(3) Protocol to Detect and Assess Pollination Deficits in Crops

7/23/2019 (3) Protocol to Detect and Assess Pollination Deficits in Crops

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p o l l i n a t i o n s e r v i c e s F o r s U s t a i n a B l e a G r i c U l t U r e F i e l d m a n U a l s

extension oF KnowledGe Base

ADAPT IVE MANAGEMENT

CAPACITY BUILDING

MAINSTREAMING

protocol to detect andASSESS POLLINATIONdeFicits in crops:

a HandBooK For its Use


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p o l l i n a t i o n s e r v i c e s F o r s U s t a i n a B l e a G r i c U l t U r e F i e l d M a n U a l s

PROTOCOL TO DETECT

AND ASSESS POLLINATIONDEFICITS IN CROPS:A HANDBOOK FOR ITS USE

Bernard E. VaissireInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France

Breno M. FreitasUniversidade Federal do Cear, Fortaleza, Brazil

Barbara Gemmill-HerrenFood and Agiculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy

Food and aGricUltUre orGanization oF the United nations , roMe 2011


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dgfubl:@bl.m

/M2008

The field testing and adaptation of the protocol described in this handbook, and the production

of the book, was made possible through the support of the International Fund for Agricultural

Development (IFAD), Rome, Italy.

This publication provides guidance, as part of the GEF supported Project "Conservation and

Management of Pollinators for Sustainable Agriculture, through an Ecosystem Approach"

implemented in seven countries - Brazil, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nepal, Pakistan, and South Africa.

The project is coordinated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

with implementation support from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

t g my f m fm u my x f y

w f F aguu og f U n g g m u

f y uy, y, y f u, g m f f bu. t m

f m u f mufu, w b , my b

mm by F aguu og f U n f f m u

m.

t w x ub f u() y w f F aguu

og f U n.

a g . Fao ug u m f m fm u. n-mm

u w b u f f g, u qu. ru f mm u, ug u

u, my u f.

a f m u m Fao yg m, qu g g ,

u b by -m [email protected] :

Chief

pubg py su B

of f Kwg exg, r exFAO

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla

00153 rm

Italy

FAO 2011


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iii

p r o t o c o l t o d e t e c t a n d a s s e s s p o l l i n a t i o n d e F i c i t s i n c r o p s : a h a n d B o o K F o r i t s U s e

Preface

Introduction

section 1. DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

section 2. PROTOCOL OBJECTIVE AND STRUCTURE

section 3. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND STUDY FIELD SELECTION

section 4. TREATMENTS TO VARY THE LEVEL OF POLLINATION SERVICE

4.A Pollinator (bee) supplementation

4.B Landscape context

4.C Combined treatment Introduced pollinators and landscape context

section 5. LAYOUT OF EXPERIMENTAL SITES

section 6. POLLINATOR DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND DATA COLLECTION

6.A Data collection for measuring pollinator density

6.B Data collection for measuring pollinator diversity

6.C Data collection for covariables

section 7. PRODUCTION DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND SAMPLING UNITS 7.A. Agronomic yield

7.a.1 iu

7.a.2 rg

7.a.3 W uy

7.B Economic yield

section 8. STATISTICAL ANALYSES

section 9. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

References

ax

CONTENTS

vii

1

5

11

13

19

19

22

26

29

31

32

38

41

4343

44

44

45

47

50

51

53

57


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iv

Figure 1.1 p FAO- x wk assessing pollination deficits in crops

Figure 1.2 om w u f

Figure 1.3 p w mum

Figure 1.4 omum f u b Ky

Figure 1.5 im f g umb f ff l am

Figure 1.6 lk f u wby

Figure 1.7 Buqu f w

Figure 1.8 c : wb Ky

Figure 1.9 c by mk Figure 1.10 c u bu f

Figure 2.1 r bw y

Figure 3.1 hy f mgy u bk

Figure 3.2 hy m f uy w my m g ug w

u b m

Figure 3.3 hy m f uy f g w w f w m

Figure 3.4 Pollinator fronts

Figure 3.5 lg

Figure 3.6 hm g uy

Figure 4.1 p um

Figure 4.2 rk f u f fg

Figure 4.3 l x

Figure 4.4 Umg

Figure 4.5 Ug g b f xm g

Figure 4.6 cmb m

Figure 4.7 cmbg m f

Figure 5.1 l f xm f w w

Figure 5.2 lyu f xm f uy

Figure 6.1 smg yu mu bu y

Figure 6.2 lyu f mg mu y y m

w b-w (.g., mu/ bukw)Figure 6.3 smg yu mu bu & y wu

Figure 6.4 Mgy f g y

Table 6.1 c f u f mug y

Figure 6.5 cg w w

Figure 6.6 i g bg

Figure 7.1 lyu f y w w

Figure 7.2 lyu f y m w b-w (.g. mu/ bukw)

Figure 7.3 lyu f y wu

Figure 7.4 im f wby quy

Figure 7.5 im f mk u

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE

3

3

5

6

7

7

8

9

9

10

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

20

20

22

23

25

26

27

30

30

33

34

35

36

37

38

40

46

46

48

48

49


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v


57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

Annex 1 d m f uy

Annex 2 d y f bu

Annex 3 d y g g

f f

Annex 4 d y w

Annex 5 d y b f

Annex 6 d y f bu

Annex 7 d y w

Annex 8 d y g g

f f

Annex 9 d w y f bu

Annex 10 d wg gy w

Annex 11 d y f bu w muu

Annex 12 d y f u f bu w mx g

Annex 13 d y f

Annex 14 d y g g f

f

LIST OF ANNEXES


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n

lM

/inra


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vii


i g-ym, f , , uu fg

u, w u f f my b . p u

b, b b ff 35 f w u, g uu f 87 f

g f ww, u my - m w m.

Ju guu mmuy kg k f bu f

u, u f mg ( W y b Apis mellifera,

e y bApis cerana, a ) xg w yu . W guu m

fm f u g k f

mg mg .

W x f mm f i f

c sub U f p ( kw i p

i-ipi) f U n c Bg dy 2000 (cop

v/5, s ii), Fao b Gb a p s f

sub aguu. Fao gb j, u by Gb

em Fy (GeF) ug U n em pgmm (Unep)

c mgm f f ub guu, ug

ym . s u (B, G, i, Ky, n, pk su

af) wk g w Fao fy y u g

guu . t um f gb j

x x gb ug, y w f

ub u f f guu.

PREFACE


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viii

a bu ipi, Fao b w inra (iu

n r agmqu, ub by f F gm)

f g g f u ym uffg

. F g f f b g

ym ff u w m b ug g fm i Fu

f aguu dm (iFad) dm f t M f c

Mgm f p s f sub aguu, 2009 2010. t

um u bk f f , ug uyg

, y b , m f

y f um g u, u m , m g,

g m by. a , Fao w b b

fm u f g g f

m f u f uy u w.

Linda ColletteFAO Focal Point for the IPI

p pu p d

Rome, Italy


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INTRODUCTION

1


t fwg b b f fm

() u y b

wy; () w mgm u fm xm f b

m u . i b u my y

y f f m u mg ff .

p f f fm ug gm

my f xu u f wg . p b y mu umb f mb b g

gm ug ff , f y y f

w uu u f xu u. i, mgm

u b g u f w g f ff

gm y my m u fu , fu quy

(.g. , , ug , u ), quy (.g. gm

, ), u ufmy f uu (.g.

Brassica napusl.: l 1982, sbb et al. 2006), mk u by, y

m m f (MGg 1976; F 1993).

FAO facilitates and coordinates the International Initiative for the Conservation and

sub U f p (ipi: ://www..g/), w

w b 2000 by Ff cf f p f c Bg

dy. o f bj f ipi m

ub u f y guu ym b u

fu m f ipi p f a: m, mgm, y bug,

mmg. i x Fao mm 2008 u w


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2

f g g . t w uy

bkgu f x wk fy m f m f

y f u .

t Fao- wk w 3-5 a 2008 by ag, F, u

u f inra (iu n r agmqu) w 13 fm

u w (Fgu 1.1).

t wk w b x f fu

um : () fm ,

gy ky, f bm m m

umu ; () fm , my f

g u k f mb f f-mb

u , u u / quy u gy

w u u, w f gwg .

cm g my b bug by ffg gy f b

ff wy yy, ug u

f y wg.

t wk xm , y f

m b m. t x f m fm () y ff fm f fm (gm m y),

fm f ub m (w my b m w

g-m uby by g ; Fgu 1.2). W bkgu,

wk g fwg : Crop pollination deficit refers

to inadequate pollen receipt that limits agricultural output. t w f m

u w b 67 . t y f g

y f u w u g 3 x: () b() u

(.g. umb f ub y g gm, fu ,

, fu , ); () xm u u

y ( m f w, f b, w , w g );

() m f , f m uy

b u xu u bgy ygy f , m f

m (u f wg: m u um ),

f m ( ), u gy (.g. ff-

u f ). t m mg bm b mm


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3


G

blc

From left to right: Jim Cane (USDA, Logan, Utah, USA), Resham Bahadur Thapa (Institute for Agricultureand Animal Sciences, Chitwan, Nepal), Paulo Eugnio Oliveira (Universidade Federal de Uberlndia, Brazil),Jrme Vandame (INRA Avignon, France), Wanja Kinuthia (National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya),Barbara Gemmill-Herren (FAO Rome, Italy), Simon Potts (University of Reading, UK), Bernard Vaissire(INRA Avignon, France), Linda Collette (FAO Rome, Italy), Ruan Veldtman (South African BiodiversityInstitute, Cape Town, South Africa), Breno Freitas (Universidade Federal do Cear, Fortaleza, Brazil),Natacha Chacoff (Centro Regional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnolgicas, Mendoza, Argentina).

