoke at the congress of the History of Re-

ligions at Paris in 1900. He was described as the Cyclonic Hindu. He is called the patriot saint of India. ‘Vedanta’ according to him was a fully rational

system. In 1898 Sister Nivedita, (Margaret Elizabeth

Noble) an Irish lady was initiated to brah-macharya by Vivekananda.

His major works : Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Raja Yoga.

Theosophical Society (1875) The Theosophical Society was founded by

Madame Blavatsky and Col. H.S.Olcott at Newyork in 1875.

Books written by Blavatsky : The Secret Doc-trine, Nightmare Tales, The Key to Theoso-phy.

SoCIo - RElIgIouS REfoRM MovEMENTS1815 ..................... Atmiya Sabha.................................................. Raja Ram Mohan Roy1828 ..................... Brahma Samaj ................................................ Raja Ram Mohan Roy1867 ..................... Prarthana Samaj ............................................ Dr. Atmaram Pandurang1873 ..................... Sathyashodhak Samaj .................................... Jyotiba Phule1875 ..................... Arya Samaj ..................................................... Swami Dayananda Saraswathi1887 ..................... Deva Samaj ..................................................... Shiv Narayan Agnihotri1897 ..................... Ramakrishna Mission .................................... Swami vivekananda

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In 1882, its head quarters was shifted to Adayar near Madras.

Dr.Annie Besant came who to India in 1893, was its notable President.

Annie Besant represented The Theosophical Society at the world Parliament of Religions of 1893 in Chicago

In 1898, she started the Central Hindu School at Benaras (Varanasi), it later became Benaras Hindu University under Madan Mohan Ma-lavya (1916).

She started the Home Rule League with the Co-operation of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1916.

In 1914, Dr. Annie Besant founded two papers (a) The Common Weal (weekly) (b) New India (daily).

Books written by Annie Besant : My path to Atheism, The Law of Population, Esoteric Christianity.

She was the first woman President of Indian National Congress at the Calcutta session of INC in 1917.

Young Bengal Movement Started by Henry Vivian Derozio, who was

an Anglo Indian teacher in the Calcutta Hindu College.

His followers were known as the Derozians. Their movement was known as “Young Bengal

Movement”. They attacked the old traditions and decadent

customs. He composed a poem “To India My Native

Land” In 1828 he started the Academic Association. The official journal of Young Bengal Movement

was ‘Jnanvesan’.

Pandit Ishwar Chandra vidyasagar He contributed to the uplift of Indian Women

by struggling in favour of widow remarriage. He opposed child marriage and polygamy.

He evolved a new technique of teaching San-skrit and a modern prose style in Bengali.

Jyotiba Phule Born in 1827 at Poona, he belongs to the low

caste of Mali from Maharashtra. Ghulam Giri is the work written by Jyotiba Phule.

He struggled against upper caste domination and Brahaminical supremacy through his Sathyashodhak Samaj founded in 1873.

Deva Samaj (1887) It was started in 1887 by Shiv Narayan Agni-

hotri at Lahore. The religious text of this Samaj was “Deva

Shastra” and “the teaching Devadharma”.

N.M Joshi He founded the Social Service League at Bom-

bay in 1911. He also founded the All India Trade Union

Congress in 1920 at Bombay. He left AITUC in 1929 and started the Indian

Trade Union Federation.

H.N. Kunzru He founded the Seva Samiti at Allahabad in

1914.

veeresalingam Pantulu He founded the Rajmundri Social Reform As-

sociation in 1878. He promoted widow remarriage.

Sikh Reform Movements In 1873, the Sikh Sabha Movement was founded

at Amritsar. Kuka Movement was started with the aim of

Sikh reform and restoration of Sikh sovereignty in Punjab by driving the British away.

Kuka movement was founded by Bagat Jawa-harmal, popularly known as Sian Sahib in the 19th century.

Akali Movement The next important Sikh reform movement was

Akali movement.


