2ND WORLD CONGRESS OF CYCLING SCIENCE booklet.pdf · 1 Dear Delegates, It is a great pleasure to welcome you all to the 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science. We are pleased to see

2ND WORLDCONGRESS OFCYCLING SCIENCE2nd & 3rd July 2014, Leeds, UK

Delegate Programme

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Dear Delegates,

It is a great pleasure to welcome you all to the 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science. We are pleased to see so many of you joining us from all parts of the UK, as well asmainland Europe and from further afield.

We are situated at the magnificent Rose Bowl in Leeds, The Congress has been organized and sponsored by the School of Sport and Exercise Sciences at the University ofKent. Over the past 10 years we have established a nationaland international reputation for the quality of our academicprogrammes and applied research on endurance exercise performance. Many staff and students are involved withapplied sport science, both as researchers and practitionersboth in the UK and around the world.

As the Congress coincides with the Grand Depart, the themeis the science behind the Tour de France. The conference isendorsed by the Union Cycliste International (UCI) and aimsto bring together coaches, sports scientists, medicalpractitioners, students and researchers to share knowledgefrom the world of cycling science. The conference will integratethe various aspects of coaching, sports science, medicine,technology and performance to provide a forum for thediscussion of performance enhancement with a focus on theTour de France.

We hope you have a wonderful time and that you find the Congress challenging, thought provoking and inspiring.

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WELCOME

Conference Organising Team:

Dr James Hopker Professor Louis Passfield Dr John Dickinson Sarah Coakley

Scientific Committee:

Dr Professor Richard Davison – Chair of WCSS Cycling Science Steering Group (UK) Professor Greg Atkinson – Teeside University (UK)�Professor Olaf Schumacher – ASPETAR & UCI Medical Commission member (Qatar) Dr Iñigo Mujika – USP Araba Sport Clinic (Spain)Dr Kevin Currell – English Institute of Sport (UK)�Dr Mikel Zabala – University of Granada & Movistar Professional Cycling Team (Spain) Jon Mills – British Cycling (UK)

Professor Louis Passfield

Dr James Hopker

2 University of Kent / 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science

USEFULINFORMATION

RegistrationThe registration desk will be located on theGround Floor of the Rose Bowl. It will be openfrom 08.00-9.30 on both Wednesday 2nd andThursday 3rd July.

Congress cateringAll catering provided as part of the Congresson site (not including breakfasts) will be on theGround Floor of the Rose Bowl near the foodcourt area, on production of your Congressname badge. Congress catering includescoffee and lunch on both Wednesday andThursday.

Congress dinnerThe Congress dinner is at 7pm on Wednesday2nd July. If you would like to attend the dinnerand have not yet booked a place, pleasecontact the Congress Registration Desk.

Speaker Ready RoomThe Speaker Room is located in Rm 216 sothat presenters can check their slides prior totheir presentation. This can be done between8 and 10am on both days of the Congress.

TaxisIf you need to hire a Taxi whilst in Leeds there are two main companies; Amber Taxis: 0113 231 1366 and Arrow Taxis: 0113 258 0606.

Wi-Fi accessWi-Fi access is available throughout the Rose Bowl. To gain Wi-Fi access, search foravailable wireless networks within range,select “Visitor Wi-Fi”and click connect. Thenetwork will issue a network address to yourlaptop or mobile device. It should then sayconnected. Next, open your web browser, youshould then be directed to a UniversityWireless Portal. Enter your email address inthe top left of the page, accept the terms andconditions then click ‘Login’. You will bedirected to the www.leedsmet.ac.uk/wirelesswebpage. You should now have internetconnectivity.

Fire alarmsThere is a short alarm test that lasts about 5-10 seconds every Thursday in the Rose Bowlany time between 1-3pm, but does not requirean evacuation unless it is prolonged. If youhear a fire alarm sound for a prolongedperiod, please leave the building in a calmand orderly fashion, and you will be guided tothe nearest Fire Assembly Point which islocated in the car park on Level 2.

Social mediaDuring the Congress we would encouragedelegates to connect via Twitter using thehashtag #wcss2014. There will also be aTwitter feed board in the Exhibition hall forCongress information.

Public symposiumOn the 3rd July we are hosting a free publicopen symposium titled “The Science ofCycling Performance 2014: The Tour deFrance.”Professor Louis Passfield hosts anevening of debate that looks at the researchthat lies behind success at the Tour de France.Recently retired world-class cyclist MarcoPinotti will join panellists, Dr Mikel Zabala(Movistar Professional Cycling Team) indiscussing how to enhance elite cyclingperformance, and Professor Yannis Pitsiladisin exploring the question as to whether Tourde France riders are born or made. Dirk Frielfrom TraningPeaks will discuss evolution ofpower measurement in cycling and look atwhere developments are still be made. Finally,Dr Simon Choppin will lead discussions on therole of biomechanics and aerodynamics areused in the quest to develop the ultimate timetrial performance. If you would like to attendthis event and have not registered in advance,please enquire at the Congress Registrationdesk.

Other queries

If you have any queries or questions related tothe Congress that are not answered by theinformation in this delegate pack please ask atRegistration Desk.

wcss2014_leeds

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Sponsors and exhibitorsWe are grateful to the sponsors and exhibitors who have supported us with the conference. All exhibitor standscan be found in the Exhibition area on the Ground Floor of the Rose Bowl for the duration of the conference.

Sponsors

Exhibitors

CONGRESS MAIN SPONSOR

The Congress is organized by the University’s School of Sport andExercise Sciences, which was established in 2001. The School is theUniversity’s fastest-growing research school with an internationalreputation, in particular for its research on endurance. Our research isgrouped into two areas: the Endurance Research Group, and theSports Therapy, Physical Activity and Health Research Group. Both ofthese research groups are multi- and interdisciplinary, and includePhD students, research staff, and technical staff as well as academicstaff. The endurance Research Group advances knowledge on

endurance exercise, training and performance, not just for traditionalendurance sports such as road cycling and distance running, but alsofor any aspects of human performance in which resistance to fatigue isimportant. Members of this research group have conducted researchon the psychobiological, neuromuscular, thermoregulatory andbioenergetics aspects of exercise tolerance, pacing, cycling efficiency,and sport nutrition. They have also developed innovative trainingmethods to reduce mental fatigue in soldiers and endurance athletes,and novel testing protocols to measure maximal oxygen consumption.

L'Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI)is cycling’s International Federationrecognised by the InternationalOlympic Committee (IOC). The UCIadministers and promotes thedevelopment of the eight disciplinesof cycling. The UCI’s mission is todevelop and promote cycling, inclose collaboration with NationalFederations.

Publisher of over 1,800 journals and2,500 new books each year inassociation with 500 society anduniversity partners worldwide, from20 global offices.

TrainingPeaks provides thecomplete web, mobile and desktopsolution for enabling smart andeffective endurance training.

Bloomsbury Publishing representsthe best in cycling books. From theiconoclastic training programmes ofGraeme Obree to our step by steproad bike manuals, we cover all formsof cycling. We are proud publishers

of Rouleur books.

British Cycling is the nationalgoverning body for cycling asrecognised by the UCI – theinternational federation for the sport.

Sport Service Mapei was founded tosupport the athletes of the MAPEIprofessional cycling team, throughscientific reason and a preciseethical approach.

HaB Direct personally selectsuppliers of bestselling and cutting-edge products, devices andequipment from across the world.

For more than 40 years sportsmedical scientists, sportsphysicians and top-class athletesrely on the innovative strength of theCyclus2 in performance diagnosticsand training.

PowerBar is one of the world'sleading manufacturers of high-quality sports nutrition.

Cadence is a cycling performancecentre located in South London andwe offer a range of services to helpriders perform more effectively. Ourservices include bike fit, pedalstroke analysis, fitness testing andcoaching and we work with a rangeof clients from complete beginner tocompeting athletes.