Fgu 1.1

PARTICIPANTS IN THE FAO-SPONSORED EXPERT WORKSHOP ON ASSESSING POLLINATION DEFICITSIN CROPS

Fgu 1.2

OPTIMAL POLLINATION LEVELS - WITHIN THE RESOURCE ALLOCATION PATTERNS OF THE CROP

p

KwgCocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) flowers, and the

subsequent pods, are borne on the trunk of thecocoa tree. On average, only about 5 percent offlowers on a cocoa tree will give rise to a maturepod (Free 1994). In a study where all the flowerson a cocoa tree were hand-pollinated, the yieldof the tree exceeded the yields of all other cocoatrees; but the tree died the next year (Falque etal. 1996)! It is most often the case that optimalyields are considerably less than 100 percentfruit or seed set, and a certain percentage offlowers abort.


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4

g w w w g

y--u u b y mm

f mj u kg GeF/Unep/Fao j

c Mgm f p f sub aguu ug

eym a (B, G, i, Ky, n, pk su af). i

b , m w k

-u .


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5


section 1DEFINITIONSAND CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK

t fwg u fmwk u ; f m f

f fu , g qu. t m underlined.

Optimum pollination: p mxmum xu u uu g

u b u fm f . i f , f

guu uu u , k u u

bj mk uby f mgm. t

, y ( u) w mum (Fgu 1.3).

Pollination deficit: Qu qu qu w

xu u uu f (fm Wk n (2002) w

f fu).

Fgu 1.3

POLLINATION DEFICIT IN RELATION WITH OPTIMUM POLLINATION LEVEL

current level

optimum level

POLLINATION DEFICIT


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S E C T I O N 1 . D E F I N I T I O N S A N D C O N C E P T U A L F R A M E W O R K

6

Crop pollination deficit: Qu qu qu m

guu uu y m m (Fgu 1.4).

Further defining this concept:The inadequate pollen receiptmy b qu/qu u quy f

g , qu w mg, ug u

f ff b gm y u .

A quantitative pollination deficit uf umb f g

gm ug effective pollination period( bw). i f

u f uf umb f by (Fgu 1.5).

a qu u b um f u :

| iff/uf f gm;

| iuf u (Fgu 1.6);

lk f m w fm u , u f|

kwfu (Actinidia deliciosa(a. c.) c. F. lg & a.r.Fgu);

| lk f m w mu , u

f wg y y g f u (Cucurbita pepol);

| lk f m-f w m- yb u.

Flowers of runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus L.)that do not receive sufficient pollen form distorted,sickle-shaped pods, instead of long, straight pods.Distorted pods are rejected by the export market.A producer nearby Nanyuki, Kenya, estimated thatmishapen pods made about one-fifth of his cropdespite the colonies of honey bees located nearbyhis production fields.

B

ernard

Vaissire

Fgu 1.4

OPTIMUM POLLINATION OF RUNNER BEANS IN KENYA


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7


PERCENT CHANGE IN COFFEE PRODUCTION FROM 1961-1980 (BEFORE AHB) TO 1981- 2001 (AFTER AHB)

A vast, continent-wide experiment showing the value of increased pollination levels took place in Latinand Central America between 1980 (before the arrival of feral Africanized honey bees (AHB) and afterthat date. A substantial increase in coffee (Coffea arabicaL.) yield coincided with the establishmentof Africanized honey bees in those countries it invaded, an increase that did not occur amongst Africannor Asian producers. It also did not occur amongst intensive producers in Latin America who leave littlehabitat for bees to nest, nor among Carribean producers untouched by feral AHB. These findings are by

no means presented to advocate the introduction of alien pollinators, but solely to illustrate the levels ofincrease in production possible when levels of pollination services are increased and habitat is availableto permit sufficient nesting resources for increased pollinator density.

Source: rubk (2002)

Figure1.5

IMPACT OF A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF INSECT VISITORS TO COFFEE CROPSIN LATIN AMERICA

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0

l a t i n a M e r i c ai n t e n s i v e p r o d U c e r s

l a t i n a M e r i c aM a i n l a n d p r o d U c e r s

( w f a h B u )

l a t i n a M e r i c ac a r i B B e a n p r o d U c e r s

( f a h B u )

Fgu 1.6

LACK OF POLLEN PRODUCTION IN STRAWBERRY

n

lM

Primary flower of a strawberry Fragariax ananassaDuch.plant grown in greenhouse for out-of-seasonproduction at anthesis in February. A single antheris well formed while all others are aborted. Oftenmany flowers at the onset of flowering are totallymale-sterile resulting in a severe shortage of pollento enable adequate pollination.


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8

A qualitative pollination w uf

gm, bu ff f f. t u quy my u

fm w by / g g f f-mb

f w mu m fm gy ff fm f

gm f f u.

a qu u b um f u :

| p by, m fu u wby w gw

under low light conditions early on under greenhouses; or

| lk f w f-mb (Fgu 1.7).

The effective pollination period ug w

gm u f. p bf f w

b ff f f f f u (s h 2001).

Bouquet of flowers from a cross-compatiblevariety installed at the onset of flowering tomitigate the qualitative pollen deficit in a pearorchard planted with a single self-incompatiblevariety. Effective pollination will require thatpollinators transfer the pollen from thesebouquets of pollenizer flowers to the flowersof the orchard.

n

lM

Fgu 1.7

BOUQUET OF POLLENIZER FLOWERS IN PEAR ORCHARD


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9


The limitation of agricultural outputmy b qu ( , w y),

qu (w fu ; Fgu 1.4, 1.8 1.9), qu

uu w mg (.g. bu f y x fug). lm f guu

uu my m fm u b, bu my g m m w

ufu m f ub fmg ym, u ub mu ,

bu f (.g. y f wbu buby Vaccinium angustifoliumAiton

u nw Buwk bu f , K 1977; Fgu 1.10).

Fgu 1.8

CROP POLLINATION DEFICIT: STRAWBERRIES IN KENYA

B

ernard

Vaissire

The weight of a kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa(A.Chev.) C.F.Liang & A.R.Ferguson)) is wellcorrelated with its number of seeds, whichdirectly depends upon the level of pollinationservice of the flower it came from as there isneither parthenocarpy nor apomixy in kiwifruit.Within the European Union, it is unlawful to sellkiwifruits below the weight of 65 g (http://www.unece.org/trade/agr/standard/fresh/FFV-Std/English/46kiwifruit.pdf), illustrating how in somemarkets, quality considerations can translatedirectly into marketability.

Two strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)grown near Nanyuki, Kenya: the strawberry on theleft is well shaped and it developed from a flowerthat received sufficient pollination on most of itsstigmas, while the one on the right shows evidencethat only the side stigmas, those that usuallytouched the anthers, received suffient pollinationwhile all the central stigmas did not get pollinatedand so the central part of the strawberry did not

develop. In many markets, the strawberry on theright would be discarded.

fm v et al., 1992

KiWiFrUit

WeiGht

(g

)

n U M B e r o F s e e d s i n t h e F r U i t

P O L L I N A T I O N > Q U A L I T YE . G . I N K I W I F R U I T

0 4 0 0 8 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 6 0 0

1 6 0

1 2 0

8 0

4 0

0

Y = 20.25 + 2.71 X

r2 = 0.806*** ; = 185

Fgu 1.9

CROP POLLINATION DEFICIT AS DEFINED BY MARKET STANDARDS


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10

Figure 1.10

CROPS CULTIVATED LESS BECAUSE OF POOR POLLINATION

Farmers in northern India and in the Chitwandistrict of Nepal are choosing to grow less oftheir traditional crops, such as mustard (BrassicarapaL.), because yields have declined. The cropis important for both food security and animalfeed. In the Chitwan region, farmers recognisethat the bee pollinators of mustard have beennegatively impacted by the high levels ofpesticides applied to crops.

B

arbara

Gemmill-herren

B

ernard

Vaissire

this proocol hs been developed o ddress pollinion in wy h is relisic for frmers,

nd so he yield is he primry focus. the fc h crop plns cn compense for pollen

limiion wih longer owering periods nd more owers mens h he whole pln, rher

hn individul owers or even smple of owers, needs o be considered. along he sme line,

frui se nd/or seed se cn be resource-limied, nd hereby he resuls obined by incresing

pollinion levels on subse of owers on pln my resul in lrger frui from hose owers,

bu no greer overll producion on pln bsis (Knigh et al. 2005). agriculurl oupu

should herefore lwys be bsed on whole pln or lrger scle (plo, eld), nd pollinion

remens mus be crried ou on similr scle, h is wih he whole pln s he smlles

experimenl uni.


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11


section 2PROTOCOL OBJECTIVEAND STRUCTURE

t m yg m fwg xm g g

w mg f u f f . cmg

u ug fm u w fm

bu y w , g, f .

t uu y bw

X, b, w f y Y, b,

fwg qu w f m.

Y = F (X) + a

w:

| Y y mu gm m u;

F(X) y ug fm f X, mu m|

u Y; a y ug fm umu f- w

mu m u Y (Fgu 2.1).

t f y f w uu u f

xu u. Bu, u bw y umb

g y f g gm ug ff

kw, b qufy y mum f

mxmum ub uu. i bm y u b

x f . aumg m g kw

mg , u x u pollinator density (number of pollinators/floral

unit) and pollinator diversity.