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Main aim was to purify the management of the Sikh gurudwaras by removing the corrupt and selfish priests from them.

MUSliM RefoRM MoveMenTAligarh Movement

This movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for the social and educational advance-ment of the Muslims in India.

Sir Syed Ahmed fought against obscurantism through his journal - Tahzid-ul- Akhlaq.

In order to promote English education among the Muslims, he founded a modern school at Aligarh in 1875.

Sir Syed Ahmedkhan founded 'Scientific Society' in 1864 for the upliftment of Muslim Society.

Later this school was developed into the Mu-hammadan Anglo - Oriental College.

Deobond Movement It was a movement that began after the founda-

tion of the Dar - ul - Ulum at Deoband in 1866 by Maulana Hussain Ahmed.

Ahrar Movement It was a movement founded in 1910 under the

leadership of Maulana Muhammad Ali, Hakim Ajmal Khan etc.

It was against the loyalist politics of the Aligarh Movement.

Ahmadia Movement It was also known as the Qadiani Movement. Founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmed at Qadiami

in Punjab. Main aim : Reforming Islam

Civil, TRiBal & PeaSanT UPRiSingS: Unit-4Sanyasi Rebellion

In this rebellion, the Sanyasis or Fakirs includ-ing the Hindu and Muslim ascetics stood up against the oppressive tax collection of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1765.

They were suppressed and this suppression included massacre of 150 Fakirs in 1771.

Santal Rebellion With the establishment of the permanent

settlement in 1793, Indian landlords were given ownership over land as long as they paid a stipulated tax to the state annually.

Thus Santal lands came under colonial con-trol.

The introduction of a money- based economy pushed them into the clutches of rapacious money lenders and unscrupulous Bengali trad-ers.

On 30 June 1855, two Santal rebel leaders, Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu mobilized 30,000

Santhals and declared a rebellion against British colonists.

The revolt was brutally crushed and Sidhu and Kanhu were killed.

Wahabi Movement Wahabi movement in India was a part of the

Indian freedom struggle as it offered a serious threat to British supremacy in India in the 19th century.

The movement was led by Syed Ahmed Barelvi The Wahabi Movement essentially condemned

all changes and innovations to Islam. It was a revivalist movement which held that

the return to the true spirit of Islam was the only way to get rid of the socio political oppres-sion.

After the death of Syed Ahmed in May 1831, the two brothers Wilayat Ali and Enayat Ali carried on their revolutionary activities to end British dominion in India.

The British took brutal measures against this movement and were able to subdue it com-pletely in 1870.

Kuka Namdhari Movement This movement started in Punjab under the

leadership of Jawarmal and Ram Singh in 1845.

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Its aim was to purify the Sikh religion but soon it drifted to become a political movement. English education, mill made cloth and other imported goods were boycotted.

In 1872, Ram Singh was deported to Rangoon and died in Rangoon in 1881. Then the move-ment was crushed.

Indigo Revolt (1859 - 1869) It was an uprising of indigo farmers against the

indigo planters. The revolt started from Nadia where Bishnucha-

ran Biswas and Digambar Biswas first took up arms against the planters.

The indigo planters were put into public trial and executed.

The revolt was ruthlessly suppressed.

Kheda Satyagraha 1918 Gandhi’s first ‘no-revenue’ campaign. Due to the failure of crops, the peasants of

Kheda, Gujarat had expressed their inability to pay the revenue. Gandhiji supported their cause and asked them to withhold the payment

of revenue till their demand for its remission was met.

Following the satyagraha the government had to ultimately accede to the demands of the peasants and issued instructions to collect the revenue only from those who could afford to pay it.

During the Kheda Satyagraha, many young nationalists such as Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel and Indulal Yagnik became Gandhi’s followers.

viCeRoyS of india: Unit-5

lord Canning (1856 - 62) Revolt of 1857.

Queen Victoria’s Proclamation or India Act of 1858.