The secret to ultimately improvingperformance, health, and developmentlies within our ability to collect datawhich is relevant, analyse it effectively,and use it to guide our actions anddecisions in the future. In SMARTBASEyou can store all of your data, andbring it to life with simple yet powerfulreports which truly explain the wholestory.

POWERbreathe is an InspiratoryMuscle Trainer, exercising andstrengthening the muscles we use tobreathe.

Premier suppliers of medicaldiagnostic and physiological testingequipment. Sole UK agents forWoodway Treadmills.

The industry leader and GoldStandard in power measurement forcyclists around the world.


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PRESENTATIONS

Oral presentations

Before the session

Please locate the room where you are willpresent well in advance of your session (seedetailed presentation information below) andfamiliarise yourself with the layout. The oralpresentation file format will be MicrosoftPowerPoint.

Please be aware that your PowerPointpresentation needs a 4:3 slide format to usethe full screen capacity available onsite. The16:9 slide ratio format should be perfectlyacceptable but may not fill the entire screen.

Please upload your presentation prior to theCongress, which will be on the Congressserver ready for you to present. If you have notdone this, please notify a Congress Volunteeras soon as possible prior to your presentation.

Once at your presentation room please checkthat the file is available on the PC and that it isshowing correctly. Note that you will not beable to present using your own laptopcomputer.

Please introduce yourself to the Chair in yourpresentation room at least 5 minutes beforethe session starts. There will also be aCongress volunteer in the lecture room to helpyou with logistics, IT and timing of yourpresentation.

During the session

The Chair will introduce you and call you tospeak.

Please practice beforehand to ensure that youdo not exceed the maximum time available foryour session of 10 minutes. There will be timefor a brief discussion of up to 5 min after yourtalk.

A Congress Volunteer will show a yellow cardat 8 minutes and a red card at 9 minutes, inorder to guide you with the timing of yourpresentation. In order to be fair to allpresenters and the audience the chair willfollow the specified timetable strictly.

Presenters are asked to remain in the room for the duration of the session.

Poster presentations Poster sessions will take place in the mainExhibition area on the Ground Floor of theRose Bowl from 12.45-13.30 on both days ofthe Congress. On the day of presentation,please be present at your poster board for thewhole 45-minute period. Please ensure thatyour poster is displayed in its location from9am on the day of your presentation.

All poster boards are numbered, andpresenters should ensure that their postergoes on the correspondingly numbered board(check information in the detailed programmeon page 18).

Presentations should be taken down at theend of the day if you do not want it to bediscarded.


KEYNOTEPRESENTATIONS

Charly Wegelius (Garmin-SharpSporting Director)

Can Sport Science help make race-winning decisions?Wednesday 2nd JulyLecture Theatre A: 9.30-10.00

Science has become a key component inprofessional cycling, from the developmentof training methods and monitoring ofphysical condition, to directly influencingrace tactics.

As a sports director Garmin Sharp*, one ofthe world’s most innovative and advancedprofessional cycling teams, I am constantlylooking for the advantages that can befound through the use of science andtechnology. In my presentation I will outlinethe ways in which I use sports science inthis role. These topics will include: How wegather power data from training tools toaccurately gauge riders’ condition beforeevents, and how this allows me to makeinformed tactical decisions prior to theevent. For example, weather and windanalysis, and how the collation of this datacan help us predict with reasonableaccuracy the influence that weatherconditions are likely to have on events suchas time trials, where changing conditionsover a period of a number of hours canhave a major effect on race outcome. I willalso discuss how we analyse a rider’sposition to ensure they are set up in theoptimum position for maximal power outputand aerodynamics. I will highlight the use ofsports science to gauge the correct choiceof materials in any one given event, wherewe use data based on a riders power andweight, and the particulars of the race routeto determine which type of bike and wheelswill be best suited to the rider on the day.Finally, I will conclude by explaining theimportance that I put on an ability tocombine this sports science knowledgewith other non-sports science skills such aspersonal insight, and acquired knowledge(or instinct), to make sure that the benefitsof sports science can be applied on apractical level.

Ross Tucker (University of CapeTown, Cape Town, South Africa)

Fatigue, pacing strategy and the limitsto performanceWednesday 2nd JulyLecture Theatre A: 10.30-11.00

Pacing strategies, defined as the allocation ofphysiological resources during self-pacedexercise (Foster et al 1993: Med Sci SportsExerc, 25, 383-388), reveal the underlyingmechanisms of fatigue and thus the limits ofhuman performance.

In this regard, pacing strategy can be thoughtof as a budgeting decision, by means ofwhich an exercising athlete makes decisionsabout how best to ‘spend’ physiologicalcapital while accumulating the ‘costs’ of theexercise exertions. The optimal pacingstrategy is influenced by exercise modalityand exercise duration, with all-out, positivestrategies optimal for short duration exercise,while longer durations are characterized byeven or negative splits, and an endspurt whichreveals the presence of a motor unit reserve(Tucker & Noakes, 2009: Br J Sports Med, 43,e1. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.057562). In thisregard, performance under various conditionshas been shown to be limited or regulated byfactors including, but not limited to: thedepletion of energy reserves, theaccumulation and storage of heat,accumulation of metabolites and resultantafferent feedback, cerebral oxygen delivery,anticipation of exercise duration, and a rangeof psychosocial factors related to motivation,mental performance and reward (cost-benefitdecisions) (Amann et al 2006: J Physiol, 575,937-952; Tucker, 2009: Br J Sports Med, 43,392-400; Billaut et al 2010: Acta Physiol, 198,477-486; St Clair Gibson et al 2013: SportsMed, 43, 413-424). Fatigue, and therefore theregulation of pacing strategy, are thuscomplex phenomena that include both central(neural), peripheral and psychological factors.Appropriate pacing strategies require theintegration of various afferent information toregulate efferent motor command, withknowledge of the endpoint of exercise ananchor against which pacing strategy“decisions”can be made.

This presentation will explore these complexinteractions, introducing the broad andsomewhat unnecessarily polarized models forfatigue, and expanding these into a practicalunderstanding for the limits to performance,including discussion of the two-hour marathonand the extent to which human performancecan continue to evolve and improve.

Peter Hespel (ExercisePhysiology Research Group,Department of Kinesiology, KULeuven, Belgium)

Extreme Nutrition: Grand TourCyclingWednesday 2nd JulyLecture Theatre A: 11.30-12.00

In one-day races high-dose carbohydrateintake before and during the event issufficient to support optimal raceperformance. Energy (kcal) intake per se isnot a critical issue. Conversely, the extremephysiological stress induced by grand tourcycling is a permanent challenge to theenergy status of the riders. They risk todevelop a growing energy deficit, whicheventually translates into a catabolic stateand body weight loss from day to day. Evenif carbohydrate intake during (90g per hr)and between (12g/kg b.w. per day) stagesis maximized, this will deliver no more than5.000 – 5.500 kcal per day at best, which isstill far below the daily energy expenditure(6.000 – 9.000 kcal per stage). Hencebesides carbohydrates, high-rate proteinintake (2-3g/kg b.w. per day) and even extrafat intake are needed to maintain sufficientenergy availability. In addition, duringstrenuous mountain stages in the heat,euhydration often requires to consume>10L of water per day. Taken together, thenutritional challenge inherent to grand tourcycling is enormous, and especially theinitial 4-6 hours following each stage arecrucial to recovery. Well-structurednutritional interventions must be installed toadequately promote muscle glycogenreloading and protein synthesis, restore thebody fluid and electrolyte balance, andstimulate energy intake per se. However,eating comfort is often impaired due topost-arrival press and commercial events,travelling between stages, and last but notleast loss of appetite due to physical andmental exhaustion and incidence ofgastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore,dietary programs designed for grand tourcyclists must be functional and delicious atthe same, which makes ‘The Kitchen’ to bea key-factor in team success.

