TelecommunicationsEssentialsThe Complete Global SourceSecond Edition

Lillian GoleniewskiEdited by Kitty Wilson Jarrett

AAddison-WesleyUpper Saddle River, NJ Boston Indianapolis San FranciscoNew York Toronto Montreal London Munich Paris MadridCapetown Sydney Tokyo Singapore Mexico City

Contents

About the Author

About LIDO

Acknowledgments

Introduction: Understanding the Broadband Evolution

XXI

xxiii

xxv

xxix

Part I Communications Fundamentals

Chapter 1 Telecommunications Technology FundamentalsTransmission Lines

CircuitsChannelsLines and Trunks

0Virtual Circuits

Types of Network Connections; The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Bandwidth

The Electromagnetic SpectrumBandwidth

Analog and Digital TransmissionAnalog TransmissionDigital Transmission

34669

11111115181819

xi

xil Contents

Analog Versus Digital Transmission 20Conversion: Codecs and Modems 20

Multiplexing 23FDM 26TDM 26STDM 27Intelligent Multiplexing 28Inverse Multiplexing 30WDM, DWDM, and CWDM 30

Political and Regulatory Forces in Telecommunications 33Regulatory Background 34The Policy and Regulatory Players 34The Main Regulatory Issues 35Internet Governance 36Standards Organizations 37

Chapter 2 Traditional Transmission Media 41Twisted-Pair 44

\ Characteristics of Twisted-Pair 44Categories of Twisted-Pair 45Applications of Twisted-Pair 47Analog and Digital Twisted-Pair 47Advantages and Disadvantages of Twisted-Pair 50

Coaxial Cable 51Characteristics of Coaxial Cable 52Applications of Coaxial Cable 53Advantages and Disadvantages of Coaxial Cable 53

Microwave 54Characteristics of Microwave 55Traditional Applications of Microwave 56Advantages and Disadvantages of Microwave 60The New Era of Microwave: Wireless Broadband 60

Satellite 61Frequency Allocations of Satellite 63Satellite Network Segments 65Satellite Orbits ? 66Applications of Satellite 70Advantages and Disadvantages of Satellite / 72

Fiber Optics . 73* Characteristics of Fiber Optics 73

Components of Fiber Optics 74How Fiber-Optic Transmission Works 76Innovations in Fiber Optics: EDFAs and WDM 77Applications of Fiber Optics 78Advantages and Disadvantages of Fiber Optics 79

Contents xiii

Chapter 3 Establishing Communications Channels 83Establishing Connections: Networking Modes and Switching Modes 83

Networking Modes 84Switching Modes 86

The PSTN Versus the Internet 100PSTN Characteristics 100Internet Characteristics 101Converging Networks: Next-Generation Networks 101

Chapter 4 The PSTN 103The PSTN Infrastructure 103

Service Providers 105Network Access 106Access Services 107Transport Services 109PSTN Architecture 111

The Transport Network Infrastructure 114The PDH Infrastructure 114The SDH/SONET Infrastructure 123

Signaling Systems 129SS7 Architecture 132

Intelligent Networks 135AINs 136

SS7 and Next-Generation Networks 138Next-Generation Networks and the PSTN 140

Part II Data Networking and the Internet 143

Chapters Data Communications Basics 145The Evolution of Data Communications 145

Data Communications Architectures 145Data Communications Traffic 150

Data Flow 152The DTE, the DCE, the Transmission Channel, and the Physical Interface 152Modems and Modulation 154Simplex, Half-Duplex, and/Full-Duplex Data Transmission 159Coding Schemes: ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode, and Beyond 160Transmission Modes: Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission 162Error Control 164

The OSI Reference Model and the TCP/IP Reference Model 165The OSI Seven-Layer Reference Model 166The TCP/IP Four-Layer Reference Model 168The TCP Stack Versus the OSI Model 170

xiv Contents

Chapter 6 Local Area Networking 173LAN Basics 173

LAN Concepts and Benefits 174LAN Components 175

LAN Characteristics 176LAN Transmission Media 176LAN Transport Techniques and Standards 177LAN Access Methods 182LAN Topologies 185

LAN Interconnection and Internetworking 187Hubs 187LAN Switches 189VLANs 191Bridges 192Routers 194IP Switches 198

Chapter 7 Wide Area Networking 201Circuit-Switched Networks 203

Networks Based on Leased Lines 203Networks Based on ISDN 212

Packet-Switched Networks 215X.25 219Frame Relay 221ATM 229IP and ATM 238

Chapter 8 The Internet and IP Infrastructures 245Internet Basics 245

A Brief History of the Internet 247What the Internet Is and How It Works 251Internet Protocols 254Internet Network Architectures 264

Internet Addressing and Address Resolution 268Addressing and Routing Schemes * 269IPv4 Addressing 271IPv6 Addressing / 275DNS }; 280

Tht Organization of the Internet 284The Evolution of the POP Architecture 285Internet Challenges and Changes 289Service Providers and Interconnection 291

Contents xv

IP QoS 295QoS Mechanisms 295Queuing Mechanisms 296The IP QoS Continuum 299

What's Next on the Internet 303The Next-Generation Internet 303The Interplanetary Internet 304Internet-Enabled Devices 305RFID Applications 305SIP Telephony 306Digital Objects and Libraries 306The Semantic Web 306