Withdrawal of the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in 1859, which was passed by Lord Dalhousie.

Foundation of the Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1857.

Indigo Revolt in Bengal in 1859-60.

White Mutiny by the European troops of East India Company in 1859.

ChaMPaRan SaTyagRaha Gandhi’s first great experiment in Satyagraha

came in 1917 in Champaran, a district in Bihar.

The European planters had been forcing the peasants to grow indigo on 3/20 of the total land (known as the Tinkathia system) and also to sell their products at a very low price.

Gandhi started a satyagraha against this ‘Tinkathia System’.

Government appointed a committee of en-quiry on which Gandhiji served as a member.

The committe of enquiry recommended some measures to alleviate the miseries of Indigo cultivators thereby bringing the satyagraha to an end.

BaRdoli SaTyagRaha Bardoli satyagraha 1928 was a major episode

of Indian independence movement. The movement was led by Vallabhbhai

Patel. In 1925, Bardoli in Gujarat suffered from

flood and famine. However the government of the Bombay Presidency had raised the tax rate by 30%.

Patel organised no revenue campaign. Finally the government instiuted a commis-

sion under the chairmanship of Maxwell Broomfield to look into the Bardoli land revenue. The committe recommended to reduce land revenue to 6.02%


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Indian Penal Code - 1860. Indian High Court Act - 1861. Bahadurshah II was sent to Rangoon Indian Councils Act of 1861. Enactment of Indian Code of Criminal Proce-

dure. In 1859 a Rent Act was passed to protect the

cultivators of Bengal from the oppression of the land - lords.

He was the last governor general and the first viceroy of India.

lord Elgin (1862 - 63) Suppressed the Wahabi Movement Lord Elgin succeeded Lord Canning as Viceroy

in 1862. He died of heart disease in 1863.

Sir John lawrence (1864 - 69) Created the Indian Forest Department.

Followed a policy of rigid non-interference in Afghanistan called policy of masterly inactivity.

lord Mayo (1869-72) Wahabi and Kuka movements were active.

He established the Rajkot college at Kathiawar and Mayo College at Ajmeer for the Indian Princes.

He organised the Statistical Survey of India. Lord Mayo organised the first comprehensive

census of India in 1872. He created a Department of Agriculture and

Commerce. He was the only viceroy to be murdered in

office by a convict in the Andamans in 1872.

lord Northbrook (1872-76) Kuka movement of Punjab turned rebellious

during his period. He was believer of free trade.

He lowered the import duty and abolished export duties on many commodities.

lord lytton (1876-80) He is known as viceroy of reverse character. Passing of the Royal Titles Act of 1876 and the

assumption of the title empress of India (kaiser-i-hind) by Queen Victoria, this event is called as Delhi Durbar (1877).

Passing of the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. Passing of the Arms Act of 1878. Lowering of maximum age from 21 years to

19 years for the Civil Services Examination, an attempt to prevent Indians from entering Civil Services.

Appointment of first Famine Commission under Sir Richard Strachey.

Started Statutory Civil Service. Second Anglo Afghan war in 1878.

lord Ripon (1880-84) Passing of the first Factory Act in 1881 for the

welfare of child labour.

Repeal of Vernacular Press Act in 1882.

Foundation of the Local Self Government (1882)

‘‘We do not ask favours, we only want justice’’ - Dadabhai Naoroji.

Dadabhai Naoroji is the author of the book ‘‘Poverty and unBritish Rule in India’’ which contains the famous ‘‘drain theory’’.

Aurobindo ghosh called INC a ‘‘begging institute’’

Bibin Chandra Pal viewed ‘‘INC playing with bubble’’.

Tilak, the father of Indian unrest said ‘‘INC should distinguish between begging and claiming right’’ Tilak said ‘‘Rights are not begged they are claimed’’.

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Holding of the first decennial and regular census in 1881 which put the total population at 254 million.