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S E C T I O N 2 . P R O T O C O L O B J E C T I V E A N D S T R U C T U R E

12

Fgu 2.1

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLINATION LEVEL AND CROP YIELD

The protocol hypothesises a relationship between the pollination level X, and a part or the whole of cropyield Y, as reflected in the following equation and overview of parameters.

Y = F (X) + Awhere Y is the total crop yield measured in agronomic or economic units;F(X) is the yield resulting from the pollination service measured in the same unit as Y;and A is the yield resulting from autonomous self-pollination and wind pollination measured in the sameunit as Y. The possible application of this equation to wheat (Triticum aestivumL.- left) and apples(Malus domesticaBorkh - right) is illustrated.

f

f.m

Y = F (X) + A;F (X) =0

n

wYkala

Y = F (X) + A;F (X) IS 40-90% OF Y

B u b, w w b b 6 fw:

G f xm g uy ( s 3)|

tm mu b ( s 4)|

| l um

| l x / u b

| lyu f xm ( s 5)

| ebg xm

| lg xm w uy

| p b ( s 6)

| Pollinator density

| Pollinator diversity

| cb

| pu b mg u ( s 7)

Agronomic yield|

Economic yield|

| s y ( s 8)

G u ( s 9)|


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13


section 3GENERAL CONSIDERATIONSFOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN& STUDY FIELD SELECTION

W GeF/Unep/Fao j c Mgm f p f sub

aguu ug eym a, m b , m step

, w step f suy, tg, eu pm s (Fgu 3.1). i

j, my ff fy , u b

Fgu 3.1

HIERARCHY OF LOCATIONAL TERMINOLOGY USED IN THIS HANDBOOK

Recording plots are small areas on the dimension ofmeters, to record data. They, along with transects,are located in experimental sites, which in turnare located inside of study fields. Study fields are

fields of the focal crop, located within STEP sites.

STEP (STUDY, TRAINING, EVALUATION AND PROMOTION) SITE

STUDY FIELD

EXPERIMENTAL

SITE

FOCALcrop in roWs

recordinGPLOT

TRANSECTS4

3

2

1

GEF/UNEP/FAO

Pollination Project

STEP-site around

Kilimambogo area

N

Towns

Fourteen Falls

KWs s

Roads

Rivers

STEP Site coverage

Bushes

Forest tree covers

Grass areas

o b

W

aguu/p

2.51.250 2.5

M e t r e s

OldysbukForest

fromThika Town

Athi Rive rFourteenFalls

Kmmbg

KWs s

Kmmbg

KiliMaMBoGo area

KenYa


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S E C T I O N 3 . G E N E R A L C O N S I D E R A T I O N S F O R E X P E R I M E N T A L D E S I G N & S T U D Y F I E L D S E L E C T I O N

14

ienie wee fame ae gwing pllina-epenen cp une a ange f cniin a

len emelve making cmpain. suc ie can be ue implemen a pcl eec

an ae pllinain eci wi e gal a fame can be invlve in e uy, an e eul

can be ueful aie e awaene abu e ignicance f pllina in faming cmmuniie an

al pme e ue f pllina-fienly pacice. tu e pcl a be aigfwa an

ae pllinain in a way a i ealiic fame. t i en, e ue f epenen vaiable

uc a e numbe f pllen gain pe igma f elf-cmpaible pecie e numbe f pllen

ube pe yle f elf-incmpaible ne wa n cniee. rae yiel, wee e agnmic

yiel e ecnmic yiel, i e pimay fcu a, a inicae abve, e wle plan i e

malle expeimenal uni pible avi e cnfuning effec f plan epne an euce

allcain. hweve, uc an expeimenal uni a i awback an i peven e ue f an

pllinain a a way acieve maximum pllinain becaue i i pacically impible an

pllinae all e we f a plan. te pllinain eamen ae eci will eefe ave

be ne iniecly by manipulaing e pllina fauna. te ue f ceen cage enclue in

geneal i a cmmn way eaily cnl e numbe f pllina n ne eveal plan a nce

wi eveal eplicae pible pe eamen (e.g. seffan-dewene 2003). te ue f enclue,

weve, wa n cniee ee eie becaue f ei c an e fac a ey mify e

micclimaic cniin, uc a umiiy, ai w an la aiain, an eefe pyneiwic can lea e eucin f aimilae availabiliy an lwe ee e (Buwmeee an smig

Figue 3.2

HYPOTHETICAL PLACEMENT OF STUDY FIELDS WITH A COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN USING TWODISTANCES TO NATURAL HABITAT AS TREATMENT

Study fields should be located in environments thatare as similar as possible (similar topography, soil,slope, exposure) and managed in a uniform way withsame seed source or genetic material and the samecropping system; thus the only difference will be theindependent variable: distance from natural habitat.

LAND USE CLASSES

Agriculture

Forest

open/Buil up

suy fiel nea naual abia

suy el fa fm naual abia


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15


1995). i , y m u bv

by m fgg (.g. y b w v

m w u gu, w y v k ; B

px 1991). F , g b u

. i f yg g w m w

v f fgg f , w my mmy x v 1

2 km u, ug y w y b ufm v g. F ,

vu uy u wy b fm by qu

2 km f b g mxmum m fgg f mg

u (2 3 km f b u y b bumb b Bum

sm 1991; sff-dw tk 2000; ob et al. 2008). i f y

b, mxmum fgg g fm 1.2 km f m b (B et al. 2008) u 6

km f g b u Xylocopa flavorufa(pqu et al. 2008).

F mz g w m w b m bw uy , u

b vm m b (m gy, , ,

xu), mg ufm wy (m u m g m, m

g ym) w x f f bg mu bw , u

u f mm fu u b(Fgu 3.2). if w f bg mu, f g qu (Fgu 3.3).

Fgu 3.3

HYPOTHETICAL PLACEMENT OF STUDY FIELDS IN A FACTORIAL DESIGN WITH TWO LEVELS OF TWO TREATMENTS

To draw management conclusions from the proposedexperiment, the use of a factorial design is recommended,that is fields close and far from natural habitatscombined with fields with and without pollinatorintroduction. Thus there should be 5 fields for eachtreatment combination (which gives a total of 20fields). A hypothetical design for this experiment isshown here, as a modification of Figure 3.2. As before,

all other conditions (topography, soil, slope, exposureand management) should be as similar as possible.

Agriculture

Forest

o/Bu u

LAND USE CLASSES

Study fields u b

Study fields with hives, u b

Study fieldsf fm u b

Study fields with hives,f fm u b


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16

F g (> 450 m g), m b m g g bw

ff w f b f ,

g , u y (a et al. 1996; Fgu 3.4). i ufmy

w w b y m b m (ufm gy,

, , xu) mgm (m u m g m, m

g ym). i , b m ff m

mgm bw ff w b bk f

y.

N

atachaChacoff

Fgu 3.4

POLLINATOR FRONTS

If fields are long, that is, more than 450 m in length, comparisons can be made along a gradient betweendifferent areas within the field if it is possible to locate a pollinator front either hives, or a naturalarea on one side. It is the uniformity within a field that will be especially important in both theenvironment (uniform topography, soil, slope, exposure) and management (same seed source or samegenetic material, same cropping system).

Remnants of semi-natural habitat along one edge of intensive grapefruit (Mach) plantation in the Northwest of Argentina.


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W b fu mm f m

m (gy, , , xu), mg ufm wy (m

u m g m; m g ym), b u g

w w w u b m b w ff bw

w. W , w wy b w w

w b y m (Fgu 3.5). W u

g, umb f w b qu f f mm f . s,

w w b 2 km fm .

Fgu 3.5

LOCATING PAIRED PLOTS IN A LANDSCAPE

Demonstration of a paired design (when it is not possible to find the full complement of fields locatedin similar environments). The two fields within a pair should be as similar as possible while differencesbetween pairs are allowed. Within a pair, one field will serve as control (in this case, without hives) whilethe other field will be treated so as to have potentially improved pollination.

WITH HIVES WITHOUT HIVES

2Km

pair 1. Higher elevations, western exposures, thin soils

2 Km

WITH HIVES WITHOUT HIVES

2Km

pair 2. Valley bottoms, rich soils

2 Km


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W u, f xm f uub u umk, Cucurbita., gw u u my u w, uy w b m

f f , ug f f

(Fgu 3.6). t f u uy w k u

qum u b, y m f bg ufm m

bg my mg m w b m ff bw

f w b m. F xm, uy my f f

uub u u f wy fm b / f u

b, w uy w f uub u u w b

by / f u b.

Fgu 3.6

HOME GARDENS AS STUDY FIELDS

When there is no field as such, for example when cucurbits such as pumpkins (Cucurbitaspp., probably

Cucurbita moschata(Duch.)) are grown around houses, a study field can be composed of a set of oneor several patches, each patch including one or several plants of the focal crop. The identification ofthese sites will still need to be set in a uniform environment and being similarly managed so that thepollinator treatment will be the main difference between the set of patches that will be compared.

Home gardens with cucurbits in Chitwan, Nepal. Home gardens with cucurbits in Kakamega, Kenya.