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Ulrich Schroberer (SRM)Nicolas Roche (Tinkoff-SaxoProfessional Cycling Team)

The Use of Power Meters inProfessional CyclingSession Sponsored by SRM

Thursday 3rd JulyLecture Theatre A: 9.00-9.30

As a junior and amateur cyclist since the ageof 15, I always focused to make my trainingand race preparation as perfect as possible.At the age of 19, I started an engineeringdegree at Fachhoschule Aachen focused onBiomedical Engineering. With bike races everyweekend and not too much spare time duringthe week to spend all day training on the bike,I wanted to make the training as efficient aspossible. With the knowledge I had reading allthe training books available at the time, I cameto the conclusion that to improve myperformance, I would have to measure myPower output on my bicycle during my dailytraining.

I had the idea in 1986 to create a PowerMeterfor my bicycle. After testing and analyzingvarious locations, I determined the optimallocation to measure Power was between theaxle and chainrings. Torque was measuredwith the help of strainguages measuring thedeflection of bending elements between theaxle and chainrings. Cadence was measuredwith reedswitches, and the signal from theturning crank was transmitted to the frameinductively. This enabled me to measure thetotal Power (Angular velocity x Torque) of bothlegs without loss. The bigger challenge for meafter this was to have a device on the bike thatdisplays and stores this data. In addition, theheart rate, cadence and speed needed to bein a format that allowed a later evaluation on apersonal computer.

In 1988, I finally had a bike computer readythat allowed me to display and store all therelelvant data while training outdoors. I namedthis computer the PowerControl. In 1990 I hadthe priveledge of working with the GermanFederation, whereby, I was responsible forcollecting training data for their endurancetrack athletes, analyzing and interpreting thedata to develop and monitor their training. Asan engineer, the feedback I received at thistime was priceless. I was working with theworld’s best athletes, trying to make the besttraining tool for them, and in exchange, I gotvery good feedback. Not so long after this, the

Dr Mario Zorzoli (Union CyclisteInternationale (UCI), Aigle,Switzerland)

Riders’ health protectionprogrammeThursday 3rd JulyLecture Theatre A: 9.30-10.00

Health protection of athletes has been apriority for the Union Cycliste Internationale(UCI). Its actions in this regard have reliedon three main pillars: prevention, educationand fight against doping. Already in 1997,UCI and cycling stake-holders havedecided to introduce two innovativepreventive measures to protect riders’health: the health blood tests and themedical monitoring program.

The former consisted in collecting bloodsamples on the morning of a race day,analyzing them on site and preventing formcompeting those riders whose bloodparameters were beyond the establishedlimits. From 2008, this program has beenreplaced by the Athlete Biological Passport.The latter, which is still in force andconcerns the professional road riders andthe top athletes of the Olympic disciplines,is based on annual health checks, withcardiac and biological evaluations. UCI isalso going to publish in 2015 new medicalrules that where special emphasis will beput on the medical assistance to provide incompetition.

In terms of education, the efforts haveconsisted in informing athletes on the risksof taking nutritional supplements andinjections of iron, when it was realized thatriders abused of it and showed extremelyhigh values of ferritine. Another significanteducative measure has been theintroduction of the No-needle Policy in2011. Finally, concerned by the large use ofTramadol by some athletes, in 2011 UCIhad requested WADA to add this substanceto the Prohibited List. As a consequence ofthis, WADA agreed to add Tramadol to the2012 Monitoring List.

CONTINUED OVERLEAF

positive benefits of using a PowerMeter as aserious training tool spread among cyclingprofessionals who believed in serious training.Some of the first well known users of thePowerMeter were Greg Lemond, ChrisBoardman, Gianni Bugno, Team Telekom andmany national cycling federations.

Currently, there are many rival companies thatproduce power meters, however, I am veryfortunate to possess more than 27 years ofknowledge and experience. It is these assets,along with my passion, that led me to createthe very first PowerMeter, are the basis uponwhich each new product is developed. Now, ifa cyclist is serious about training andoptimizing performance, achieving one’s bestwithout a PowerMeter is not possible.


KEYNOTE PRESENTATIONS(CONT)

David Martin (AustralianInstitute of Sport)

Winning the Tour de France: Does itneed a sport science perspective?Thursday 3rd JulyLecture Theatre A: 17.00-17.30

Numerous scientific papers haveaddressed important aspects of “elitecycling performance”. Popular questionsunderpinning practice tend to addresstopics such as demands of competition,environmental physiology, ergogenic aids,recovery and resistance training. Creatingan environment where professional cyclistsand their directors believe winning isinevitable is not an easy job, especiallywhen elite cyclists are required to frequentlycope with significant losses. Many cyclingteams believe that employing sportscientists is a pre-requisite for success. Assport scientists work to establish programdirection and training methodology that isconsidered “state-of-the-art”and “evidence-based”interesting aspects of this relativelynew profession (elite sport advisor) arebeing discussed. For those scientists luckyenough to work with a Tour de Francechampion it can be useful to reflect onrelationships, emotions and belief as well asthe technical aspects of trainingcomposition and cycling equipmentchoices. Our laboratory has presentedphysiological data from a Tour de FranceChampion documenting that peak oxygenuptake and corresponding power outputexpressed per kg body mass wereexceptional in this cyclist. However, absoluteoxygen uptake (L.min-1), correspondingpower output in Watts and cycling efficiencywere not unique compared to other nationalteam cyclists. When compared to anotherpopular 7-time winner of the Tour deFrance, neither gross efficiency (%) or deltaefficiency (%) improved from age 18-24yr.Implementing scientifically supportedstrategies may be most effective whenfinancial status, political support and teamculture are considered. Interestingly, goodcoaches often display many of theattributes of a good scientist as they work inan environment where understanding whatis required to win is highly valued.

Iñigo Mujika (University of theBasque Country, Spain)

A scientific approach to training andtapering for road cycling eventsThursday 3rd JulyLecture Theatre A: 13.30-14.00

Road cyclists use various periodized trainingapproaches to achieve fitness andperformance peaks. Traditional periodizationimposes the impossibility to achieve multipleperformance peaks. Alternative periodizationmodels such as integrated macrocycles andblock periodization can be used, but generictraining methodologies may not beappropriate for road cyclists and a sensitiveand responsive learning systems should beimplemented to optimize performance.

High training volumes and a polarized intensitydistribution contribute to success in roadcycling, but optimal performances are usuallyattained by intertwining lengthy phases ofintensive training and shorter phases oftapered training before a major race. Thetaper should diminish residual fatigue inducedby intensive training and maximizephysiological adaptations and performance.Performance is usually maximized by a taperlasting two weeks, where the training volumeis exponentially decreased by 41-60%, buttraining intensity and frequency aremaintained, but sport specific and individualvariability exist.

Mathematical models of the effects of trainingon performance have contributed to establishthe optimal taper duration and the suitability ofprogressive versus step tapers, and to assessoptimal taper characteristics, predictperformance outcomes of functionaloverreaching prior to the taper and designinnovative tapering strategies. Tapering-induced performance gains, attributed toincreased muscular force and power,improvements in neuromuscular,hematological, and hormonal function, andpsychological status of the athletes, areusually in the range of 0.5-6.0% forcompetition performance measures. Nutritionand environmental factors like travel acrosstime zones, heat and altitude may interferewith an athlete’s taper in preparation forinternational level competition.

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The limits to exercise tolerance:mind or muscle?

SM Marcora & M BurnleyEndurance Research Group, School ofSport and Exercise Sciences, University ofKent, UK.

Wednesday 2nd JulyLecture Theatre A: 10.30-11.30Sponsored by University of Kent.

The ability to sustain aerobic exercise forprolonged periods of time (exercisetolerance) is an important determinant ofperformance in cycling and otherendurance sports. For over a century,physiologists have tried to understand whatlimits exercise tolerance. However, no singlephysiological factor has yet been identifiedas the cardinal “exercise stopper”in healthyhumans [Gandevia, 2001: PhysiologicalReviews, 81(4), 1725-1789].