Appointment of an Education Commission under Sir William Hunter in 1882.

He was a true liberal of the Gladstonian era with a strong belief in the virtues of peace, Laissez faire and self government.

He took great interest in the welfare of the peas-ants and workers.

He introduced a Tenancy to improve the condi-tion of the ryots of Bengal and Oudh.

The Ilbert bill controversy was occured.

lord Dufferin (1884 - 88) He was the Viceroy when Indian National

Congress formed in 1885 December 28.

Third Anglo Burmese war Commented on the Congress being a micro-

scopic minority.

lord lansdowne (1888 - 94) Factory Act of 1891. Indian Council Act of 1892. Appointment of Durand Commission to define

the line between British India and Afghani-stan.

lord Curzon (1899 -1905) Creation of a new province called the North

West Frontier Province.

Appointment of Universities Commission in 1902 under Sir Thomas Releigh and passing of Indian Universities Act 1904.

Partition of Bengal took place in 1905.

EARlY ASSoCIATIoNSYear organisation founder ....................................................... Place1838 landholders society Dwaraknath Tagore ................................... Calcutta1839 British India Society William Adams ........................................... london1843 Bengal British Indian Society george Thomson ....................................... Calcutta1851 British India Association Devendranath Tagore ................................. Calcutta1862 london India Committee C.P. Mudaliar .............................................. london1866 East India Association Dadabhai Naoroji ....................................... london1867 National Indian Association Mary Carpenter.......................................... london1872 Indian Society Anand Mohan Bose .................................... london1875 Indian league Sisir kumar ghosh ..................................... Calcatta1876 Indian Association Anand Mohan Bose and S.N. Banerjee ... Calcutta1883 Indian National Society Shishir Chandra Bose ................................ Calcutta1884 Indian National Conference S N Banerjee ............................................... Calcutta1885 Bombay Presidency Association Mehta and Telang ....................................... Bombay1888 united India Patriotic Association Sir Syed Ahmed Khan ................................ Aligarh1905 Servants of India Society g.K. gokhale .............................................. Bombay1920 Indian Trade union Congress NM Joshi (founder) .................................... lucknow lala lajpat Rai (President)1924 All India Communist Party Satyabhakta ................................................ Kanpur1928 Khudai Khidmatgar Abdul gaffar Khan .................................... Peshwar1936 All India Kisan Sabha Sahajananda and N.J. Ranga .................... lucknow1940 Radical Democratic Party M.N. Roy ..................................................... Calcutta


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Created Archaeological Department under the leadership of John Marshal.

Foreign policy was mainly concerned with Afghanistan, Peria and Tibet.

The Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900 pro-vided against eviction of cultivators by money - lenders.

The Land Revenue Regulation of 1902 made assessment and classification of revenue more liberal.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale compared Lord Cur-zon to the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb and the Czar of Russia.

lord Minto II (1905 -1910) Popularisation of anti-partition and Swadeshi

Movement. Split in congress in the annual session of 1907

in Surat. Establishment of Muslim League at Dhaka in

1906 by Aga Khan and Salimullah. Indian Councils Act 1909. He is regarded as the father of communal elec-

torate system in India. Separate electorate for Muslims.

lord Hardinge (1910-1916) Repeal of partition of Bengal. Transfer of Capital from Calcutta to Delhi. Delhi Durbar and coronation of King George V

and Queen Mary Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha by Madan

Mohan Malavya. Defense of India Act was passed in 1915.

lord Chelmsford (1916 - 21) The Government of India Act of 1919 was

passed. Rowlact Act, 1919 Foundation of Women’s University at Poona. Appointed Hunter Commission to investigate

Jalianwala Bagh Massacre.