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SECTION 4TREATMENTS TO VARYTHE LEVEL OFPOLLINATION SERVICE

im u fm m , f

ff. h wu b bu m fu f mu,

by g f u f . hw, f m y

mb uk w . i m, my b . a fw f m

y m, b w g f u mb

mu m f xm u. F , ,

mm m xm bw. t yg

mg m y m . t m :

4.A POLLINATOR (BEE) SUPPLEMENTATION

M by b, y y b (K et al. 2007; r et al. 2009).

eu b, u y b w W y b (Apis melliferal.) e y

b (Apis ceranaF.) w bumb b u Bombus terrestris, and solitary gregarious

u fu b (Megachile rotundata) m b (Osmia .) b

m b m u f (d My 2000).

i f b um fu by ug ,

f (Fgu 4.1). Use of non native species should be strongly discouraged

y u g m fu , , w

ym (hg MQu 1999, Gu 2003, K Kwk 2004; Fgu 4.2).


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20

S E C T I O N 4 . T R E A T M E N T S T O V A R Y T H E L E V E L O F P O L L I N A T I O N S E R V I C E

Fgu 4.1

POLLINATOR SUPPLEMENTATION

Supplemention of the local pollinator fauna (as an experimental treatment) can be carried outby introducing colonies, nests or cocoons of pollinating species. Apiaries, or melioponaries, can beestablished close to study fields. Use of non native species should be strongly discouraged as they couldhave severe negative impacts on the local pollinator fauna.

An apiary in Kenya, on the grounds of an export green bean production company (left) and a meliponary in Brazil, on the farm of an

Aai farmer (right).

Fgu 4.2

RISKS OF INTRODUCTION OF FOREIGN POLLINATORS

Bmbu nest box.

The introduction of foreign pollinator species hasled to severe problems in nearly all the countrieswhere it has been tried, whether it be the spreadof pathogens from the imported stock to the wildcolonies of the same or other species with Nosemaceranaefrom honey bees to local bumble bees inArgentina (Plischuk et al. 2009), the enhanced

spread of weeds pollinated by the introducedspecies (as with Lupinus arboreus by Bombusterrestrisin Tasmania ; Stout et al. 2002) or theescape of the imported species and its replacementof the local species with ecological consequencesthat still remain to be assessed as with coloniesof Bombus terrestris in Japan (Matsumura et al.2004, Inoue et al. 2008).


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p :

>ab g f f .

>ab g f u (.g. gu, ).

>Bu w y kw bu ff f .


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pKwg

Fgu 4.3

LANDSCAPE CONTEXT

Sacred grove in southwestern Ghana; these many groves in agricultural landscapes provide patches of natural habitat.

4.B LANDSCAPE CONTEXT

p bu y y w x, u wy w b

u gy g u b w g f

u b (B et al. 2006; cff a 2006, rk et al. 2008; Fgu 4.3).

tu f f f u b uf u

by u b w 2 km u u uy b u ffg

f , y u ugg gu f

f m ff g (K et al. 2003; h 2008). t

b u f umg w u b my Annona squamosal.

xA. cherimolaM. (B cugm 2005) hawkmoth y Carica papayal.

(M J 2009) (Fgu 4.4).

Wild bee populations are generally greater close to natural habitat and in areas with a high cover of naturalhabitat. Thus the distance of the study field to an area of natural habitats or the relative surface occupiedby natural habitats within a 2 km radius around the study field can be used to create differing pollinatingfauna density and diversity, thereby probably leading to differing levels of pollination service.


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Fgu 4.4

UNMANAGED POLLINATORS

Two sphingid moth pollinators (first and second row) and one butterfly pollinator (bottom row) ofMangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomez), an important native fruit crop in central and northern Brazil,and associated plants. The pollinators of this crop are highly diverse - including butterflies, beesand moths - and often require different host or food plants at different stages. Thus, the pollinatorscannot be managed directly, but can be encouraged by preserving remnants of natural vegetation inagricultural landscapes.

Source: o, sw et al. 2006

Agrius Cingulatus

Isognath

llg:C

lemensSchlindwein

mangaba flower Heliconius Nymphalidae, visiting amangaba flower

mangaba fruit


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p :

>r f bu y.

>tk u fu f b y ufu w

g ukw.

>Ufu f f w y my by umg :

.g. f m Elaeis guineensisJq. my u ,Annona squamosal. x a.

cherimolaM. by b; , Theobroma cacaol., by cg

mg; y, Carica papayal., by m.

>c w fmg y m (Fgu 4.5).

450 m g) w g u g j f ub, g f fm g f .

r g f u b xm (.. f mum bw) uy .

5 > 450 m g g f yfm f fm g w u b


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S

wissFederalOfficeforAgriculture

Fgu 4.5

USING LEGISLATED CONSERVATION PRACTICES AS A BASIS FOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The landscape context for identifying pollination deficit is consistent with farming practices policyin a number of countries that require some portion of farmland to be set aside in the serviceof biodiversity. For example, agricultural policy in Switzerland since 1998 encourages farmers toadopt environmentally friendly methods. Farmers receive financial support only if they meet certainrequirements. A key element of proof of ecological performance requires farmers participating insupport schemes for multifunctional agriculture to set aside a minimum of 7 percent of land area asecological compensation areas (ECA). Studies have shown that establishing ECA is an effective methodof enhancing both pollinator species richness and abundance and pollination services to nearbyintensely managed farmland (Albrecht et al. 2007).

In Brazil such set asides are mandatory. Called Reserva Legal (legal reserves), a portion of eachproperty or settlement must have an area established for the conservation and rehabilitation of theecological processes and biodiversity, protection of the native fauna and flora, and sustainable use ofnatural resources (such as rubber extraction or Brazil nut harvesting in the Amazon forest). Thus, theReserva Legal must be a natural area with indigenous species, managed in a sustainable way. The size ofthe RL varies according to the biome in which it is found:

1) 80 percent of the rural propriety when it is in the forested area of the Legal Amazon biome;2) 35 percent of the rural propriety when it is in the Cerrado area of the Legal Amazon biome;3) 20 percent of the rural propriety when it is in the area of forests or other native vegetation formations

in the other regions of Brazil;4) 20 percent of the rural propriety when it is in the area of native prairies in any region of the country.


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27


t u w m w m b a

B b. hw, y m mmb mmum bw

u w g xm g mb

bu fu ff f b . F xm, f mg

u g g f , g , w u b g

j g, w b b w u w

u b u (Fgu 4.7). a, f w w

mgm u fm xm, u f f g

mm, f fm u b u b mb w

w wu u w 5 f m mb

(w g f 20 ; Fgu 3.3). i my b y , , u

g umb f by qu f 2 km mmum

y m m (gy, , , xu) mg

ufm wy (m u m g m; m g ym). i

, u qu f , f 4 ( f

m mb) 4 w qu u b m b w

ff bw qu f w ( qu w b bk

f y).

Fgu 4.7

COMBINING TREATMENTS TO CREATE A POLLINATOR FRONT

In this cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp.) field in the Ceara stateof Brazil, it is proposed to use thecombined treatment of landscapecontext and introduction of hives.In this case, hives should be placed

along the pollinator front providedby natural vegetation, in the faredge of the field. Placing hivesalong another side (for example,where people are standing) wouldconfound rather than combine theeffects of the treatments.


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IMPLEMENTATION MODALITIES AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE RECORDING (REFER TO FIGURE 3.3)

DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTATION ACTION NUMBERS REQUIRED

l guu > 1 km fm f u b wu um bymg j f ub ( 200 m) u mg g f u b.

r f m-u b kg f u (umb f f b u f uy ) f uy .

5 uy f k( f 10 )

s 10 guu > 1 kmfm f u b 10 by (200 m) u b m by u

b. sum f f f w mg g g u b.

r f u b kg f u (umb f f b u f uy ) f uy .

Factorial design

(5 uy f mbf m => 20 uy )

l 5 g (> 450 m g) w g u g j f ub, g f fm gf . sum wmg g u b.

r kg f u (umb f f b u f uy ) . i , xm (.. f mum bw) uy , f.

5 > 450 m g


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section 5LAYOUT OF

EXPERIMENTAL SITES

o m b uy v b

gm w fm, xm w b b f

(f bk Fgu 3.1 f mgy f uy , xm , g

, .). i g w g f f, v w

b b . F g ug w bu

, xm w v m f 50 m x 25 m g g w

v f fwg b g (Fgu 5.1 5.2). F

w, b y xm g w mk f (Fgu 5.1). F g ug b-w,

yu f Fgu 5.1 b u w g x f g w g

x f .

F > 450 m g f w g b g f y,

xm u b u g f x fm

g w f w 150 m m (.g. 25, 175 325 m fm g).

F g ug w f w f

bm f u xm f xm f g

g mu w w b u xm .

o , f vy g , xm u b fwy bw

gm f g vg u umg

g f bw g f .

F , g w z f xm

50 m x 25 m my b f m m bu g . By ug

vu u, f w , b y u

xm w m bm f f ( x g).


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S E C T I O N 5 . L A Y O U T O F E X P E R I M E N T A L S I T E S

Fy, w uy f f f f f

u f uub gw m g ( Fgu 3.7) xm

w f ub f , u umb f bg ju

b f qu umb f mg u

x .

a m, y m mgm f xm u (

) b m b (x f m). t m

y w m y m m m, mg

ufm f m f u (f, wg, , ).

FiGUre 5.2

LAYOUT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SITE IN RELATIONTO THE SIZE OF THE STUDY FIELD

FiGUre 5.1

LOCATION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SITE FOR DATACOLLECTION IN A STANDARD FIELD PLANTED WITH ROWS

OVERALLSIZE

OF FIELD4 5 M e t e r s M i n i M U M

70

Meters

MiniMU

M

STUDY FIELD

IN THE CENTERFOR SMALL FIELDS

ADJUSTED HALFWAYBETWEEN CENTER

AND BORDERFOR LARGE FIELDS

1 0 M e t e r sM i n i M U M

2 5 M e t e r s

50

Meters

EXPERIMENTAL SITE


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section 6POLLINATORDEPENDENT VARIABLESAND DATA COLLECTION

i s 4, k f u b uy (my

kg f u, f u b, /

f u b 1 km u u uy ), f

m. t w u f b u .