Mark Burnley will argue that duringvoluntary exercise in humans, no singlelimitation to exercise tolerance can beidentified. He will demonstrate that muscleenergy supply and utilization plays a majorrole in determining the relationship betweenpower output and tolerable exerciseduration in a variety of exercise models.Exhaustion, or more specifically task failure,can occur because the neuromuscularsystem fails to provide the required poweroutput even though the subject is motivatedto continue the task.

Samuele Marcora will argue thatneuromuscular fatigue does not causeexhaustion during aerobic exercise inhumans, and that there is a single factorlimiting exercise tolerance in highlymotivated individuals (Marcora & Staiano,2010: European Journal of AppliedPhysiology, 109(4), 763-770). This factor isperception of effort and it has beenoverlooked by physiologists because of itspsychological nature. This new theoreticalmodel of exercise tolerance based onperception of effort has important practicalimplications for training and performance ofcyclists and other endurance athletes. Thissymposium and the ensuing debate willprovide sport scientists, coaches andcyclists with the latest thinking on what limitsand determines exercise tolerance andendurance performance.

Are Tour de France championsborn or trained?

CP Earnest,1 CN Moran,2 Yannis P Pitsiladis3

1 Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.2 School of Sport, University of Stirling; Stirling, UK. 3 School of Sport and Service Management,University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.

Wednesday 2nd JulyLecture Theatre C: 10.30-11.30

It is commonly held that ~50% the variance inperformance measures can be explained bygenetics. However, research into commongenetic variants only explains a fraction of thatbelief. Thus, a gap in our understanding of therelationship between genetics andperformance still exists.

In this symposium, Dr Colin Moran willexamine the heritability of enduranceperformance based on twin studies examiningthe variance in performance that can beexplained by genetics. He will also discusshow different genes are responsible fortraining response from ones native baselineability and how natural talent is in fact yourbaseline genetics. His discussion will besupported by epigenetic work showing howmicroRNA profiles differ between athletes andnon-athletes and how these profiles could aidcoaches in identifying which athletes willrespond to training and those who will not. DrMoran will also discuss data on rare variants,with large effects, to help fill the gap betweenheritability and performance response.

Professor Yannis Pitsiladis researches theimportance of lifestyle and genetics in humanhealth and performance and will summarisethe genetic literature surrounding elite athleticcohorts. He will propose that apart from thealpha actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X andangiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)insertion/deletion (I/D), the majority of thecandidate genes identified for sportperformance may be false positives, thushaving limited utility. Based on his research inworld-class athletes (ie Genathlete, Russian,Spanish, Japanese, USA and Jamaicancohorts) he will further discuss preliminaryresearch findings from whole genometechnology studies in these unique athletecohorts.

Current Perspectives on Anti-doping in Cycling

YO Schumacher1 & Yannis P Pitsiladis2

1 Aspetar Orthopedic & Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.

2 School of Sport and Service Management,University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.

Wednesday 2nd JulyLecture Theatre A: 13.00-14.00

Like no other sport, cycling has beenaffected by doping and its consequences inthe public image involving changes inmedia and sponsorship interest.

The session will attempt to explain some themost advanced methods used for the fightagainst doping in cycling and also try togive a perspective on future developmentsin the area.

The first topic will be the athlete�s biologicalpassport (ABP), a longitudinal monitoringtool of selected biomarkers that areinfluenced by doping and where the athleteis compared to himself to unmasksuspicious variations. This technique hasbeen introduced in 2008 and since hasmade its proof both as a sanctioninginstrument (more than 40 athletes havebeen suspended) and a targeting toolimproving the efficiency of conventionaldoping tests (the number of athletes foundpositive for erythropoietic stimulating agentsin normal doping tests has increased by300% since the introduction of the ABP).

In the second part, new state-of-the-artmolecular (called “omics”) – basedsolutions are being developed that have thepotential to improve the analyticalperformance of the ABP. In particular,studies to identify a “molecular signature”ofrecombinant Epo (RhEpo) doping showpromising preliminary results. Theidentification of a blood “molecularsignature”of RhEpo administration is thestrongest evidence to date that genebiomarkers have the potential tosubstantially improve the analyticalperformance of current anti-dopingmethods such as the ABP. With these newanalytical methods providing multiple,indirect pieces of evidence for dopingoffences, anti-doping will progressivelyadopt a forensic approach, where the directdetection of the substance becomesobsolete.

SYMPOSIAPRESENTATIONS

CONTINUED OVERLEAF


SYMPOSIA PRESENTATIONS(CONT)

Pacing in a broader perspective:How can current views on pacingand decision-making in sportssciences assist athletes in makingthe right decisions in advance andduring the race?

FJ Hettinga1; E Otten2; L Mauger3

1 University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences,Centre of Sport and Exercise Science, UK.

2 Faculty of Medical Sciences, University ofGroningen, The Netherlands.

3 Endurance Research Group, School of Sport andExercise Sciences, University of Kent, UK.


In literature, research on the complex skill ofpacing has expanded over the last decades.The first studies were applied and practicallyrelevant, aiming to determine the fasted finaltimes associated with different strategies.Besides these experimental studies, optimalpacing was also further explored usingmodelling techniques, such as by using anenergy flow model. Both experimental andmodelling studies have led to an increasedunderstanding of performance determiningfactors in pacing, relevant for performance. Inaddition, pacing has also been of interestfrom a theoretical point of view and itsoccurrence stresses the importance of thebrain in sports. Recently, underlyingmechanisms have been explored inpsychology, neurophysiology and decision-making contexts, placing pacing in thebroader perspective of decision making.

For this World Conference of Cycling Science,it is of course important how these theoreticalcontributions feed into practice. Therefore, thepresent symposium will aim to place pacing ina broader perspective, and answer thequestion: How can current views on pacingand decision-making in sports sciences assistathletes in making the right decisions inadvance and during the race? Focus will lie onhow modelling can be assistive for cyclistsand the decisions they make in advance ofthe race, and on the importance of bodilysensations (such as pain) and their effect onpacing and fatigue during the race.

Anti-Doping and Cycling –Where from here?

YO Schumacher 1, R Tucker 2, C Wegelius3, M Pinotti4, M Hutchinson5, M Zorzoli6

1 Aspetar Orthopedic & Sports Medicine Hospital,Doha, Qatar.

2 Institute of Sports Science, University of CapeTown, South Africa.

3 Garmin-Sharp Pro Cycling Team. 4 BMC Pro Cycling Team. 5 Cycling Journalist. 6 Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), Aigle,Switzerland.


In the past decades, cycling has had anumber of large doping scandals whichhave sustainably damaged the image of thesport and affected its credibility for thepublic, the media and sponsors. In order toregain the lost credits, many stakeholders inthe sport have developed differentapproaches. This symposium bringstogether representatives from the majorplayers in the sport to discuss about currentand future challenges and opportunities ofanti-doping in cycling. Under themoderation of Ross Tucker, formerprofessional riders and Sports directors (C Wegelius and M Pinotti), experts from the media (M Hutchinson), experts in Anti-Doping (YO Schumacher) andrepresentatives from the governing body (M Zorzoli) will discuss various anti-dopingtopics such as the role of pro-teams, theathlete’s biological passport, the role ofperformance monitoring, sanctioning andothers. The round table will also provide theaudience the opportunity to interact andactively participate in the discussion.

Muscle activity and pedal forces:do they matter in cyclingperformance?

F Grappe1,3, W Bertucci2, S Duc2

1 Département Santé et APS, Equipe Culture SportSanté Société, UFR UPFR-Sports, Besançon,France.

2 Faculty of Sciences, Universite de Reims,Champagne-Adrenne, Reims, France.

3 Professional Cycling Team FDJ.fr.


Dr Duc, will discuss the use of muscularactivity during cycling and how it is generallyassessed by surface electromyographyrecordings. Many factors related to the bodyposition, the road cycling conditions and thecharacteristics of the chainring have beenreported to change the muscular recruitmentand therefore potentially could alter cyclingperformance. Moreover, recent works haveshown that the pedalling muscularcoordination depend on the level of cyclingexperience and the pedalling technique. Theaim of this short talk is to perform a review ofthe main recent studies and to purpose newperspectives for future EMG works in cycling.