Chamber of Princes established in 1921. Home Rule League founded by Annie Besant. Third Afghan war started. Aligarh Muslim University was founded in

1920.

lord Reading (1921-26) Foundation of Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh

by K.B. Hedgewar at Nagpur in 1925. Beginning of Indianisation of the officers cadre

of the Indian Army. Railway Budget was separated from General

Budget in 1921. Hilton Young Committee on Currency was

appointed in 1926. Viswa Bharati University started by Rabindra

Nath Tagore. Train Robbery at Kakori. The British Viceroy who abolished Devadasi

System. Chauri - Chaura incident occured. Rowlat Act repealed.

lord Irwin (1926-31) Popularly known as Christian Viceroy. Simon Commission arrived in Bombay - 1928

February. Meerut conspiracy case. Gandhi started his Dandi March. Chitagong Armoury Raid. Lahore Congress, declaration of Poorna Swaraj

held. First Round Table Conference was his period. Gandhi-Irwin pact - 1931 March

lord Wellington (1931-36) Communal Award in 1932 by Ramsay Mac

Donald. Poona Pact was signed. Third Round Table Conference in 1932.

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White Paper on Political reforms in India was published in 1933.

Burma was separated from British Empire in 1935.

Govt. of India Act of 1935.

lord linlithgow (1936-43) August Offer by the Viceroy in which he de-

clared dominion status as the ultimate goal of British policy in India.

In 1940 individual Civil Disobedience Move-ment was started.

1942 Cripps Mission came. Congress starts Quit India Movement.

lord Wavell (1943-47) Wavell Plan, Simla conference Congress repre-

sented by Maulana Azad Royal Naval Mutiny of 1946. Interim Government was formed (September

2, 1946) Prime Minister of Britain Clement Atlee an-

nounced to give independence to India before June 1948.

Cabinet Mission arrived in 1946. 16th August 1946, Muslim League observed

‘Direct Action day’.

lord Mountbatten (1947-48) Last Viceroy of British India and first Governor

General of free India. Indian Independence Act was prepared. India was divided under his leadership. His plan to make India free on August 15, 1947

is also known as June 3rd Plan.

indian naTional CongReSS: Unit-6

The INC was founded in December 28, 1885 at the Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bom-bay.

Founder of Indian National Congress: A.O. Hume

72 delegates participated in the first session of the INC.

First president of INC : W.C. Banerjee G. Subramanya Iyer moved the first resolution

in the first session. The Indian Association of S.N. Banerjee and

Anand Mohan Bose, organised an All Indian National Conference at Calcutta in 1885 De-cember.

The term ‘congress’ was derived from the his-tory of The United States of America.

‘Congress’ means assembly of the people. A.O. Hume was the first General Secretary of

INC. The Second Session of the INC met at Calcutta

in December 1886, under the presidentship of Dadabhai Naoroji.

The second session was attended by 436 del-egates.

The period from 1885 to 1905 is known as the Moderate Phase of Indian National Congress.

Prominent leaders of this phase were Dadabhai Naoroji, Badruddin Tyabji, Feroz Shah Mehta, Surendranath Banerjee, Gopalakrishna Gokhale etc.

The Congress Sessions lasted only for three days a year.

The Grand Old Man of India: Dadabhai Naoroji (also known as Father of Indian Economics and Politics)

Dadabhai Naoroji founded the East Indian Association in 1866.

The name Congress was suggested to the or-ganisation by Dadabhai Naoroji.

Naoroji was the first Indian to become a mem-ber of the House of Commons on the Liberal Parties ticket.

Naoroji became the president of INC thrice, in 1886, 1893 and 1906.

He was the chief propounder of Brain Drain Theory and "Wealth Drain Theory”.


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He was the author of famous book “ Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India”.

“We do not ask favours, we only want justice” words of Dadabai Naoroji.

He founded ‘Gyan Prakash Mandali’ and Bombay Association in 1852.

First Muslim president of INC: Badruddin Tyabji Badruddin Tyabji was the first Indian barrister

at Bombay High Court. He became the third president of INC in Madras

session in 1887. During the forth session of INC (1888 Allaha-

bad) emphasis was given on the formation of its constitution.

