Herdhata Agusta

� Description:

Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from bioenergy

production and use, as per the methodology chosen

nationally or at community level, and reported using thenationally or at community level, and reported using the

GBEP Common Methodological Framework for GHG

Lifecycle Analysis of Bioenergy 'Version One'

�Measurement unit(s):

- Grams of CO2 equivalent per megajoule

• Where there is no land use change or peat soil cultivation, our case study suggests:– Milling is the primary source of GHG emissions and the most easily improved

– Emissions significantly reduced by application of methane capture

– Even simple flaring improves, energy generation even better because it displaces fossil energyeven better because it displaces fossil energy

– <5% of mills capture methane currently

• Studies in Indonesia have found that if forested peatland is converted to oil palm for biodiesel, net emissions can be over 200%higher than those from petroleum– Where non forested, non peatlands are used, savings can be significant

• Biogas case:

PollutantEthanol

plantTapioca plant

Palm oil mill

Net emissions (g CO2e/MJ)

-460 -180 -650

• Biomass co-firing case, coal has gone from

95% to 82% since 2005.

CO2e/MJ)

� Implement in bioenergy supply chains:

1. Good management practices in cultivation –

especially for small holders

2. Methane capture and biogas reactors for waste

streams (in CPO mills and other industry)

� Promote the above through:

� Guidelines and extension services� Guidelines and extension services

� Programmatic CDM

� Government incentives (tax break, regulation)

� Certification systems

� Ensure compliance with peatland moratorium and

any future expansion only on degraded/ abandoned

lands with best available practices

� Description:

Percentage of land for which soil quality, in particular in

terms of soil organic carbon, is maintained or improved

out of total land on which bioenergy feedstock is

cultivated or harvested.cultivated or harvested.

�Measurement unit(s):

- Percentage.

� Key methodologies: soil sampling from various

plantation ages and soil types, including both peat

and mineral soils

� Laboratory analysis is in progress, but results forthcoming

� Application of palm oil mill and plantation residues

to field improves soil quality and fertility

� Also true for biogas operation effluent

� In some cases, mills buy fruit from small holders,

then apply POME and fruit bunch to their plantation,

leaving small holders without this amendment

� In the case of forest or agricultural waste

feedstocks, potential tradeoffs with soil conservation

may be present

� Encourage application of some biomass residues

from cultivation and milling to improve fertility,

SOC, microbiological activity, and soil structure.

� Repeated visits to same sites to evaluate change in

soil characteristics over time.

� Ask palm growers to measure and report SOC/peat � Ask palm growers to measure and report SOC/peat

subsidence or to submit soil samples for evaluation

regularly.

� Expand sampling to regions with more slope and

other soil types to increase representative-

ness of sampling.

� Encourage good management practices for soil

conservation.

� Description:

Annual harvest of wood resources by volume and as a

percentage of net growth or sustained yield, and the

percentage of the annual harvest used for bioenergy

Measurement unit(s):�Measurement unit(s):

� m3/ha/year, tonnes/ha/year, m3/year or tonnes/year

� percentage

�Wood is not a major source for modern bioenergy in

Indonesia

�Most wood use for energy is in homes – usually

plantation trees such as rubber

� Rubber is being cut for conversion to oil palm

One survey in Milano Estate indicated each family used � One survey in Milano Estate indicated each family used

about 1m3/month

�Use of forestry/wood milling residues for bioenergy

�Description:Emissions of non-GHG air pollutants, including air toxics, from

(4.1) bioenergy feedstock production,

(4.2) processing,

(4.3) transport of feedstocks, intermediate products and end products, and

(4.4) use; and in comparison with other energy sources.(4.4) use; and in comparison with other energy sources.

�Measurement unit(s):Emissions of PM2.5, PM10, NOX, SO2 and other pollutants can be measuredand reported in the following ways as is most relevant to the feedstock, modeof processing, transportation and use.