Dr Bertucci will discuss the effect of cyclists’regular exposure to vibrations, which aregenerated by the road profile (not only on theroad with cobbles). This vibration exposurecan play a role in the onset of the fatigue andhave several effects for the cyclists forexample on the energy expenditure, on thegross efficiency, on the muscular activation, onthe articular strain and on the rate ofperceived exertion. These alterations candecrease significantly the performance. Thevibration exposure depends on severalmechanical and biomechanical variables. Thisexposure can be measured in the laboratoryand in the field conditions. It can be modifiedand possibly minimised using specific framesor components of the bicycle, using specifictyre types and inflated pressure, withmodification of the handlebar, and optimizingthe posture.

11www.wcss2014.co.uk

Cycling in the extremes

SS Cheung1, C Lundby2

1 Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory,Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, StCatharines, Canada.

2 University of Zürich, Institute of Physiology.


Cycling is an outdoor sport that can beconducted in extreme altitudes andtemperatures. Dr Cheung will outline thatwhile hot weather clearly impairsperformance, the underlying mechanismsmay comprise both physiological andpsychological factors, and their relativecontributions remain contentious.Hyperthermia can lead to impairmentacross multiple physiological systems, fromcardiovascular through to neuromuscularand neurohumoral. Furthermore, apsychobiological paradigm of fatiguesuggests that heat stress may alter acyclist’s pre-planned performance template,along with their overall perception ofexercise and voluntary exercise capacity.Progressive adaptation to heat can improveperformance in hot weather, but the transferof these adaptations to cycling in moretemperate environments is unclear. Anumber of additional countermeasures tocombat acute heat stress and delay theonset of hyperthermia-inducedperformance impairment will be surveyed.

Dr Lundby will outline that the generalpractice of altitude training is widelyaccepted as a means to enhance sportperformance despite a lack of rigorousscientific studies. For example, the scientificgold-standard design of a double-blind,placebo-controlled, cross-over trial hasnever been conducted on altitude training.Given that few studies have utilizedappropriate controls, there should be moreskepticism concerning the effects ofaltitude training methodologies. In this talkhe will aim to point out weaknesses intheories and methodologies of the variousaltitude training paradigms and to highlightthe few well-designed studies to giveathletes, coaches and sports medicineprofessionals the current scientific state ofknowledge on common forms of altitudetraining. He will furthermore highlightacclimatization strategies that play a keyrole in optimal performance at low tomoderate altitudes.

Training and physiologicalassessment in cycling: the MapeiSport experience

A Morelli, A Bosio, P ArtusoMapei Sport, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy.

Thursday 3rd JulyLecture Theatre A: 10.00-11.00Sponsored by Mapei Sport Service

Dr Bosio will discuss seasonal variation oftotal haemoglobin mass in professionalcyclists. Seasonal variation of totalhaemoglobin mass and the influence thattraining load can have has been investigatedin elite athletes from different sports(Eastwood et al., 2012: Med Sci Sports Exerc,(44), 725-732). Nevertheless, it is not clearwhether a similar trend is valid for a specificgroup of professional cyclists who ride severalthousands of kilometres during the season.tHb-mass (optimised CO re-breathingmethod) (Schmdit and Prommer, 2005: Eur JAppl Physiol, (95), 486-495), VO2max andendurance capacity (Sassi et al., 2006: Eur JAppl Physiol, (97),174-80) were monitored in agroup of professional male cyclists (UCI ProTeam) during a period of one year. The within-subject variability of haemoglobin mass wasquantified. The seasonal variations of tHb-mass, VO2max and endurance capacity weredetermined. The coefficient of variation for allhaemoglobin mass measures (n=171) in 19cyclists was 3.3% (90% confidence limits: 2.9-3.8%) with a maximal and minimal absolutevariation of 153 and 1 g respectively. Thecoefficient of variation for haemoglobin mass,VO2max and performance capacity measures(n=70) in a sub sample of 15 cyclists were3.5, 4.3, 63.1% respectively. Seasonal variationof haemoglobin mass in male professionalcyclists seems to be similar to those found inelite athletes from different sports.Interestingly, at an individual level very largechanges are present. It has been suggestedthat training can affect haemoglobin massvariation throughout the season however thepresent data suggests that training impactsupon endurance capacity to a much greaterextent than haemoglobin mass and VO2max.

Dr Artuso will discuss the effects of a very lowversus high cadence interval training sessionon the physiological response to exercise andneuromuscular function. A particular kind oflow cadence interval training has beendeveloped over the last 25 years. Contrastingresults are present in the literature regardingits effects on performance (Kristoffersen et al.,2014 5 34 Frontiers In Physiology;Nimmerichter et al.,2012: Eur J Appl Physiol,112 (1), 69-78).To compare two different formsof training (that is low cadence versus highcadence) we looked at the physiological andperceptual responses (HR, VO2, Lactate, RPE,tissues oxygenation and de-oxygenation) tocycling exercise and monitored the postexercise acute effects on the neuromuscularfunctions. Both central and peripheral assesby trans-cutaneous electrical stimulations. Agroup of cyclists performed, in two separateoccasions, either a low (35 rpm, SFR)cadence or high (115 rpm, HC) cadenceinterval training (IT) sessions consisting of 8x4min with 2 min of recovery. The two trainingsessions were completed at the same relativeworkload (W). SFR determined lower (p<0.05)physiological responses to exercise than HCbut with the similar RPE. However, despite theneuromuscular function elicited by the twoconditions being similar, few parametersregarding the peripheral neuromuscularproperties did not fully recover 20 min after theend of the exercise in SFR. In particular thepeak torque of the evoked single twitchremained lower at 20 min post training. Inconclusion the SFR training induce lowerphysiological stress of HC but SFR may causemore neuromuscular fatigue than HC.

CONTINUED OVERLEAF



Using power meters to improvetraining and performance

L Passfield1, M Zabala2, D Friel3

1 Endurance Research Group, School of Sport andExercise Sciences, University of Kent, UK.

2 University of Granada, Spain & Movistar ProCycling Team.

3 TrainingPeaks, Denver, USA.


In the last decade the cycling power meterhas become a ubiquitous training andcompetition tool. The continued developmentof new power meters and their falling costbrings this technology within the reach of mostserious cyclists. In turn the proliferation ofcycling power meters and their related dataprovides significant challenges to the rider,coach and professional team management. At the same time, informed use of powermeter data provides the opportunity todevelop competitive advantages. Recentdevelopments in website and software designmean that the management and analysis ofpower meter data can be performed simplyand yet with more detail and sophisticationthan ever before.

In training the power meter is used to plan,monitor and evaluate riders’ progress andpreparation for competition. Additionally,professional cycling teams and serious ridersregularly use power meters to develop andevaluate racing and training strategies as wellas equipment and clothing selection.

This symposium is lead by three of the world’smost experienced practitioners in working withcycling power meter data. Their three differentperspectives provide examples of bestpractice in the use of power meters. Theexamples focus on the use and analysis ofpower meter data for training and competitionfor both the individual rider and in aprofessional cycling team setting.

Nutrition for elite cycling; fromthe lab to the musette

D M Bailey1, LM Burke2

1 Performance Nutrition, Nestle Research Centre,Lausanne, Switzerland.

2 Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport,Belconnen, Australia.

Thursday 3rd JulyLecture Theatre C: 11.30-12.30Sponsored by PowerBar

Considerable scientific evidence exists thatunderlines the importance of effectivesports nutrition to maximise elite cyclingperformance. The challenge for elite cyclistsand their sports nutrition practitioners is totranslate this body of scientific research intostrategies that; i) are based on soundscientific concepts demonstrated in welldesigned clinical investigations, ii) can bepractically achieved during training andcompetition, and iii) impact on performancein combination with other “non-nutritional”factors. In order to achieve thiscyclist and their support teams shouldconsider the accumulated evidence for anygiven nutritional strategy, to practice itduring training prior to competition andacknowledge the aggregation of anyperformance gains from the combination ofnutritional strategies alongside othertechnical, tactical and psychologicalinterventions. Thus, the support teamsworking with elite cyclists can achieveoptimal performance by assembling theequivalents of “Science + Practice +Performance effect”into nutrition strategies.