George Yule was the first foreigner to become the President of INC (1888 Allahabd)

The British Committee of INC was founded in 1889.

William Wedderburn was the second foreigner to became the President of INC (1889 Bom-bay)

He was the first foreigner to preside twice the INC Sessions. (1889 Bombay, 1910 Allahabad)

During the Nagur Session of 1891, the word National was added to congress.

For the first time National Song Vande Mataram was sung in the Calcutta session of INC 1896.

C. Sankarannair was the first Malayali to be-come the President of INC.

He presided 13th session of INC at Amaravathi on 1897.

Gopal Krisha Gokhale presided the Benaras Session of Congress 1905.

In this session INC decided to start Swadeshi and boycott movement against partition of Bengal.

Ravindranath Tagore composed Amar Sonar Bengala as a part of anti partition movement which later became the National anthem of Bangladesh.

Boycott of British product was first suggested by Krishna Kumar Mitra in Sanjivanis.

The split between the moderates and extrem-ists came at the Surat Session of the congress in December 1907.

indian naTional CongReSS and iTS iMPoRTanT SeSSionS

Year Place President1885 Bombay W.C. Banerjee1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Nauroji1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji1888 Allahabad George Yule1889 Bombay William Wedderburn1890 Calcutta Pheroz Shah Mehta1893 Lahore Dadabhai Nauroji1896 Calcutta M.A. Sayani1897 Amaravati C. Sankaran Nair1904 Bombay Henry Cotton1905 Benaras Gopal Krishna Gokhale1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Nauroji1907 Surat Rash Bihari Ghosh1910 Allahabad William Wedderburn1911 Calcutta B.N. Dhar1916 Lucknow A.C. Majumdar1917 Calcutta Anni Besant1923 Kakinada Maulana Mohammad Ali1924 Belgaum Mahatma Gandhi1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru1931 Karachi Vallabhbhai Patel1933 Calcutta Nellie Sengupta1938 Haripur Subhash Chandra Bose1939 Tripuri Subhash Chandra Bose1940 Ramgarh Moulana Abul Kalam Azad1946 Meerut J.B. Kripalani

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Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh was the President of the INC at the time of this split.

The main leaders of the extremist group were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh.

During the Madras Session (1908) INC formed its constitution.

For the first time National Anthem Jana Gana Mana was sung in the Calcutta session of INC 1911.

In the Lucknow session of the congress (1916) the two functions of congress (extremists and moderates ) reunited.

This session was presided by Ambika Charan Majumadar.

Mrs. Annie Besant was the first woman Presi-dent of INC (1917 Culcutta).

During the Delhi Session (1918) along with SN Banarjee many liberals resigned from con-gress.

During the special session of the congress in Calcutta (1920) Gandhiji proposed to start Non-cooperation movement.

During the Delhi Session (1923) Indian National Congress decided to establish All India Khadi Board.

Only session presided over by Gandhi - Bel-gaum (1924).

Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to become the President of Indian National Con-gress (1925 Kanpur).

During the Guwahati Session of INC (1926)

wearing Khadi was made compulsory to its workers.

In Madras Session of the INC (1927) propos-als for independence and to boycott Simmon Commission were passed.

During Calcutta Session (1928) All India Youth Congress was established.

Complete independence was demanded for the first time at Lahore Session in 1929.

It was presided by Jawaharlal Nehru. Jawaharlal Nehru observed the Early congress

to be “an English Knowing Upper Class af-fair.”

During the Karachi Session (1931) Fundamen-tal Rights and Economic Policy proposals were passed.

Nelli Sen Gupta became the third woman to become the President of Indian National Con-gress (1933 Calcutta)

First Session held in a village was 1937 session held at Faizapur.

In this session congress decided to take part in election of 1937.

