Chapter 3: MINERALS AND ROCKSLearning Target Vocabulary Word Definition Facts or Examples Symbol/PictureLesson 1

I can define a mineral…

mineral

a naturally occurring ________ that can form

by _______________ processes and that has

a crystal structure and a definite ______________

composition

a substance MUST have all _____ of these characteristics!

inorganicform from materials that

were _________ __________ of living

things

quartz forms naturally as magma ____________

coal comes from the remains of ___________ that lived millions of

years ago so it is _________ inorganic

crystalthe repeating

__________________ of a mineral’s particles

has __________ sides (faces) that meet at

____________ edges or corners

quartz

I can explain how minerals are identified…

streakthe _______________ of a

mineral’s ________________

although the ______________ of a

mineral can ___________, its streak does not!

lusterdescribes how light is ____________________

from a mineral’s surface

metallic

non-metallic (silky, waxy, greasy or pearly)

Mohs Hardness

Scale

used to rank the _______________________

of minerals

scale of _____ (softest – talc)

to ______ (hardest – diamond)

cleavagewhen a mineral

_____________ easily along ____________

surfaces

example = mica, calcite, halite

fracture when a mineral does not split apart evenly

when broken has ______________ break(s)

examples = quartz, obsidian

I can identify how minerals form and

where mineral resources are

located…

geodea round, hollow rock

that is often lined with mineral

___________________

probably form when water containing

dissolved ___________ seeps into a crack or

hollow in a rock

crystallizationthe process by which

atoms are arranged to form a material that has

a ______________ structure

solutiona mixture in which one

substance is _______________________

in another

examples =minerals form by

______________________ (was a solution) gypsum

“rose” and halite

minerals form from hot ______________ solutions

(silver)

veina narrow ______________ or slab of a mineral that

is different from the surrounding rock

examples = _____________ or gold

silicates minerals that contain _______________ and

________________

silicates make up the ___________ of the Earth’s

crust (90%)Lesson 2

I can list the characteristics used to identify

rocks and identify the three major

groups of rocks…

rock-forming minerals

about _______ minerals make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust

quartz, feldspar, mica and horneblend are some

of these minerals

granitegenerally a __________ colored rock that has

__________ silica contentrich in elements silicon and oxygen (felsic rock)

basalt a _________ colored rock that has a ___________

silica content

has mineral crystals that are too small to be seen

with naked eye(mafic rock)

grainsthe ______________ of

minerals or other rocks that make up a rock

texturethe __________ and

_____________ of a rock’s surface

SIZE______ grained (ex = slate)______ grained (ex = diorite)no visible grain (ex = flint)

SHAPErounded or ___________

PATTERNbanded or nonbanded

igneous rockforms from the

_______________ of magma or lava

underground (intrusive)or

above ground (extrusive)

sedimentary rock

form when _________ particles of rock or theremains of plants and

animals are ___________ and cemented together

forms in __________ that are buried below the

surface

metamorphicforms when rock is

changed by _________ or _______________, or by chemical reactions

most form ___________ underground

Lesson 3

I can identify the characteristics used to identify igneous rocks…

extrusive rockigneous rock that

formed from __________ that erupted onto

Earth’s surface

______________ is most common extrusive rock

other examples = rhyolite, obsidian and

pumice

intrusive rockigneous rock that

formed when magma hardened

________________ the Earth’s surface

most abundant = _______________

other examples =__________________

Lesson 4

I can describe how sedimentary rocks

form…sediment

small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or _______________

___________________

sedimentary rocks are formed through a

sequence of processes: weathering, erosion,

deposition, compaction and cementation

weatheringwhen rock is broken up by wind, _____________,

heat or ___________plant roots can also cause weathering

erosion

when broken rocks (fragments) are carried

away by ___________, water or ice

depositionthe process by which

sediment settles out of the water or

_____________ carrying it

compactionthe process that

_____________ sediments together

cementation

the process in which ______________ minerals

crystallize and glue particles of sediment

together

I can list and describe the three

major types of sedimentary rock…

clastic rocka sedimentary rock

formed when fragments are _______________

together

fragments can range in size from clay particles to

large, heavy boulders

examples = sandstone, shale, conglomerate and

breccia

organic rockforms where the

remains of plants and animals are deposited in

_____________

examples = coal, limestone

(contains many fossils)

chemical rockforms when minerals dissolved in a water

solution __________________

examples = limestone (when calcite that was dissolved in the water

comes out of a solution and forms crystals) and halite (when salt water sea or lake evaporates)