F uy , w b fm m m

w g ym u b b jufy ub f uy y b m mg m: , y

, mm uug (g bg ), f ,

g , g m (y, u f ), g y, g (f

u f-mb ), f m w bm

f w m f wg, m mgm (g,

), g ( g ax 1).

e w ug w m b um

x, gu w m y

f m xy bu y. F , w

b gu b m f m

bu ( y) y ( b g) f

f ugu m bmg . t f

m f u uu w b b b mu

ff f m.


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S E C T I O N 6 . P O L L I N A T O R D E P E N D E N T V A R I A B L E S A N D D A T A C O L L E C T I O N

DEPENDENT VARIABLES NUMBERS REQUIRED

poino dniy (oino/o uni) poino (uuy b) /100 o 500 ow o owinguni dnding uon h fo o (ow iz) nd hdniy of on ow (n ming)

poino diviy (i ihn o bod goi) poino h ong xd n on h ow of h foo (wih in n)

Agronomic yield poduion uni (xd kg of ouu nd numbof odu uni fui nd/o d m 2, o h)

Quiy of oduion any hii of h odu h my ff i ind mkbiiy (,g, vg wigh o iz fo fui uh (Malus x domesticaBokh) o d uh hw nu(Anacardium ocidentalel.); gd fo wby; oi onnnd oi quiy fo d fom oid o; gminion fo ning d)

Economic yield exd in o uny; oduion uni muiid by h i id o h odu uni oduion

6.A DATA COLLECTION FOR MEASURING POLLINATOR DENSITY

th mumn houd b odd in h ximn i ony und good wh

ondiion fo foging b: mu

15c, ow wind, no in, nd dy vgion (Whet al. 2008). roding houd b md fom h on of h min booming iod, h i whn

10% of h n hv d o boom wih ow nhi (h i wih on oo).

poino dniy wi b mud by n ming xd numb of on o uni in

h of h 4 o od in h ximn i (Figu 6.1 nd 6.2 - ymbo fo n

ming) nd h d wi b odd in oi d h on 4 d duing h

min owing iod (annx 2, 3, 4 nd 5). Fo ohd, o wi oni of 2

(annx 3), nd whn oniz viy i n, o wi oni of 2 of h

y (annx 4). Whn h i no o, h quid numb of ow wi b uvyd ov h

who ximn i - h i, on h d h of n (annx 5).

th oding wi b don by n ming h i no duion hd o h

obvion bu h n in wi b odd o no dnding on whh i i n

h im givn ow i n. sn ming w d bu i ovid h mo

ib wy o oino dniy on ow (lvin et al. 1968). thi ming wi b

don by wking owy ong h, in bwn ow whn ow n, nd oding

h numb of oino n whn ooking individu o uni on by on in qun

(Figu 6.4). th m o uni i ud h o mn n individu ow whnv i.


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W u w m g g b b m,

u w b k w f w g u

uw (Helianthus annuusl.) bukw (Fagopyrum esculentumM)

u w u mg (tb 6.1). t umb f u

w b f xm. hw, u b ju b

y f u k m 15 mu u

b ju k u f u

g my u u. F xm, f g fu w u f

(Gossypium hirsutuml.), fu (Passiflora edulissm) umk (Cucurbita maxima

Fgu 6.1

SAMPLING LAYOUT TO MEASURE POLLINATOR ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY

Sampling should be carried out under goodweather conditions for pollinator foraging:

Sunny if possible, low wind, vegetation dry,and daily maximum temperature > 15C.

[covariable recordings in brackets]

s mg mu y (p n. w

100 500 w g )

n u mu y (subu n.jof

g f x 25-m g ubu

f u 2-m w f 5 mu)

[p umb f w

m [1 m f w (u, b, wby)

0.5 m2 (bukw, mu, )]

50m

25 m

distance FroM FieldoF eXperiMental site

45 m

4

5

6

5 m

35 m

15 m

5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m

1

2

3

4

3

2

1

FOCALcrop in roWs

j

i


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34


du.), f 100 w uuy b m (ax 5). i

f g u f mg uw, f w

f fw w g y k bm u F b

(Phaseolus vulgarisl.), wby (Fragaria ananassadu x r) (ax 3). F

w m m bu w u u (Cucumis melol.) w

m u f bukw (Fagopyrum esculentumM.) 200 250

u uuy (ax 2 4). Fy f w m w u

f m B k (Brassica napusl.) mu (Brassica campestrisl.),

umb f u u b 400 500 my

u. p y w b f x umb f u

x g f w k u f wg

b b w mgm mm ubquy by kg y

w b w u u.

Fgu 6.2

LAYOUT OF SAMPLING AREAS TO MEASURE POLLINATOR DENSITY AND DIVERSITY IN SMALL FIELD WITHA BROADCAST-SOWN CROP (E.G. MUSTARD/RAPE OR BUCKWHEAT)

s mg mu y (p n. w 100

500 w g ; f , mu

w y b bf bgg f )

n u mu y. (subu n. jof a

g f x 25-m g ubu f

u 2-m w f 5 m (ubu 1 5

m w 15 m mmum bw uyg; m

f ubu 3 6)

[p umb f w m

f 0.5 m2]

Sampling should be carried out under goodweather conditions for pollinator foraging: Sunnyif possible, low wind, vegetation dry, and dailymaximum temperature > 15C


j

Broadcast-soWnCROPS

Middle oFthe Field

2

1&5

3&6

4

4

3

2

1

i


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Fgu 6.3

SAMPLING LAYOUT TO MEASURE POLLINATOR ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY IN AN ORCHARD WITHOUTPOLLENIZER TREES

i m, mg w b by b w w u,

, w w w x w my b mw

(Fgu 6.4). F , g g, u f bu mg b

ufu b b fy b g f fg f . i

b b ug fm b g y

u w mg g g f y. t ,

m b u g uy f g f g ,

g g w g g u. W b

b g g, y u bw w ff

m u y ff u b. o u w b u

umb f b u w u w b u umb

f u. if b, b m b by ug

u y ff gu w f u

s mg mu y (p n. w

100 500 w g )

n u mu y. (subu n.j

f g f x f j

f u f 5 mu )

Sampling should be carried out under goodweather conditions for pollinator foraging: Sunny

if possible, low wind, vegetation dry, and dailymaximum temperature > 15C

j

3

3

2

2

1 61

4

5

t

r

e

e

s

i

n

r

o

W

s

4i


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36


Fgu 6.4

METHODOLOGY FOR RECORDING POLLINATOR DENSITY

Pollinator abundance should be measured by scan sampling: walkingslowly along a set path, in between rows when rows are present, andrecording the numbers of pollinators seen when looking at individualfloral units one by one in sequence. The recorder scans the flowersthat are well exposed as well as those that may be somewhat hiddenwhile holding two hand counters, one in each hand. One hand counterwill be used to record the number of observed floral units while theother counter will be used to record the number of pollinators seenin these floral units.

f f (.g. ax 5: f g y n qu

w ff um y W y b, e y b, bumb

b, w b, w y b u g

o um bu y kw b f w ff). t mum

u b k mg y fwg g u mg f w fu

x m y (.g. 1 000 , 1 200 , 1 400 1 600 m f w). t

x m w u g f f f f w

w . F qu (Cucurbita pepol.) umk (Cucurbita maxima

du.) w w by mm , uuy b g by w

g y (ax 5), w f w y w

y w y , u u mg w, g b

fu ug y (ax 2 3). a w uuy y y

g b y w ug y (ax 4). i , m

m u b u mb u mg u.


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tb 6.1

CHOICES OF FLORAL UNIT FOR MEASURING POLLINATOR DENSITY

The term floral unit is used here to mean an individual flower whenever practical. Whenever individual flowersare too small or too tight together to be observed one at a time, the floral unit will be an inflorescence likea flower head for crops with a tight inflorescence such as sunflowers (Helianthus annuusL.) or buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentumMoensch) or even a loose panicle such as cashew nut trees or mango trees. Examplesof appropriate choices for the floral unit by crop are given in the table below

CROP APPROPRIATE FLORAL UNIT

a, M, squ

suw

cw, MgMu

u w

mu w

B

M.

F

B.

v

B.

v

B.

v


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e uy w b m y g y, bu m f g

f y w g mg ff f g

y uy y m ug

bmg . F , bw w u g w

y g u wg gy f . F m w

wg y y 10 15 y u , f xm, b u

u b y 3 4 y, w f m u mu, b

u b wky b w wg . t ug

fquy u b ju b w b u y b m

w qu f b fgg (mxmum y mu 15c, w

w , y).

6.B DATA COLLECTION FOR MEASURING POLLINATOR DIVERSITY

t g w b m w g f g f y

mu b y u b u xm y u

g w f fgg - , mu 15c, w w, ,

y g (Fgu 6.5). Bu y b b y bu

bu w b w y,Apisb b ug ug u y mk u , , Apisb, bu y w

b . sm xm f

ax 6 7 f bu w ax 8 f .