1938 Session of congress was held in Haripura village, it was presided by Subash Chandra Bose.

During the Tripuri Session (1939) Subash Chandra Bose defeated Pattabi Sitaramayya (Gandhi’s candidate in presidential election)

In Ramgarh Session (1940) decision was taken on individual sathyagraha .

Acharya J.B. Kripalani was the President of INC when India wins freedom.

first in Indian National CongressFirst President W.C. BanerjeeFirst Muslim President Badruddin TyabjiFirst English President George YuleFirst Malayali President C. Sankaran NairFirst Woman President Anni BesantFirst Indian Woman President Sarojini NaiduFirst Elected President Subhash Chandra Bose

PaRTiTion of Bengal (1905): Unit-7

Partition of Bengal was announced in July 1905 by the Viceroyalty of Lord Curzon.

The partition came into effect on Octo-ber 16, 1905.

The government version was that the partition of Bengal was purely an ad-ministrative measure.


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Partition of Bengal led to staunch opposition. The Indian national congress viewed the

partition as an attempt to ‘divide and rule’ policy.

Agitation against the partition manifested itself in the form of mass meetings, rural unrest and Swadesi movement.

They started mass movement declaring Oc-tober 16, 1905 as the ‘days of mourning’ in Calcutta.

In 1906 Rabindranath Tagore wrote Amar Sona Bangla as a cry against the partition of Bengal.

The ceremony of Raksha Bandhan was ob-served on October 16, 1905.

Hindus and Muslims tied rakhis on each other’s wrist showing solidarity.

But due to extensive political protest against Bengal partition, the eastern and western part of Bengal were reunited in 1911.

SWadeShi MoveMenT 1905: Unit-8

The Swadeshi movement started with the parti-tion of Bengal by the viceroy Lord Curzon in 1905 and continued up to 1911.

Its chief architects were Aurobindo Ghosh, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chan-drapal and Lala Lajpat Rai.

This movement involved the boycott of the Brit-ish products. The western clothes were thrown in burn fires and it was an act of honour to wear the local Indian clothes.

A resolution to boycott British goods was ad-opted on August 7, 1905 at a meeting of INC at Calcutta.

Charka came to typify the popular concern for country’s economic self - sufficiency.

Swadesh Bandhav Samiti of Barisal founded by Ashwini Kumar Dutt was the largest volunteer body to support Swadeshi Movement.

First real labour union - The Printers Union was formed on October 1905.

Tilak began the Swadesh Vastra Pracharine Sabha to propagate Swadeshi Movement.

Savarkar founded ‘Mitra mela’. The main drawback of the Swadeshi movement

was that it was not able to garner the support of the mass Muslims.

foRMaTion of MUSliM leagUe 1906

Muslim League was setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin - ul- Mulk.

In 1928, the Muslim League rejected the Nehru Report, as it did not incorporate all their de-mands.

This led to the estrangement of Jinnah and formulated his infamous fourteen points (in-cluding separate - electorates, reservation of seats in the centre and provinces, reservation of jobs for Muslims, creation of new Muslim majority provinces etc.) which became the text of the communal demands.

Muhammed Iqbal, who presided over the Al-lahabad session of the League in 1930 gave the idea of Separate Muslim State in North West India.

In 1939, December 22 - The Muslim League ob-serves the resignation of the congress ministries as Deliverance Day.

In 1940, March - Lahore session of the Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution.

On December 1943 the Karachi session of the Muslim League adopts the slogan ‘ Divide and Quit’.

The name ‘Pakistan’ was framed by Rahmat Ali.

Chaudhary Rahmat Ali, a college student, coined the name Pakistan. He took the ‘P’ from Punjab, the ‘A from the Afghania, the ‘K’ from Kashmir, the ‘S’ from Sindh and the ‘TAN’ from Baluchistan.

Documents

35 Modern IndIa ... INDIA.pdf · What is Wood Despatch? Ans: The Educational Despatch of 1854, also known as Wood’s Despatch by Charles Wood. ♦ Charles Wood became the President