Lesson 5I can describe the conditions under

which metamorphic rocks

form, how geologists classify metamorphic rocks

and how metamorphic rocks

are used…

any rock that forms from another rock as a result

of changes in heat or pressure

(or both heat and pressure) is

a metamorphic rock

foliated

metamorphic rocks that have their grains arranged in either ___________________

layers or bands

describe the thin, flat layering found in most

metamorphic rocks

examples =crystals in granite can be flattened to create gneiss

heat and pressure change shale into slate

nonfoliatedmetamorphic rocks that

have mineral grains arranged

________________

examples = marble (when limestone is

subjected to heat and pressure) and quartzite

(when quartz particles in sandstone recrystallize)

Lesson 6Lesson 7

I can name the three major fossil

fuels…

fuela substance that

provides _____________, such as heat, light, motion or electricity

this energy is a result of a ________________ change

fossil fuels

the energy rich substances formed from

the remains of organisms that lived

______________ of years ago

examples = coal, oil and _____________________

hydrocarbonschemical compounds

that contain ____________ and hydrogen atoms

when fossil fuels are burned, the atoms react, combine with oxygen and

form new molecules

petroleuma thick, black,

_____________ fossil fuelanother name for

_________

refinery

a factory where crude ___________ is heated

and separated into fuels and other products

petrochemicals

compounds that are made from ____________

used to make plastics, paints, medicines and

cosmetics

Learning Targets Chapter 3Lesson 1I can define a mineral…

A mineral is a natural solid that can form by ______________________________ processes and that has a _______________________ structure and a definite ___________________________ composition.

I can explain how minerals are identified…

Each mineral has _____________________________________ properties…. such as ___________________________, _________________________________, _________________________________, _________________________________________, and _________________________________

I can identify how minerals form and where mineral resources are located…

Minerals form from the cooling of _______________________________ and lava, from ________________________________ or from ___________________________________ processes.

Lesson 2 I can list the characteristics used to identify rocks and identify the three major groups of rocks…

To study a rock sample, geologists observe the rock’s ______________________________________, _________________________ and _________________________________________.

Geologists have classified rocks into three major groups: _________________________________, ___________________________ and _________________________________________.

Lesson 3I can identify the characteristics used to identify igneous rocks…

Igneous rocks are classified by their ______________________________, ________________________________ and mineral ____________________________________________

I can describe ways in which igneous rocks are used…

People throughout history have used igneous rocks for __________________________________ and __________________________________________________________.

Lesson 4I can describe how sedimentary rocks form…

Most sedimentary rocks form by ______________________________________, ____________________________________, __________________________________, _________________________________ and __________________________________.

I can list and describe the three major types of sedimentary rock…

Three major types of sedimentary rocks are _____________________ rocks, _________________________ rocks and __________________________ rocks.

I can explain how sedimentary rocks are used…

People use sedimentary rocks for ____________________________ and ____________________________________________.

Lesson 5I can describe the conditions under which metamorphic rocks form, how geologists classify metamorphic rocks and how metamorphic rocks are used…

Any rock that forms from another rock as a result in changes in ____________________________ or _________________________ (or both) is a metamorphic rock.

Geologists classify metamorphic rocks according to the arrangement of __________________________________ making up the rocks.

The metamorphic rocks ___________________________ and ___________________________ are important materials for building and sculpture.

Lesson 6I can describe the rock cycle…

Forces deep inside Earth and at the surface produce a slow cycle that _____________________________, _____________________________ and ___________________________________ the rocks in the crust.

Lesson 7I can name the three major fossil fuels…

The three major fossil fuels are ____________________________, _______________________ and _______________________________.

I can explain why fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable resources…

Since fossil fuels take _____________________________________________________ of years to form, they are considered to be ______________________________________ resources.