(4.1) mg/ha, mg/MJ, and as a percentage

(4.2) mg/m3 or ppm

(4.3) mg/MJ

(4.4) mg/MJ

� In case studies, all upstream emissions met air

quality standards. No data on end use phase.

� Ambient measurements near crop applications and

refining activities met standard by at least a factor

of 10

� Potential issues related to dust from infrastructurePotential issues related to dust from infrastructure

� Land clearing/burning, where it happens, is a major

concern – especially in peat lands, which burn easily

� Data lacking on field burning

� Could be evaluated through use of Remote Sensing to

show prevalence of burning – overlay this with cropping

info

� Biogas production can produce H2S

� In the biomass case, Emissions of SO2 and PM10

were found to be reduced by co-firing of

alternative fuels, while NO2 emissions were found

to rise.

Pollutant Fossil Fuel15% alternative

% changeNational emission

Pollutant Fossil Fuel15% alternative

fuel share% change

National emission

standard

SO2

(mg/m3)360 110 -70% 800

NO2

(mg/m3)242 354 +46% 1000

PM10

(mg/m3)36 27 -25% 80

� Increase monitoring requirements for facilities:

� PM2.5 in addition to PM10 concentrations

� Total load estimation

� Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations and loads

� Further monitoring to ensure no burning including

use of Remote Sensing technologiesuse of Remote Sensing technologies

� Improve integrated prevention of natural burning in

peat lands – including water management.

� Further use of biomass co-firing

� Description:

(5.1) Water withdrawn from nationally-determined watershed(s) for the production

and processing of bioenergy feedstocks, expressed

(5.1a) as the percentage of total actual renewable water resources (TARWR) and

(5.1b) as the percentage of total annual water withdrawals (TAWW), disaggregated

into renewable and non-renewable water sources;into renewable and non-renewable water sources;

(5.2) Volume of water withdrawn from nationally-determined watershed(s) used for

the production and processing of bioenergy feedstocks per unit of bioenergy

output, disaggregated into renewable and non-renewable water sources

� Measurement unit(s):

(5.1a) percentage

(5.1b) percentage

(5.2) m3/MJ or m3/kWh; m3/ha or m3/tonne for feedstock production phase if

considered separately

� 10,000m3ET/ha-yr for palm cultivation� About 1,950m3/T CPO produced

� 4.3-4.5m3 H20 required for milling to produce 1T of CPO� Some of this can be recycled

�No additional water use in biogas and biomass cases.cases.

�Ground cover can improve infiltration and reduce runoff.

� Post-treatment POME can be applied as supplemental water source.� Only on mineral soils, because it can infiltrate and affect water quality if applied on peat soils.

� Can provide water for up to 10% of plantation area

Incentives for:

�Develop better datasets on TARWR at watershed

scale

� Collect water table depth data from operators

� Encourage use of rainwater catchment for crop � Encourage use of rainwater catchment for crop

water and to reduce runoff

� Encourage use of palm oil mill effluent (post-

treatment) for land application

�Maintenance of ground cover to improve infiltration

and reduce runoff.

� Description:

(6.1) Pollutant loadings to waterways and bodies of water attributable to

fertilizer and pesticide application for bioenergy feedstock

production, and expressed as a percentage of pollutant loadings

from total agricultural production in the watershedfrom total agricultural production in the watershed

(6.2) Pollutant loadings to waterways and bodies of water attributable to

bioenergy processing effluents, and expressed as a percentage of

pollutant loadings from total agricultural processing effluents in the

watershed

� Best practice is use of legume cover crops (esp. M.

brachteata) in young plantation. Study found that

some small holders were not practicing this.

� Seed price is too high

� Lack of specialized training for cultivation

� Plantation area sampling protocol - collected � Plantation area sampling protocol - collected

samples up, middle, and downstream.

� Also tested in non oil palm areas to provide a baseline,

because upstream is always cleaner than downstream.