A selection of nutritional strategies basedon established as well as emergingscientific research will be discussed.Specifically, the application of currentrecommendations for pre- and duringcompetition energy provision withcarbohydrate supplementation. Namely, thepracticality of achieving intake rates >60g/hduring elite cycling events by drawing oncurrent scientific understanding of gutadaptability to as well as alternativemethods to facilitate high carbohydrateintakes during competition without impairingperformance. The periodization ofstrategies to manipulate carbohydrateavailability within the training programrequires a careful understanding of thephysiology and psychology involved withthese practices. The application of the

Contemporary sports nutritionin elite cycling

K Currell1, J Morton2, A Philp3, N Mitchell4

1 English Institute of Sport.2 Liverpool John Moores University. 4 University of Birmingham.4 Team Sky/British Cycling.

Thursday 3rd JulyLecture Theatre C: 10.00-11.00

The symposium will aim to discuss themolecular adaptation to endurance training,and how nutrients interact with the trainingresponse at a molecular level to enhanceadaptation. An overview of the nutrienttraining interaction for endurance athletes.Traditional nutritional approaches forendurance training have typically promotedhigh CHO availability before, during andafter training sessions to ensure adequatemuscle substrate to meet the demands ofhigh daily training intensities and volumes.However, during the past decade, it hasbeen demonstrated that deliberatelytraining in conditions of reduced CHOavailability can promote training-inducedadaptations of human skeletal muscle (ie,increased maximal mitochondrial enzymeactivities and/or mitochondrial content,increased rates of lipid oxidation and insome instances, improved exercisecapacity). Such data have led to theconcept of ‘training-low, but competing-high’ whereby selected training sessionsare completed in conditions of reducedCHO availability (so as to promote trainingadaptation) but CHO reserves are restoredimmediately prior to competition. The Tourde France is considered one of the mostphysically demanding of sporting events, itcan be considered sequential multi day dayultra endurance event. Not only do athletesneed to contend with racing unto sevenhours there is long transfers betweenstages as well. Effective diet and nutritionare essential for the optimum performanceof the riders


recently well documented ergogenicproperties of carbohydrate mouth rinsingprovides another example where a scientificfindings can be implemented in differentsettings (eg late feeding in a long roadstage, or “hands free feeding”during ashorter time-trial). An evidence-basedapproach to the layered use of variousergogenic aids for a specific event andaccording to the responsiveness of theindividual rider is also important. Finally, theimportance of post-event nutritionalstrategies to maximise recovery duringmulti-day stage races will be reviewed witha focus on protein type, amount and timing.

To emphasise the transition of nutritionalstrategies from original scientific research toapplied practice, the journey from theresearch laboratory to the competitionvenue will be told from the perspective ofindividuals responsible for each aspect ofthis fundamental process.

Aerodynamics in ProfessionalCycling

R Ketchell1, A Froncioni2, M Patton3, A Wooles3

1 Garmin-Sharp Pro Cycling Team. 2 Alphamantis Technologies Inc, Montreal, Canada.3 Cycling Canada, Ottawa, Canada.


Aerodynamics in cycling has been studied inboth laboratory settings and in the field.Robby Ketchell will discuss how recently,equipment decisions in races such as the Tourde France have been up for debate due to theconflicting view on the influence of windresistance. An on-board device called TheBAT Box has been proposed to measure infield wind speed and direction as well as othertechniques such as weather forecasting anddata mining. In addition, the plethora of power,heart rate, and GPS data acquired during theprofessional racing season have shown thecontributing factors in bicycle racing underdifferent circumstances. This presentation willlist the influential factors in bicycle racing andhow they differ among athlete andenvironment, the role of aerodynamics, andthe methods of making in field aerodynamicmeasurements.

Andy Froncioni will then present a short historyon the development of a Track AerodynamicSystem (TAS), and how the symbiosis of aprivate R&D company and a national sportsorganization has worked. He will present theTAS, with specific attention to the physics ofvelodrome bicycle dynamics and real-worldmeasurement techniques. The system is usedto measure the aerodynamic drag area ofcyclists individually and in teams. Acomparison of aero testing methods ispresented. Sample data from a team pursuitteam will be used to demonstrate the morecomplex abilities of the system. This will befollowed by a discussion about ourexperiences integrating scientific testprotocols and information into the dailytraining environment of an Olympic cyclingteam. Lessons learned (timing, personalities,buy-in from leadership, potential for harm,potential for benefit). How aero testing can bethe key to discovering and unlocking otherperformance potential in athletes (ie bikemaintenance, position).

British Cycling: Developing awinning culture

VP Webb, A Kirkland, D ReadleBritish Cycling, Manchester, UK.

Thursday 3rd JulyLecture Theatre C: 14.00-15.00Sponsored by British Cycling

This symposium consists of twopresentations “The Dichotomy BetweenApplied Sport Science and CoachingPractice”and “A Behavioural Approach toWinning”to consider how we can develop awinning culture within cycle sport in the UK.There is a common perception in coachingthat there is dichotomy between appliedsport science and coaching practice. Whileboth disciplines have a common aim, toenhance sporting performance, there is atendency to move in mutually exclusivedirections. Many coaches are interested in‘the why’s’ of sporting performance, butquestions such as ‘does it work in the realworld?’ and ‘how do I apply this theory tomy coaching practice?’ are far moreimportant. For sports scientists to answersuch questions, they must consideradoption of models such as the AppliedResearch Model for Sport Sciences(Bishop, D, 2008. Sports Medicine, 38(3)253-263). Barriers to uptake andconsideration of how findings could beimplemented in a sporting setting should beconsidered when defining the researchproblem. This should be done, not onlythrough review of literature, but byengaging with expert coaches. This type ofapproach may challenge the perceptionthat research findings rarely impact oncoaching practice. Therefore, it isrecommended that applied sports scienceresearchers and coaches engage with eachother to prioritise research questions, whileconsidering how the answers may result inchanged practice and performanceenhancement.

The efficacy of any performanceprogramme is ultimately judged on theperformance of its athletes. In this regard,the Great Britain Cycling Team hasdelivered one of the most successfulprogrammes in sport. At the London 2012Olympics and Paralympics, the team won atotal of 27 medals. Riders supported by theGreat Britain Cycling Team have also wonseveral Grand Tours and numerous medalsat world championships. Success on such


an unprecedented scale is only possiblewhen leaders have a clear understandingof human behaviour and behaviourmanagement within both a teamenvironment and on an individual basis. Itrequires a clear vision of ‘what the dream is’and then brings science and coachingtogether to deliver it. Developing such awinning culture requires all members of theteam to ‘share the dream’, in which adetailed understanding of what it takes towin is required. Interventions that benefitrather than detract from performance areconsidered. The dream is underpinned byan adoption of the core principles ofcommitment; ownership; responsibility andexcellence. Psychological support withinthe Great Britain Cycling Team is providedby performance psychologists, using abehavioural model developed by Prof StevePeters. This model is underpinned byscience emanating from neurology,psychiatry and psychology. Whilst verycomplex, the success of the model is likelyto be the result of theory and interventionsbeing presented to team members in aneasily understandable way, usingmemorable analogies. This facilitatesadoption of psychological interventions thatare easily adopted within day-to-day life andwhen performing at the very highest level insport.