Fgu 6.5

COLLECTING POLLINATORS WITH A SWEEP NET

To assess pollinator diversity in herbaceous crops,

insects visitors that are suspected to be effectivepollinators (most commonly bees Apiformes and syrphid flies that are also called drone flies Syrphidae) will be caught with insect nets alongsix 25 m long and 2 m wide transects over 5minutes each, for a total of 30 minutes per studyfield (Figures 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4; see symbols fornet captures).


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39


t y bu , u b

ff (m mmy b afm y

sy) w b ug w g x 25 m g 2 m w

5 mu , f f 30 mu uy (Fgu 6.1 6.2 -

ymb f u). i , u b ff

, w b ug w x f f j (Fgu 6.3).

ag, mu f uyg w b , f f 30 mu uy

, uyg w b by wkg wy u . dg

g f , u f m mg b ufu

b b m fg f .

t w b k w kg j ug um y / y

( fm k y quky bu gu u w k m

m, bu g f mkg b u gu gu

g m fy b; b u

y kg j w fw f y u j

g f b m). af u, m w b mu

g fwg , f b, fg f 24-28 u g f

ff ubquy mu. Mug w b fwg uumg u m w g w , x

f , f m m f fw:

22 Fbuy 2010

K Km

Uk, india

w f Brassica campestris

rb s. raWal

if mm mug b, m w b by uy f

u m j g w g fm b w f

m f . a u j w b f -20c

70 u y b mu quy. F g u b f

f b m 70 u y m

mu m wy y b y (f fu ,

://www.yuub.m/wg pdF um ://b2.m.

u/b/bmu.f).


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40


once muned, specmens wll hen be dened he speces level f pssble r else

les he sme xnmc level s used recrd he densy f nsec pllnrs (annexes

2, 3, 4 nd 5). Becuse xnmc experse n bees s n redly vlble n ms plces,

my be necessry send he specmens vrus expers. the precse d n he dversy f

nn-Apispllnrs wll herefre usully n be redly vlble fer specmens re cugh

nd nl nlyses my hve be dne n he cegres lsed n he d shee rher

hn n speces dversy. i s newrhy h furher sep s nw vlble s key he

bee fmles f he wrld s vlble n he nerne (hp://www.yrku.c/bugsrus/BFW/

imges/inrducn/inrducn.hml). ths resurce shuld be used s much s pssble

beer ssess bee dversy n he wld bee cegry. all specmens shuld be prperly muned,

cured nd sred sfely mke reference cllecn (Fgure 6.6).

Fgure 6.6

INSECT COLLECTING AND LABELING

With respect to the sampling of pollinator diversity, it is important to maintain a properly curated and

mounted collection of insect specimens. Mounting will be done on pins following usual entomological

procedures and each specimen will receive a tag with the collection date, exact location of collection,

focal crop name and name of collector.


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41


6.C DATA COLLECTION FOR COVARIABLES

cvb vb uuy vb, bu w

my bu x vu f vb

y f u. By g fm vb, vg my

g m u f v ky f v

wy y bw. t g w u m vb

f xm, u w y my b qu m umg ,

bu, g w fg y , w v m m f

f m f v vg y w v

v.

if m m, g f w y b m m

g f y vy vb b

v u f g uy . t mum uuy

b f w w w y b gu fm

bu w w w. Fwg u vuy s 6.a

wg u wv f w . Fm

y , wg u b u f uv w

w f g . Wg f b by g f

( uub gu a u y Cichorium intybusl. u

Lactuca satival. g f ( m Prunus dulcis(M.) d. a. Wbb),

Malus domesticaBk., kwfuActinidia deliciosa(a. cv.) c. F. lg & a. r. Fgu,

Brassica napusv. napusl., wby Fragaria ananassadu x rz) ug

m gm m v f (.g. wby,

bv). W w u b u u. i wy

m , m by a u uw Helianthus annuus l., wg

POSSIBLE COVARIABLES DETAILS

Fw y gy: umb f u (w ) u f uy gv (ax 9 10)

pv m f quy f w b , g w z f y, m m, mu f u ( )vb uy , zf u fgg

ag f ( m f uk gv g) am f u

W (u fg y ax 2, 3, 4 5)

im fgg vy f


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f he sc es s n sghfw see n ne usuy cnses h he nhess f

he s ve when he y es hve he sgm expse (asecee e pnus).

F hebceus cps pne n ws n whee ws e we ene hughu he sesn,

he numbe f uns nhess s ece n ps h cve se engh f w. ths

engh ves wh he pnng ensy n he buny f he cp, bu s bes se s

h pek bm he numbes f uns pe p cn be ece whn 15 mn ms

by ne bseve. ths usuy muns 1 m f w f cps such s swbees Fragaria

ananassaduchesne ex rze n cnupes Cucumis melol., whe ps f 3 5 m f w cn

usuy ey be exmne n cps ke cn Gossypium hirsutuml. n sunwe Helianthus

annuusl. h hve w buny ge nescences. When he ws e n nge

enbe he weng sge, s bes ec he numbe f uns nhess n

he xe e f sque ccu fme. Jus s f he engh f w, he sze f hs e w

epen upn he pn ensy n he cp - f sqush, fme f 1 even 2 m2is usually

necessy v hvng mny nu vues. F cps wh mny sme wes such s

buckwhe Fgpyum escuenum Mench pe Brassica napusv. npus l., fme f 0.5 m2

s usuy ge enugh.

och ees e e chenge ssess he mss n hee s n esy wy sve

. Bu f hese cps, s n wys necessy hve bsue numbes f uns peun e, n fen eve ssessmen f he weng sge s wh s ey mpn. the

ecng ps e usuy me f snge w ees ( pucn ee n penze ee

f sef-ncmpbe speces). if bnches e esy ccessbe, he weng my be fwe

ve ne mn bnch w n ech ee n he p. if hs s n pssbe, hen phgph

ken xe sp cn be ken n he ccsn f ech ecng f pn ensy

ssess he weng n ugh eve ems.

the yu f he ps e f qu cn mesue he we ensy s pesene n

Fgues 6.1 n 6.2. as n exmpe f shees ec he we ensy f n hebceus cp

n he weng phengy f n ch cp e pve n annexes 9 n 10, especvey.


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43


SECTION 7PRODUCTIONDEPENDENT VARIABLESAND SAMPLING UNITS

My b b u m f uu. t

u b (.g. umb f g

gm, umb f ub y, f f u),

f fu (.g. fu ), gm y x wg

umb f u u , m y x g u u

uy.

7.A. AGRONOMIC YIELD

Y b uuy b u g g m f wg my f

ug wg f w u uu

by fu ff f m. a y wy y

. i u, w m wg my qu g

f mkb u w u (.g. gb u g

b Phaseolus vulgaris . vulgaris l., gg Solanum melongena l., cum

uum . uum l.), m Lycopersicon esculentum . esculentumM. u

Cucurbita pepol., m fu u mg Mangifera indical. wby Fragaria

ananassa du x r). a, f , u b mu

w fug ff f bg ff .

n, bu m gg mgfu f fm,

mg y b w b y .

a uy (S 2), m f m w

g wg g w u. i , fu b

u-m, by u b by g ub f


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44

S E C T I O N 7 . P R O D U C T I O N D E P E N D E N T V A R I A B L E S A N D S A M P L I N G U N I T S

w my u g fu m fm w, bu g

u b (Kg et al. 2005). a qu f w m

mechanisms, it is essential when considering agricultural output that the whole plant be

used as the smallest sampling unit rather than individual flowers or a sample of flowers

regardless how large. tf, y mum b w

m mg u, y w b u b f m f

u , f w . F , xm

bw. t yg b mg u f f

uy mu gm y quy f uu, y qum

bg m mg u b u uy mu b.

7.A.1 Individual plants

Pros and cons

>nu y u fm fm (y f ).

>Bg u, g g m.

>ab mx g ym.

>p by (ub w g w ).


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45


7.A.3 Whole study field

Pros and cons

>d f b b y fm fm.

>d mum f mm y w uy .

>Mgfu f fm ub.


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46


Fgu 7.1

LAYOUT OF YIELD PLOTS IN FIELD PLANTED WITH ROW CROP

Sampling should be carried out under goodweather conditions for pollinator foraging: Sunnyif possible, low wind, vegetation dry, and dailymaximum temperature > 15C


Y (g f 1 5 m f w, 5 10 j )

location oF previoUs saMples, FroM FiGUre 6.1:

s mg mu y (p n. w 100

500 w g )

n u mu y (subu n.j of a

g f x 25-m g ubu f u 2-m w f 5 mu)

[p m]

50

m

25 m

distance FroM FieldoF eXperiMental site

45 m

4

5

6

5 m

35 m

15 m

5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m

1

2

3

4

3

2

1

FOCALcrop in roWs

j

i

Fgu 7.2

LAYOUT OF YIELD PLOTS IN SMALL FIELD WITH A BROADCAST-SOWN CROP (E.G. MUSTARD/RAPE OR BUCKWHEAT)

[optional recordings in brackets]

Y (1 m2, 5 10 j )

2 m fm g f mu b

location oF previoUs saMples, FroM FiGUre 6.2:

s mg mu y

n u mu y

[p m}

i

j

Broadcast-soWnCROPS

Middle oFthe Field

2

1&5

3&6

4

4

3

2

1


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47


exm f quy b :

| F fu gb : g (.g. m, f, , wg;

Fgu 1.4, 1.8, 7.4 7.5), umb f (.g. ; uub), quy f

um (w, ; .g. w m hg et al. 2010).

| F u : g (.g. m, f, wg).

| F : , , quy m f (Bb et al. 1967).

| F f g: gm , quy m f uy (K

ekw 1990).

