30 Years of HIV/AIDS Prepared by Krissie Guerard, MS Craig
Steffens, MPH
Slide 2
Before 1981 The dominant feature of this first period was
silence, for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was unknown and
transmission was not accompanied by signs or symptoms salient
enough to be noticed. While rare, sporadic case reports of AIDS and
sero-archaeological studies have documented human infections with
HIV prior to 1970, available data suggest that the current pandemic
started in the mid- to late 1970s. By 1980, HIV had spread to at
least five continents (North America, South America, Europe, Africa
and Australia). During this period of silence, spread was unchecked
by awareness or any preventive action and approximately
100,000-300,000 persons may have been infected. Jonathan Mann 1989
Recent studies estimate the origin of HIV to have taken place
between 1884 and 1924. This was done by studying the virus
evolution and sequencing.
Slide 3
Before 1981 It is generally accepted that HIV originated in
Africa before starting a pandemic. HIV is a descendant from Simian
Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) that became capable of infecting
humans. HIV-1 from chimpanzees and HIV-2 from sooty mangabeys.
Earliest known instances include plasma sample from an adult male
from the DRC in 1959, lymph tissue of female from DRC in 1960. HIV
found in tissue samples of teenager from St. Louis in 1969.
Slide 4
1981 By March 1981, at least 8 cases of Karposis Sarcoma (KS)
in New York City and cases of rare lung infection, Pneumocystis
carinii pneumonia (PCP) in New York and Los Angeles In June, CDC
published article in MMWR describing 5 cases of PCP in LA beginning
of awareness of AIDS in US En.wikipidia.org
Aidsevidence.blogspot.com
Slide 5
1981 Mode of transmission unclear in early months: "Dr. Curran
said there was no apparent danger to non homosexuals from
contagion. 'The best evidence against contagion', he said, 'is that
no cases have been reported to date outside the homosexual
community or in women'"The New York Times By December, PCP reported
in persons who were injection drug users (IDU), and it was shown
that the disease affected other populations besides homosexuals.
PBS 1-2
Slide 6
1982 By July, 452 cases reported to CDC from 23 states Disease
seen in hemophiliacs and persons with Haitian descent Cases
throughout European countries and Africa where it was known as slim
or slimming disease
Slide 7
Webmd.com
Slide 8
1983 Reports of AIDS in women with no risk factors besides
heterosexual sex. CDC warns it may spread in this way as well as
mother-to-child. French and American researchers report that they
have isolated the causative agent WHO discusses global AIDS In
U.S., 3,064 cases and 1,292 deaths
Slide 9
1984 Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) is identified by
researchers, a retrovirus requires reverse transcriptase to
replicate The virus high-jacks specific immune cells called CD4+
T-cells to produce more of itself, thus killing the host cell The
genetic material of the virus is integrated into the host cell
DNA
Slide 10
1984 The worlds first need exchange is set up in Amsterdam San
Franciscos bath houses are shut down. NY and LA do the same within
a year. The first 2 cases of AIDS appear in North Dakota.
Slide 11
1985 At least one case of HIV in every region of the world The
first HIV test approved by FDA US blood banks are screened for HIV
Rock Hudson dies from AIDS Ryan White banned from his Indiana
school Second strain of HIV detected (HIV-2) PBS 1-5
Slide 12
1986 WHO launches a global health strategy President Reagan
asks Surgeon General to prepare a report on AIDS More than 38,000
cases of AIDS reported from 85 countries 15 more HIV cases in North
Dakota
Slide 13
1986 AIDS Memory Quilt begins in San Francisco
Slide 14
1987 AZT is first drug approved by FDA President Reagan does
his first public speech declaring AIDS as public enemy #1) WHO
estimates that there are 5-10 million people infected worldwide US
forbids immigration by people with HIV
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U219eUIZ7Qo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRPJFuzdzkY&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U219eUIZ7Qo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRPJFuzdzkY&feature=related
Slide 15
1988 Universal precautions are required in hospitals and
blood-related environments C. Everett Koop send an 8 page,
condensed version of his Report on AIDS to all 107 million
households in U.S. North Dakota had 13 more cases of HIV, 2 of them
AIDS December 1, 1988 marks the first World AIDS Day
Slide 16
1990 ~8 million people with HIV worldwide Ryan White dies at
age of 18
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ly_PyT6HaLI&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ly_PyT6HaLI&feature=related Ryan
White CARE Act is inaugurated Americans with Disabilities Act
includes people with HIV/AIDS Former President Reagan apologizes
for his neglect of HIV while in office
Slide 17
1991 Magic Johnson announces his infection and retires from the
NBA ~10 million people infected worldwide, 1 million in U.S.
Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS (HOPWA) established Red
Ribbon becomes the symbol of AIDS Freddie Mercury dies of
bronchopneumonia brought on by AIDS
Slide 18
1992 FDA approves another drug, dideoxcytidine, for treatment
(first successful combination drug therapy) Robert Reed, father
from Brady Bunch dies Certain UK newspapers printed articles
questioning HIV as the cause of AIDS example of the denialism
veiwpoint among some researchers and world leaders
Slide 19
1993 PCP is AIDS-defining diagnosis for 32% of AIDS cases and
the CDC revises its definitions of AIDS to include opportunistic
infections Philadelphia opensopens Female condom is approved AZT
resistance found in persons never treated with anti-HIV drugs
(transmission) researchers push for new drugs to be developed
Slide 20
1994 AZT becomes standard of care to avoid perinatal
transmission (study ACTG 076) Author Randy Shilts dies
Slide 21
1995 Olympic diver Greg Louganis reveals he has AIDS AIDS is
leading cause of death among 25- 44 year old Americans First
protease inhibitor drug (Saquinavir) is approved U.S. admits French
doctor discovered AIDS virus Joint United Nations program on AIDS
(UNAIDS) is established
Slide 22
1995
Slide 23
1996 FDA approves oral collection (OraSure) for HIV antibody
tests Magic Johnson returns to basketball Rent opens on Broadway
Foundationsports.com
Slide 24
1996 First at-home HIV-antibody test approved Highly Active
Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) begins, using a combination of at
least 3 drugs Dr. David Ho is Time Magazine Man of the Year
1997 Research discovers that HIV invades the memory cells of
the immune, creating hidden reservoirs AIDS related deaths drop 40%
from past years largely due to HAART
Slide 27
1998 First human trial for a vaccine begins in U.S. President
Clinton announces a special package of initiatives aimed at
reducing the impact of HIV/AIDS on racial and ethnic minorities
Minority AIDS Initiative Doctor injected a former lover with HIV+
blood, then sentenced to 50 years prison
Slide 28
1998 Washingtonexaminer.com
Slide 29
1999 States are told that they must track HIV infection by
either name or code U of Alabama researchers trace source of HIV to
chimpanzee in West Central Africa For first time, there are more
women living with HIV disease in Africa than men
Unmultimedia.org
Slide 30
2000 57% of new infections in U.S. are among African Americans
who make up only 13% of the population In Botswana, of all adults
and 4/10 of all pregnant women are infected U.S. and UN security
councils declare HIV a security threat
Slide 31
2000 North Dakota HIV Incidence by Race/ethnicity,
1984-present
Slide 32
2001 On September 21, 2001, FDA licensed the First Nucleic Acid
Test (NAT) systems to Screen Plasma for Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). Nucleic acid test (NAT)
systems intended for screening of plasma donors. These test systems
are expected to further ensure the safety of plasma- derived
products by permitting earlier detection of HIV and HCV infections
in donors
Slide 33
2002 Global Fund is established to boost response to AIDS, TB
and malaria Swiss researchers reported first fully documented case
to be infected with a second strain of HIV through unprotected sex
In U.S., FDA approves rapid HIV test HIV/AIDS is the leading cause
of death world-wide among those 15-59
Slide 34
2002 A study showed that of Americans still believed you could
contract HIV via everyday contact
Slide 35
2003 First HIV vaccine to undergo a major trial is ineffective
Vatican cardinal Lopez Trujillo said condoms were not safe and
could not stop HIV transmission; WHO responded, denouncing his
statements
Slide 36
2004 Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is
initiated care to 15 countries FDA approved the first rapid oral
fluid test Avert.com
Slide 37
2005 1.1 million people in U.S. estimated with HIV, of those
are unaware Patent on AZT runs out, allowing pharmaceutical
companies to produce the drug legally and cheaper than
previously
Slide 38
2006 Circumcision shown to reduce infection among heterosexual
men Atripla (once-a-day) available for treatment June 5 th marks a
quarter century since the first AIDS case
Slide 39
2007 ~33 million people living with HIV worldwide Another major
HIV vaccine trial is halted after preliminary results show no
benefit
Slide 40
2008 Man in Germany cured after bone marrow transplant from
donor with genetic resistance to HIV About 1 in 1,000 Europeans and
Americans have resistance to HIV News.bbc.co.uk
Slide 41
2008 CDC releases new HIV incidence numbers showing the
epidemic in the U.S. is worse than initially thought U.S. congress
reauthorizes PEPFAR for another 5 years and up to $48 Billion
Slide 42
2009 President Obama removes ban preventing HIV+ persons from
entering U.S. Washington DC has a prevalence of 3%, a severe and
generalized epidemic UNAIDS published report showing the number of
new infections worldwide had decreased by 17% since 2001 President
Obama calls for the first ever National HIV/AIDS strategy
Slide 43
2009
Slide 44
2010 CAPRSISA 004 microbicide trial in South Africa showed a
40% reduction in transmission through use of a topical gel
containing tonfovir. Results of this study have been inconsistent.
iPrEx trial showed reduction in transmission among MSM taking pre-
exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
Slide 45
2011 and the future June 5, 2011 marked 30 years since the fist
case of AIDS, with an estimated 30 million death worldwide More
studies for vaccines and cures though we are unlikely to discover a
breakthrough cure