The role of strength trainingwithin endurance cycling

I Mujika1, B Rønnestad2, DT Martin3

1 University of the Basque Country, Spain. 2 Lillehammer University College, Norway. 3 Australian Institute of Sport.


The interest of strength training for endurancecycling performance is the subject of debateamong athletes, coaches and sport scientists.It is likely that resistance training for theendurance cyclist can be tolerated, promotesdesired adaptations that support training andcan directly improve performance. Lowerbody heavy strength training programmesperformed in addition to endurance cyclingtraining have been shown to improve bothshort-term and long-term enduranceperformance. Possible mechanisms forimproved long-term performance includepostponed activation of less efficient type IImuscle fibres and improved blood flow inworking muscles. Importantly, strengthmaintenance training is essential to maintainstrength gains during the competition season.Recent studies show that competitive femalecyclists with greater lower body lean mass(LBLM) tend to have higher maximum meanpower (MMP) over durations ranging from 1 sto 10 min (1 kg LBLM = ~9% increase inMMP1s and ~4% increase for MMP10min).These relationships enable optimal bodycomposition to be modelled. Eccentric cyclingmay also represent an effective technique forpromoting cycling specific skeletal muscleremodeling, and ergometers that promote thisstimulus are becoming easier to access.Single-leg cycling with a counter weight canfacilitate “normal”cycling biomechanics andpromotes adaptations in cycling-specificmuscles with a reduced cardiovascular load.Resistance training off the bike may beparticularly useful for modifying LBLM. Uniquetraining interventions on the bike may then beused to ensure the cyclist enjoys fullfunctionality of available muscle mass.

Respiratory muscle training forendurance cycling: past, presentand future

P Brown1, JW Dickinson2

1 English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, UK. 2 Endurance Research Group, School of Sportand Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, UK.

Thursday 3rd JulyLecture Theatre C: 15.00-16.00Sponsored by PowerBreathe

Respiratory muscle training (RMT) has beenused in some form or another since the1960s although its adoption by mainstreamendurance cyclists is far more recent due tosignificant advances in commercialtechnologies. Over the past 25 years therespiratory muscles have demonstrated aconsiderable influence over our exercisetolerance through their signaling of theperceptions of breathing and whole bodydiscomfort and also through respiratorymuscle fatigue. Both of these effects areattenuated following short periods of RMT(typically 4 to 6+ weeks) due to thestructural and functional adaptations in thismuscle group. Importantly, there is now alarge body of evidence that this improvesendurance exercise performance. Thispresentation will address the historicalcontext of RMT, the current state of play forthe application of RMT with enduranceathletes and where the future lies for thisergogenic training mode.



Physiology 1

Wednesday 2nd July 16.30-17.45Lecture Theatre A

16.30-16.45Reliability of power meter calibration bymathematical modelling of treadmill cycling.T Maier, T Steiner, S Trösch; B Müller, JP Wehrlin.Section for Elite Sports, Swiss Federal Instituteof Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland.

16.45-17.00Increased physical effort overrides thepotentially deleterious effects of resourcedepletion following self-control C Fullerton, AM Lane, TJ Devonport.University of Wolverhampton.

17.00-17.15Differences in power output between nationaland club level cyclists during a new variablepower cycling testA Sharma1,2, A Sparks3, LR McNaughton3, A Govus 2,4, DJ Bentley1. 1 Human Exercise Performance Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.

2 Discipline of Physiology, Australian Institute ofSport.

3 Dept of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge HillUniversity, UK.

4 Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research,Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia.

17.15-17.30Effects of induced changes in acid-basebalance on mitochondrial adaptation to six-weeks of high-intensity cycle trainingE Hawke1, D Hammarström1, K Sahlin2, M Tonkonogi1.1 Dalarna University (Falun, Sweden), 2 GIH (Stockholm, Sweden).

17.30-17.45Gross efficiency is improved in standingposition with an increase of the power outputA Bouillod1, J Pinot1,2, A Valade3, JCassirame1, G Soto Romero3, F Grappe1,2.1 EA4660, C3S Health – Sport Department, Sports University, Besancon, France.

2 Professional Cycling Team FDJ.fr. 3 LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse, France.

Physiology 2

Wednesday 2nd July 16.30-17.45Lecture Theatre B

16.30-16.45Comparison of physiological andperceptual responses to a maximalexhaustive test performed on the SRM andthe Cyclus2 ergometerB Karsten, A Peterson, M Champion.Centre for Sports Science and HumanPerformances, University of Greenwich,Chatham Maritime, UK.

16.45-17.00Potentiation of sprint cycling performance:the effects of a high-inertia ergometerwarm-upL Munro, S Stannard, P Fink, A Foskett.School of Sport and Exercise, MasseyUniversity, Palmerston North, New Zealand.

17.00-17.15Oxygen uptake kinetics during uphill andflat cycling in laboratory and fieldconditionsA Nimmerichter, K Haselsberger, B Prinz. Department of Sport and ExerciseSciences, University of Applied SciencesWiener Neustadt, Austria.

17.15-17.30Two-parameter power analysis of theperformances of grand tour winnersC Dauwe.Dept of Physics and Astronomy, GhentUniversity, Gent, Belgium.

17.30-17.45Comparing time-trial and time toexhaustion performanceL Passfield, S Coakley. Endurance Research Group, School ofSport and Exercise Sciences, University ofKent, UK.

Biomechanics 1

Wednesday 2nd July 16.30-17.45Lecture Theatre C

16.30-16.45Field tests with an instrumented bicycle forcomfort measurementsJ Vanwalleghem1, I De Baere1, M Loccufier2,W Van Paepegem1.1 Ghent University, Faculty of Engineering andArchitecture, Department Materials Science,Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Zwijnaarde,Belgium,

2 Ghent University, Faculty of Engineering andArchitecture, Department of Electrical energy,systems and automation, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.

16.45-17.00Application to cycling of a bioenergeticmodel: Towards a multi-level biomechanicalmodel for global cyclist performance analysisA Zignoli1, A Savoldelli1, F Biral2, B Pellegrini1,F Schena1.1 CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport andHealth) University of Verona, Verona, Italy.

2 Department of Industrial Engineering, University ofTrento, Trento, Italy.

17.00-17.15Multisensor monitoring cycle ergometerH Lugo, N Chakravorti, LK Philpott, PP Conway, AA West.1 Wolfson School of Mechanical and ManufacturingEngineering, Loughborough University,Loughborough, UK.

17.15-17.30Incorporating internal mechanical power intoperformance models in cyclingH Giorgi1,2,4, M Andrews2, A Gray3, M Osborne1,2.1 The University of Queensland, School of HumanMovement Studies, Brisbane, Queensland,Australia.

2 Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane,Queensland, Australia.

3 University of New England, School of Science andTechnology, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.

4 Winner Track Co, Ltd, Fo Tan, New Territories, Hong

Kong.

17.30-17.45Acute effects of small changes in cranklength on gross efficiency and pedalingtechnique during submaximal cyclingV Ferrer-Roca2, V Rivero Palomo1, A Ogueta-Alday1, JA Rodríguez-Marroyo1, J García-López1.1 Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences.Department of Physical Education. Institute ofBiomedicine. University of León, Spain.

2 High Performance Sport Centre (CAR), Sant Cugatdel Vallés, Barcelona, Spain.

ORAL PRESENTATIONSCHEDULE

CONTINUED OVERLEAF


Training

Wednesday 2nd July 16.30-17.45Room 412

16.30-17.00Measures of training stress in cyclists donot usefully predict maximum mean powerin competitionsHA Ferguson1, CD Paton2, WG Hopkins1.1 Auckland Institute of Technology, Auckland, NewZealand.

2 Eastern Institute of Technology, Napier, NewZealand.

17.00-17.15The effects of different strength trainingregimes on cycling performanceA Smit1,2, CW Hameetman1, T Peters3, GWM Heijboer4, JJ Bastiaans5.1 Elite Sports Unit, NOC*NSF, Arnhem, theNetherlands.

2 InnoSportLab Papendal, Arnhem, theNetherlands.

3 Vitesse, Arnhem, the Netherlands; 4 Belkin Pro Cycling Team, Amsterdam, theNetherlands.

5 KNWU, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.

17.15-17.30Effects of different training protocols on theheart rate variability of trained cyclists F Reichert, L Picanço. Post-Graduate Program in PhysicalEducation – Federal University of Pelotas,Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

17.30-17.45Individualised training duration inducessimilar physiological and performancebenefits at different intensities.S Coakley, L Passfield.Endurance Research Group, School ofSport and Exercise Sciences, University ofKent, UK.