7.B ECONOMIC YIELDif u u u kw, my b b

y f g u (, ) m m, x

uy .

Pros and cons

>Mgfu b f fm um.

>Mgfu f gm y mk.

>My fm um.>My u -mk u, .g. u u.


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48


Fgu 7.3

LAYOUT OF YIELD PLOTS IN AN ORCHARD WITHOUT POLLENIZER TREES

K

Kwkaglgy,Gg,

Gmy

Fgu 7.4

IMPACT OF POLLINATION LEVEL ON STRAWBERRY QUALITY

Strawberries after open insect-pollination (left), passive self-pollination (center), and passiveself-pollination plus 75 percent of the incident airborne pollen flow (right). Pollination can have a strongimpact on agronomic yields and produce quality.

Y (2 j f u y),

1 w wy fm g f

mu b

location oF previoUs saMples, FroM FiGUre 8:

s mg mu y (p n. w

100 500 w g )

n u mu y:

subu n. j f g f x

25-m g ubu f u 2-m w

f 5 m

i

3

4

3 3

2

22

1 61

4 4

5

1

t

r

e

e

s

in

r

o

W

s

k

j


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49


B

ernard

Vaissire

Fgu 7.5

IMPACT OF POLLINATION ON MARKET VALUE

Because adequate pollination has a direct and positive effect on fruit size, symmetry and overallappearance, it is especially important for small farmers who sell their produce at a road stand as herenearby Nairobi in Kenya.


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50

section 8STATISTICAL ANALYSES

W my m g w f w w (.g. Fgu 3.2),

wu u w f u 0 w w u

ug x kg w f u 1. t u f

b f w gu w b y ug uu -wy anova

u. W bk f u, m m b u ug

anova u. W f g u f mb f w m (.g.

Fgu 3.3), w-wy anova u b u b b ff f

bw w f.t w bby b w f u b

f u b 2 km u u uy u

uu w bby y fm g g g y

my b m y u f m.

F g w g f fm f, anova w

g m u b u g umb f fm

f.

i , w b f k bw fg y

y y b , h et al. (2008). t

w b y m wg mgm u fm u

u ug .


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section 9GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

t w f u by u GeF/Unep/Fao j

c Mgm f p f sub aguu ug

eym a: B, G, i, Ky, n, pk, su af. i by

m m b u. i, b

m g y f u b. i

b u w g f my u bm b

b um u f my m- b

ww b. i f my w ufu w x w u fbk m .

t b w f f wb

://www..g/j/um/um.j;

u fum u f b

://www.f.g/guu//-m/m//g/g-m/.

Fy, u b m u

f fm . a u, u wy mmb , u f

w g, mgm b fuy g fm

mgm ym m u ub wy.


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REFERENCES

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Banda H.J., Paxton R. J.1991. p f gu m by b. a h. 288:194-198.

Barbier E., Berrada A., Straub J.M. 1967. eff bug b u u m g g u (Helianthus annuusl.). e awm 22:1-12.

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Buchmann S.L., Shipman C.W.1991. Fgg w by y b : yug Mm fw. am. B J. 131:771.

Chacoff N.P, Aizen M.A.2006. eg ff w-g gfu bg m ub f. J. a. e. 43:18-27.

Delaplane K.S., Mayer D.F.2000. c by b. caBi pubg, nw Yk, Usa. 332 .

Falque, M. 1994. F m fu g y(Theobroma cacaol.) iu u .t. i. n. py. tuu, F.

Free, J.B. 1993. i f . 2. . am p, l. 684 .

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Gonzalez M.V., Coque M., Herrero M.1998. iu f ym fu fu quy kwfu (Actinidia deliciosa). a. a. B. 132:349-355.


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Goulson D.2003. eff f u b ym. a. r. e. e. sy.34:1-26.

Greenleaf S.S., Kremen C. 2006. W b y b f yb uw.p. n. a. s. Usa 103:13890-13895.

Hingston A.B., McQuillan P.B.1999. dm f tm mg b by y u bumbb Bombus terrestris(lu, 1758) (hym : a)au. J. z. 47:59-65.

Hoehn P., Tscharntke T., Tylianakis J. M., Steffan-Dewenter I.2008. Fu gu yf b y. p. r. s. B. 275:2283-2291.

Hogendoorn K., Bartholomaeus F., Keller M.A. 2010. cm y m fm by b by w. J. e. em. 103:1286-1292.

Inoue M.N., Yokoyama J., Washitani I. 2008. dm f J bumbbby y u Bombus terrestris(l.) (hym: a). J. i c.12:135-146.

Kato M., Kawakita A. 2004. p- nw c u byu y b. am. J. B. 91:1814-1827.

Kaufmann T. 1975. Bgy bu f g cg G.e. em. 4:347-351.

Kevan P.G. 1977. Buby n s nw Buwk: u. c. J. ag. e. 25:61-64.

Kevan P.G, Eisikowitch D.1990. t ff f (Brassica napusl.. o.a.c. t) gm. euy 45:39-41.

Klein A.M., Steffan-Dewenter I., Tscharntke T. 2003. Fu f g ff w y f g b. p. ry. s. l (B) 270:955-961.

Klein A.M., Vaissire B.E., Cane J.H., Steffan-Dewenter I., Cunningham S.A., Kremen C.,Tscharntke T.2007. im f gg f w . p.ry. s. B. 274:303-313.

Knight T.M., Steets J.A., Vamosi J.C., Mazer S.J., Burd M., Campbell D.R., Dudash M.R.,Johnston M.O., Mitchell R.J., Ashman T.L.2005. p m f u: . a. r. e. e. sy. 36:467-497.

Lerin J.1982. eff m u u x g.agm 2:249-256.

Levin M.D., Kuehl R.O., Carr R.V.1968. cm f mg m f mgyb w f uumb. J. e. em. 61:1487-1489.

McGregor, S.E.1976. i f u . ag. hb. 496. U.s. d.ag. U.s. G. p. off., Wg, d.c. 411 .

Martins D.J., Johnson S.D.2009. d quy f u b u wkm f u y. i. J. t. i s. 29:114-123.

Matsumura C., Yokoyama J., Washitani I.2004. i u g mf bumbb, Bombus terrestrisl. (hym: a) u

u hkk, J. Gb e. r. 8:51-66.


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Oliveira R., Schlindwein C., Martins C.F., Zanella, F.2006. pu u mgb.pb, B.

Osborne J.L, Martin A.P., Carreck N.L., Swain J.L., Knight M.E., Goulson D., Hale R.J.,Sanderson R.A. 2008. Bumbb g fg . J.am. e. 77:406-415.

Pasquet R.S, Peltier A., Hufford M.B., Oudin E., Saulnier J., Paul L, Knudsen J.T., HerrenH.R., Gepts P.2008. lg- w m ug u f fgg g ugg g . p. n. a. s. Usa 105:13456-13461.

Plischuk S., Martn-Hernandz R., Prieto L,. Luca M., Botas C., Meana A., AbrahamovichA.H., Lange C, Higes M.2009. su am bumbb (hym: a)f by Nosema ceranae (M), mgg g f yb (Apis

mellifera). e. Mb. r 1:131-135.

Rader R., Howlett B.G., Cunningham S.A., Westcott D.A., Newstrom-Lloyd L.E., Walker M.K.,Teulon D.A.J., Edwards W.2009. a x quy f bu ff yb m wg . J. a. e. 46:1080-1087.

Ricketts T.H., Regetz J., Steffan-Dewenter I., Cunningham S.A., Kremen C., Bogdanski A.,Gemmill-Herren B., Greenleaf S.S., Klein A.M., Mayfield M.M., Morandin L.A., Ochieng A.,Viana B.F.2008. l ff : g ?e. l. 11:499-515.

Roubik D.W.2002. t u f b ff . nu 417:708.

Sabbahi R., De Oliveira D., Marceau J.2006. d yb (hym: a) u bmg f ? J. ag. c s. 192:233-237.

Sanzol J., Herrero M.2001. t ff fu . s. h. 90:1-17.

Steffan-Dewenter I.2003. s f m- m-f (Brassica napus) y. a. 34:227-235.

Steffan-Dewenter I., Tscharntke T.2000. ru b m bwy b w b eu. og 122:288-296.

Stout J.C., Kells A.R., Goulson D. 2002. p f x ub Lupinus arboreus(Fb) by u b tm. B. c. 106:425-434.

Vaissire, B.E., Moffett J.O., Loper G.M.1984. hy b f yb

u tx hg p. ag. J. 76:1005-1010.

Vaissire B., Torre Grossa J.P., Rodet G., Malaboeuf F.1992. l u kw,Actinidiadeliciosa. deliciosa c. (a). abuu Fu 456:16-22

Westphal C., Bommarco R., Carr G., Lamborn L., Morison N., Petanidou T., Potts S.G., RobertsS.P.M., Szentgyrgyi H., Tscheulin T., Vaissire B.E., Woyciechowski M., Biesmeijer J.C.,Kunin W.E., Settele J, Steffan-Dewenter I.2008. Mug b by ffeu b bgg g. eg Mg 78:653-671.

Wilcock C.C., Neiland M.RM.2002. p fu : wy w m. t p s. 7:271-277.