� Laboratory analysis in process – results to be reported.

� Interview with farmers in the catchment areas.

� Smallholders apply more urea than plantations.

� Result of subsidies – also no POME or EFB from mills.

�Usually from milling, no discharge to the river

� Land application only on less permeable soils

� In peat areas, wastes are compostedIn peat areas, wastes are composted

� In some areas, such as in Kalimantan, mill discharge

remains a problem

� Biogas reactor found to remove from 70-95% of COD

from effluent

� 90% in palm oil mill case

�Ongoing sampling in study plantation areas – using

protocol developed – to evaluate change over time.

� Cover crop education and subsidy for smallholders

� Can supply 100-200kg of fixed N/ha – reducing need for

fertilizer (also cost).

� Ensure all water quality standards are met – both � Ensure all water quality standards are met – both

for waste discharge and land application

� Incentives for biogas reactor construction to

manage wastewater at palm oil mills and other

agro-industrial wastewater sources.

� Description:

(7.1) Area and percentage of nationally recognized areas of highbiodiversity value or critical ecosystems converted tobioenergy production;

(7.2) Area and percentage of the land used for bioenergy productionwhere nationally recognized invasive species, by risk category,are cultivated;are cultivated;

(7.3) Area and percentage of the land used for bioenergy productionwhere nationally recognized conservation methods are used.

� Measurement unit(s):

Absolute areas in hectares or km2 for each component and fortotal area used for bioenergy production. Percentages ofbioenergy production area can be calculated from these, andgiven either separately for each relevant category (i.e. differenttypes of priority areas for 7.1 and specific methods for 7.3) or as acombined total across such categories.

�Deforestation has occurred historically (2000-2005)

at an average rate of 0.71million ha/yr (Hansen, et

al., 2009)

� It is not well known whether this is due – either directly

or indirectly – to biodiesel demand.

�During the same period, oil palm plantation area �During the same period, oil palm plantation area

increased by 1.8 million ha

� Biogas and biomass cases do not functionally alter

the landscape

� Should be careful for the potential of invasiveness

of mucuna due to the very fast growing capability

� Ensure compliance with forest and peatland

conversion moratorium

� Create incentives for private certification

� Avoid use of listed invasive species in

bioenergy crop plantations – including as bioenergy crop plantations – including as

cover crops

� Description:

(8.1) Total area of land for bioenergy feedstock

production, and as compared to total national

surface and (8.2) agricultural land and managed

forest areaforest area

(8.3) Percentages of bioenergy from:

(8.3a) yield increases,

(8.3b) residues,

(8.3c) wastes,

(8.3d) degraded or contaminated land.

(8.4) Net annual rates of conversion between land-usetypes caused directly by bioenergy feedstockproduction, including the following (amongstothers):

arable land and permanent crops, permanentmeadows and pastures, and managed forests;natural forests and grasslands (including savannah,excluding natural permanent meadows andpastures), peatlands, and wetlandsexcluding natural permanent meadows andpastures), peatlands, and wetlands

� Measurement unit(s):

(8.1-2) Hectares and percentages

(8.3) Percentages

(8.4) Hectares per year

� The total area oil palm is 8.9 Mio ha.

� 18.4 of total agricultural area

� 6.1% of total CPO production goes to bioenergy

� For biogas, feedstock is agro-industrial wastewater

and cattle manure – no land use impact

� True of any waste material biofuels – including biomass

casecase

� Biodiesel case site (Wilmar) started growing palm in

1982. Before that it was a rubber plantation,

� CPO production in Indonesia is growing at 7.8%/year

� Increase comes from yield improvement (~2.6%/yr),

conversion of existing plantations, and new plantings on

non-agricultural land

� Ensure compliance with forest and peatland

conversion moratorium

� Improve yields and make use of residues

� Implement related production improvement

recommendations elsewhere in these recommendations elsewhere in these

presentations

� Create incentives for private certification