Part III The New Generation of Networks 309

Chapter 9 IP Services 311The Evolution to IP Services 311IPT 313

The IPT Evolution 314The IPT Network 318Standards for IP Voice 324VoIP Call-Signaling Protocols 330ENUM: Telephone Number Mapping 339

IPTV 342IPTV Versus Streaming Media 343The IPTV Architecture 344

VPNs 345Key VPN Concepts 347Types of IP VPNs 359VPN Security 374

Chapter 10 Next-Generation Networks 383The Broadband Evolution 384

Communications Traffic Trends 384Communications Backbone Trends * 385Communications Bandwidth Trends 386Communications Application Trends 387Broadband Applications 388

Multimedia Networking Requirements 389Digital Video 390Television Standards 396

xvi Contents

The Broadband Infrastructure 409Converging Public Infrastructures 410Broadband Service Requirements 410

Next-Generation Networks and Convergence 411Convergence in Different Industry Segments 412Arguments for Convergence 414Regulatory Effects on Convergence 414Converging Public Infrastructures 415Convergence in the Service Environment 416

The Next-Generation Network Infrastructure 418The IP Multimedia Subsystem 420The Next-Generation Network Architecture 425The Multiservice Intelligent Edge 432Quality of Service 437The MPLS Architecture 445

Chapter 11 Optical Networking 451Optical Networking Today and Tomorrow 451

Drivers of Optical Networking 452Network Reality Today 453Bandwidth Abundance 456

End-to-End Optical Networking 456Optical Line Amplifiers: EDFAs, Raman Amplifiers, and SOAs 457WDM Equipment 458OADMs 463Optical Switches 464Integrated Photonic Circuits 469Optical Network Management 470

The Optical Edge 471Next-Generation Digital Loop Carriers 471PONs 472MSPPs 472

The Optical Core: Overlay Versus Peer-to-Peer Networking Models 473The Overlay Model 476The Peer-to-Peer Model 478

0

The Overlay and Peer-to-Peer Models Compared 483The IP+Optical Control Plane ,. 483

GMPLS ,- / 485. UNI 487

ASON 487The Migration to Optical Networking 488

Contents xvii

Chapter 12 Broadband Access Alternatives 489Drivers of Broadband Access 489DSL Technology 492

How DSL Works 493Characteristics and Properties of DSL 494HDSL 499SDSL 500G.SHDSL 501ADSL 503ADSL2 505ADSL2+ 506ADSL2-RE 507RADSL 507VDSL 508VDSL2 508

Cable TV Networks 509HFC Architecture 510Cable Modems and CMTSs 512Cable Modem Standards 513The Future of Cable TV Networks 521

Fiber Solutions 522FTTx 523PONs 525

Wireless Broadband 529Broadband PLT 530

PLT Architecture 530The Future of PLT 532

HANs 534The HAN Market, Applications, and Elements 535Types of HANs 536HAN Gateways and Servers 544Planning for the Future of HANs 544

Part IV Wireless Communications 547

Chapter 13 Wireless Communications Basics 549A Brief History of Wireless Telecommunications 550Wireless Communications Regulations Issues 553Wireless Impairments 554

xvlli Contents

Antennas 556Phased-Array Antennas 557Magnetic Polarization Antennas 558MIMO Antennas 558

Wireless Bandwidth 560Wireless Signal Modulation 560

Single-Carrier Modulation Techniques 561Multicarrier Modulation Techniques 562

Spectrum Utilization 563Using the Available Radio Spectrum 563Duplexing Techniques 575Compression Techniques 576

Chapter 14 Wireless WANs 5791G: Analog Transmission 581

1G Analog Cellular Networks 5811G Wireless Data Networks 583

2G: Digital Cellular Radio 586GSM 588UWC 590cdmaOne 590PDC 592

2.5G: Enhanced Data Services 592HSCSD 593GPRS 593EDGE 595GERAN 596Messaging Services Standards 596

3G: Moving Toward Broadband Wireless 5973G Standards 5993G Deployment Issues 609

Beyond 3G 6114G: Wireless Broadband 6125G: Intelligent Technologies 614

Chapter 15 WMANs, WLANs, and WPANs ' 6 1 7WMANs 618

BFWA ; 619IEEE 802.16 (WiMax) 621WiBro 626IEEE 802.20 (Mobile-Fi) 627ETSI BRAN 628iBurst 630

Contents xix

Flash-OFDM 632DMB 634VF 636

WLANs 638Wi-Fi 640IEEE 802.1 lx Standards 642WLAN Security 646VoWLAN 648The Integration of WLANs and Cellular Networks 651Mesh Networks 654

WPANs 660IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 661IEEE 802.15.3 (WPAN-HR and WPAN-AHR) 664UWB 665IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) 670RFID 674NFC 683

Chapter 16 Emerging Wireless Applications 687The Handset Revolution 688

From Mobile Phones to Multimedia Handsets 689Software-Defined Radio 691Cognitive Radio 692

Mobile IP 693The IP Multimedia Subsystem 696

Push-to-Talk 700Presence-Based Services 701

Mobile Gaming 702Mobile Game Categories 703Mobile Game Platforms 704

Mobile Video 706Mobile TV 707

DMB 708DVB-H 709ISDB 710MediaFLO * 710

Mobile Content 712

Glossary 715

Index 819