3-D & 4-D GIS for Solving Field Development Problems

John D. Grace, Ph.D.

Earth Science Associateswww.earthsci.com

3-D/4-D GIS

The 2-D Limitation

• GIS Mainly a Regional/Exploration Tool

• Databases Lose Detail at Large Scale

• Stacked Reservoirs Impede Field Use

• Reservoir Structure Ignored

• Gridding Capability Weak

3-D/4-D GIS

2-D As Integration Tool

Reservoirs,Platforms, Wells & Completions

ReservoirProduction

Chart

Well Test Reportfor SelectedCompletion

Completions Are Scaled to 1999 Gas Production

3-D/4-D GIS

3-D Foundations

• Hardware: 32 MB VRAM Video Cards

• Software: Spatial and 3-D Analyst

• Data: Well Directional Surveys

• Shape Type: Multipatches

• 3-D GIS - Not Just Visualization Tool

3-D/4-D GIS

Directional Surveys = PolyLineZs

Straight Holes

DeviatedHoles

GraphicReference

Cage

High Island 105

3-D/4-D GIS

Completions & Paleo Use Multipatch Symbols

High Island 105

Multipatch TopHung On Perf or

Sand Top

Multipatch Bottom Set atPerf Bottom

Second CompIn Deeper

Sand

3-D/4-D GIS

3-D Reservoir Estimation

• Grid Sand/Perf Tops & Perf Bottoms

• Calculate Productive Area in 2-D– Use Drainage Area of Gas & Oil Comps

– Use Negative Area of Dry Holes

• Cut Top/Bottom Grids with 2-D Poly

• Convert Grids to Multipatchs

3-D/4-D GIS

Grid Reservoir Top & Bottom

Wells

Top Perf Grid

Comp #1

Comp #2

Bottom Perf Grid

3-D/4-D GIS

Calculate 2-D Productive Area Based on Wells

Positive Influence ofProductive

Comps

NegativeInfluence ofDry Holes

3-D/4-D GIS

Cut Grids with 2-D Poly

Top Perf Grid

Bottom Perf Grid

ProductiveArea of

Reservoir

3-D/4-D GIS

Convert to Multipatch/WireframeMultipatch

Wireframe ofReservoir

Completions

Reservoir “Volygon” Honors Structure & Isopach

3-D/4-D GIS

Examples of 3-D GIS from GOM3

3-D/4-D GIS

4-D Foundations

• Map Production Parameters over Time– Using “Traditional” Gridding Algorithms– Using Radial Flow Equations

• Exploit 3-D GIS Environment – Map Performance on Reservoir Structure– Extract Grid Statistics

• “Animate” Grids over Time

3-D/4-D GIS

Gridding Production - Traditional

Control atEach

Completion

Clip atReservoirBoundary

IDW Grid of Production Rates

3-D/4-D GIS

Gridding by Radial Flow Equation

Pr = Pw + QBo K h

lnrrw

Reservoir pressure at radius of distance

r from the well

Presure at well

Production Fluid/GasProperties

Rock/CompletionProperties

Distancefrom Well

The radial flow equation is used to calculatethe movement of fluids and gases in a reservoir

in response to production.

3-D/4-D GIS

Radial Flow Advantages

• Mapping Fluid/Gas Movement• Honors Changing Rock/Fluid Properties

– Thickness and relative permeability– GOR and water saturation

• Exposes Performance Details– Completion Efficiency– By-passed oil/gas and heterogeneities– Flow vectors for infill drilling

3-D/4-D GIS

Creating 4-D AnimationChooseSand in

3-D Scene

ChooseMap

ParametersExtract

ProductionData from

Oracle

3-D Analyst ODBC/Oracle

Spatial Analyst

Grid Production for each Month/Year

Drap Grids onReservoir Top

3-D Analyst

Enter 3-Dfrom 2-D

GIS

ArcView

Sequentially turn ongrids to animate scene

3-D/4-D GIS

Examples of 4-D GIS from GOM3

3-D/4-D GIS

4-D GIS Analytic Platform

• Completion/Reservoir Performance• Identify Water/Gas “Break Through”• Identify By-Passed Oil/Gas• Map Reservoir Heterogeneities• Compute Flow Vectors for Infill Wells• “Quick-Look” Reservoir Simulation

3-D/4-D GIS

4-D As Integration Tool

2-D Map

ProductionChart

1993 Oil Production

in 3-D

4-DControls