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anneX 1:DATA SHEET TO RECORD MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDY FIELD

POLLINAT

IONDEFICITASSESSMENTSTUD

Y

FIELDCHARACTERISTICS

CO

UNTRY:

SITE:

YEAR:

FIE

LDNUMBER

COMMONNAMEOFFOCALCROP

FIE

LDLOCATION&SURROUNDINGS

(GPSCOORDINATES)

LONGITUDE

LATITUDE

ALTITUDE(M)

TO

POGRAPHICALSITUATION

(HILLTOP,ON

SLOPE,VALLEYBOTTOM,PLATEAU,)

TYPEOFHOLDING

(SMALLFARMERORLARGEFARM)

SOILTYPE

SOILPREPARATION

HEDGESUROUNDINGTHEFIELD

YES/NO

DIS

TANCEOFFIELD

TOCLOSESTPATCHOF

NATURALHABITAT

(M;PATCH

>0.4ha=1ACREINSURFACE)

FO

CALCROP SPECIESSCIENTIFIC

NAME

PRODUCTIONVARIETYVARIETYPOLL

ENIZERIFPRESENT(FRUITTREES)

CU

LTURALPRACTICES

PLA

NTINGDATE

PLANTINGDENSITY(#PLANTSOFTHEFOCALCROP/UNITAREA)

TYPEOFPLANTING

ROWS/BROADCAST/RANDOM*

TYPEOFSTAND

MONOCULTURE

/MIXEDPLANTING*

DISTANCEBETWEENROWS(M)

DISTANCEAMONGPLANTSWITHINROW

S(M)

*CR

OSSITEMT

HATDOESNOTAPPLY

MAINPLA

NTSPECIESIN

THEHEDGE

FIELDSIZE(HAORACRE)&

APPROXIMATEDIMENSIONS

RATIOOFPOLLENIZERTREE/PRODUCTIONTREE

(FORDIOECIOUSCROPS&FRUITTREES)

ORIGINOFSEEDSORSEEDLINGS(GRAFTED?)

sheet

nUMBer____


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58

A N N E X E S

anneX 2:DATA SHEET TO RECORD POLLINATOR DENSITY ON PLOTS OF AN HERBACEAOUS CROP

Dens

ityofinsectpollinatorsinopenp

ollinatedflowers(scansampling)

COUNTRY:BRAZIL

SITE:PET

ROLINA

FOCUSCROP:

CANTALOUPE(Cucumismelo)

YEAR:

NUMBEROFFLOWERVIS

ITORS

RECORDINGCONDITIONS

HONEYBEES

OTHERBEES

Field

nu

mber&

size(ha)

TREATMENT

Date&

observer

Recording

number

Tim

eatstart

Period

Weatherconditions

Plot

number

Number

flower

observed

Apis

mellifera

Bumble

bees

otherwildbees

1

to10

Honeybee

colonynearby

present/

absent*

1,2,3,4

1000

h,1200h,

1400h,1600h

Morningor

Afternoon

Sunny,overcast,wind

level(instantaneous

temperatureif

available)

1or2

or3or4

scansampling:theinsect(s)mustbe

presentatthevery

timewhentheinsideoftheflowe

risfirstseen

*In

dicatethenumberofcoloniesofApismelliferanearbythestudyfield&whetherthesecolonieswerepresentorintroducedatonsetofflowering

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

OTHER

(including

droneflies

Syrphidae)

Remarks

0priorto

colony

introdu

ction(if

applica

ble)

1 2

sheet

nUMBer____


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59


anneX 3:DATA SHEET TO RECORD POLLINATOR DENSITY ON ORCHARD TREES IN PLOTS

LOCATED ALONG A GRADIENT OF DISTANCES TO POLLINATOR FRONT

Dens

ityofinsectpollinatorsinopenpollin

atedflowers(scansampling)

COUNTRY:GHANA

SITE:

FOCUSCROP:

YEAR:

PR

ODUCTIONVARIETY:

NUMBEROFFLOWERVISITORS

HONEY

BEES

Orchard

nu

mber&

size(ha)

Location

TREATMENT

MEANDISTANCEO

F

TREESIN

EXPERIMENTAL

PLOTTO

POLLINATORFRON

T

Date&

observer

Recording

number

Timeatstart

Period

Weather

conditions

Plotnumber

(2adjacent

trees/plot)

Numberof

inflorescenc

ewith

1

openflower

surveyed

Apis

mellifera

Stingles

sbees

o

therwild

bees

(

including

c

arpenter

bees)

OTHER

(including

wasps)

Remarks

1to5

Honeybee

coloniespresent

orbroughtor

not*

m

0

Priortocolony

introduction(if

applicable),1,2,3,

4

0800-1000h,

1000-1200h,

1200-1400h,

or1400-1600h

Morning

or

Afternoon

Sunny,overcast,

w

indlevel,

(intantaneous

tem

peratureif

1or2or3

or4

scansampling:theinsect(s)mustbepresentatthe

verytimewhe

ntheflowerisfirstseen

*In

dicatethenumberofcoloniesofApismelliferanearbythestudyorchard&whetherthesecolonieswerepresentorintrod

ucedatonsetofflowering

1

100

2

100

3

100

4

100

1

100

2

100

3

100

4

100

1

100

2

100

3

100

4

100

1

100

2

100

3

100

4

100

MANGO(Mangiferaindica)

RECORDINGCONDITIONS

OTHER

BEES

FLIES

(Syrphidae

&others)

60

210

360

510

sheet

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A N N E X E S

anneX 4:DATA SHEET TO RECORD POLLINATOR DENSITY ON PLOTS IN AN ORCHARD WITH

POLLENIZER PLANTS

COUNTRY:INDIA

SITE

:

FOCUSCROP:

Y

EAR:

Or

chard

num

ber&

siz

e(ha)

Location

TREATMENT

Date&

observer

Recordin

g

number

Timeat

start

Period

Weatherconditions

Treetype*

Plotnumber

(2adjacent

trees/plot**)

Numberof

openflowers

surveyed

Apis

cerana

Apis

mellifera

Bumble

bees

other

wild

bees

OTHER

Remarks

1

to10

Honeybee

coloniesbrought

orpresentornot*

1,2,3,4

10001230h

or

13301600h

Morningor

Afternoon

Sunny,overcast,wind

level,(intantaneous

temperatureifavailable)

1or2or3or

4

*Ind

icatethenumberofcoloniesofApisceranaand/orApisme

lliferanearbythestudyorchard&whetherthesecoloniesw

erepresentorintroducedatonsetofflowering

scansampling:theinsect(s)mustbepresentattheverytime

whentheflowe

risfirstseenD

RONE

FLIES

(Syrphidae)

Densityofinsectpollinatorsinopenpollinatedflowers(scansampling)

MOHAL,

KULLU

APPLE(Malusxdomestica)

NUMBEROFFLOWER

VISITORS

RECORDINGCONDITIONS

HONEYBEES

OTHERB

EES

production

1

250

pollenizer

1

250

production

2

250

pollenizer

2

250

production

3

250

pollenizer

3

250

production

4

250

pollenizer

4

250

production

1

250

pollenizer

1

250

production

2

250

pollenizer

2

250

production

3

250

pollenizer

3

250

production

4

250

pollenizer

4

250

0priorto

colony

introdu

ction(if

applica

ble)

1

sheet

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anneX 5:DATA SHEET TO RECORD POLLINATOR DENSITY IN THE ABSENCE OF PLOTS

Densityofinsectpollinatorsinopenpollinatedflowers(scansampling)

COUNTRY:NEPAL

SITE:CHITWAN,TERAI

FOCU

SCROP:SQUASH(Cucurbitamoschata)

YEAR:

NUMBEROFFLOWERVISITORS

RECORDINGCONDITIONS

HONEYBEES

OTHERBEES

H

ouse

Pollinator

treatment*

Date&

observer

Recording

number

T

imeatstart

Period

Weatherconditions

Numberof

flowers

observed

Apis

cerana

Apis

mellifera

Bumble

bees

other

wild

bees

Remarks

Housewith

honeybee

colony

presentor

absent*

1,2,3,4

08

001000hor

1

0001200h

Earlymorning

orlatemorning

Sunny,overcast,strong

wind(instantaneous

temperatureifavailable)

(staminateand

pistillateflowers

observed

together)

scansampling:theinsect(s)mustbep

resentatthevery

timewhentheinsideoftheflower

isfirstseen

*In

dicatethenumberofcoloniesofApisceranaand/orApismelliferanearbythestudyorchard&whether

thesecolonieswerepresentorintroducedatonsetofflowering

1

100

2

100

3

100

4

100

100

100

OTHER

(including

droneflies

Syrphidae)

sheet

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A N N E X E S

anneX 6:DATA SHEET TO RECORD POLLINATOR DIVERSITY IN PLOTS OF AN HERBACEOUS CROP

Diversityofnon-Apisinsectpollinatorsinopenpollinatedflowers(sweepnetcaptures)

COUNTRY:INDIA

SITE

:KOSIKATARMAL

FOCUSCR

OP:MUSTARD(Brassicacampestris)

YEAR:

RECORDINGCONDITIONS

TYPE(SPECIES)&NUMBEROFSPECIMENSPERTYPE

BEESOTHERTHANHONEYBEES

Field

nu

mber&

si

ze(ha)

Location

TREATMENT

Date&

observer

Recordi

ng

numbe

r

Timeatstart

Period

Weatherconditions

Transect

n

umber

in

aday

Bumblebees

(Bombusspp.)

otherwildbees

DRO

NEFLIES

(Sy

rphidae)

OTHER

Remarks

Valley,

mid-

mountain,

hillto

Honeybee

coloniesnearby

Documents

(3) Protocol to Detect and Assess Pollination Deficits in Crops