Physiology 3

Thursday 3rd July 16.00-17.00Lecture Theatre A

16.00-16.15Acute Cycling sport causes UpperRespiratory Tract infections and lung functionloss among male recreational cyclists ofdifferent age groupsKV Rajasekhar.Centre for Physical Fitness and SportsSciences, University of Hyderabad India.

16.15-16.30Power output and affective load changeduring time trial according to environmentalconditionsA Abel1, F Grappe1,2.1 C3S, EA4660, Health-Sport Department, Universityof Franche Comte, France.


16.30-16.45Quantification of vibrations during mountainbikingP Macdermid, PW Fink, S Stannard.School of Sport and Exercise, MasseyUniversity, Palmerston North, New Zealand.

16.45-17.00Do 3-min all-out test parameters accuratelypredict competitive cyclist performance in thesevere intensity domain?A Nicolò, M Sacchetti.Department of Movement, Human and HealthSciences, “Foro Italico”University, Rome, Italy.

Physiology 4

Thursday 3rd July 16.00-17.00Lecture Theatre B

16.00-16.15The physical, mental and hormonalresponses to short-term intensified trainingin well-trained cyclists with a highcarbohydrate nutritional interventionSC Killer1, IS Svendsen1, JM Carter2, RK Randell2, AE Jeukendrup1,2, M Gleeson1.1 School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences.Loughborough University, Loughborough. UK.

2 Gatorade Sport Science Institute, LoughboroughUniversity, Loughborough. UK.

16.15-16.30The effect of exercise mode on salivary IgAsecretion in high level triathletesS Barrett, A Storey, M Harrison.Waterford Institute of Technology,Department of Health, Sport and ExerciseScience. Ireland.

16.30-16.45Low dose fish oil increases the omega-3index improving cycling efficiency andheart rate recovery L Hingley, M Macartney, M Brown, P McLennan, G Peoples.School of Medicine, University ofWollongong, New South Wales, Australia.

16.45-17.00Within-individual haemoglobin variationand the athlete biological passport: alongitudinal investigation of 13,887haemoglobin concentration readings inelite athletes.LM Lobigs1, EJ Knight2, YO Schumacher1, CJ Gore2.1 Aspetar Sports Medicine and OrthopedicHospital, Doha, Qatar.

2 Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.

ORAL PRESENTATIONSCHEDULE (CONT)


Biomechanics 2

Thursday 3rd July 16.00-17.00Lecture Theatre C

16.00-16.15Wearable multi-sensor system for embeddedbody position and motion analysis duringcycling. A Valade1, G Soto Romero1, C Escriba1, A Bouillod2, J Pinot2,3, J Cassirame2, Jean-Yves Fourniols1, F Grappe2,3.1 LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse, France. 2 EA4660, C3S Health – Sport Department, SportsUniversity, Besancon, France.


16.15-16.30Development of a multi-directional rating testmethod for bicycle frame stiffnessJ Vanwalleghem1, I De Baere1, M Loccufier2,W Van Paepegem1.1 Faculity of Engineering and Architecture,Department Materials Science, Mechanics ofMaterials and Structures, Ghent University,Zwijnaarde, Belgium.

2 Faculity of Engineering and Architecture,Department of Electrical energy, systems andautomation, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.

16.30-16.45Relationship between lower limb leg lengthand trunk orientation in cyclingA Brooke1,2.1 Bike Science Derby, Derby UK.2 Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, CliftonLane, Nottingham, UK.

16.45-17.00The influence of hamstring extensibility onpreselected saddle height within experiencedcompetitive cyclistsJ Hynd, D Crowle, C Stephenson.Sports and Exercise, Teesside University,Middlesbrough, UK.

Biomechanics 3

Thursday 3rd July 16.00-17.00Room 412

16.00-16.15A depth camera-based system forestimating cyclist-bike projected frontalareaJS Wheat, S Clarkson, D Higham, S Choppin.Centre for Sports Engineering Research,Sheffield Hallam University.

16.15-16.30Effects of changing seat height on bikehandling B Fonda1,2, N. Sarabon2, R Blacklock1, F-X. Li1.1 School of Sport, Exercise and RehabilitationSciences, University of Birmingham,Birmingham, UK.

2 S2P, Laboratory for Motor Control and MotorBehaviour, Science to Practice, Ltd, Ljubljana,Slovenia.

16.30-16.45Three ways of assessing the forces at theknee and ankle while cyclingEF Rios Soltero1, HHCM Savelberg2.1 TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands, 2 Maastricht University, Maastricht, TheNetherlands.

16.45-17.00Efficiency index of a pedaling monitorsystem depend on load power, cadenceand body weight.T Kitawaki1, T Tokuyasu2, H Oka1. 1 Graduate School of Health Sciences, OkayamaUniversity, Shikata, Okayama, Japan.

2 Faculty of Information Engineering, Fukuokainstitute of technology, Fukuoka, Japan.


Exhibition Area

Wednesday 2nd July

Board 1Optimal pacing strategy for a race of twocompeting cyclistsT Dahmen, D SaupeUniversity of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.

Board 2The relationship between vertical leg stiffnessand gross mechanical efficiency in cyclistsJD Hughes, G Pitchers, SC How, M ColeExercise & Sport Research Centre, Universityof Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK

Board 3Treadmill-based cycling time trial betterpredicts seasonal cross-country mountainbike performance than traditional parametersin laboratory tests.B Müller1,2, T Steiner1, T Maier1 & JP Wehrlin1.1 Section for Elite Sports, Swiss Federal Institute ofSport, Magglingen, Switzerland.

2 Swiss Cycling Federation, Grenchen, Switzerland.

Board 4Influence of positional biomechanics ongross efficiency within cycling.J BatemanUniversity of Sunderland, UK.

Board 5Laboratory predictors of uphill cycling timetrial performanceAH Bossi1, P Lima1, J Hopker2, JRP Lima1.1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, FederalUniversity of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MinasGerais, Brazil.

2 School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Universityof Kent, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent,England.

POSTER PRESENTATIONSCHEDULE

Board 6The effect of beetroot juice dosage on highintensity intermittent cycling performance. G Byrne, B Wardrop, A StoreyWaterford Institute of Technology, Ireland.

Board 7Differences in static and dynamic bike fit with3d motion captureM Corbett, J BevinsInstitute of Sport and Exercise Science,University of Worcester, UK.

Board 8An online survey using social mediainvestigating the use of kinesiology type tapeand McConnell type tape with clinicians whotreat cycling related knee pain. G Theobald1, J Selfe2, J Richards2, H Roddam2.1 The Body Rehab Injury Clinic, Staveley, Cumbria,UK.

2 School of Sport, Tourism & the Outdoors, UCLan,Preston, UK.

Board 9A contiguous ramp and all-out exercise testto determine critical power in competitivecyclistsMS Wells1, G Atkinson2, HB Rossiter3, S Marwood1.1 Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool HopeUniversity, UK.

2 Health and Social Care Institute, TeessideUniversity, UK.

3 Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute atHarbor-UCLA Medical Center, USA.

Board 10The effect of wheel diameter on vertical andhorizontal mountain bike position S Phillips1, M Levy2, B Alumbaugh1, G Smith3, G Smith1.1 Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO,USA.

2 University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA.3 Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA

Board 11Muscular fatigue of the lower limb andsubsequent joint angle adaptations during a16.1km cycling time trial. I Willitt, N Smith, P HudsonDepartment of Sport and Exercise Sciences,University of Chichester, Chichester, UK.

Board 12A new test battery to assess bike handlingskills of experienced and inexperiencedcyclists B Fonda1,2, N. Sarabon2, F-X. Li1.1 School of Sport, Exercise and RehabilitationSciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham,UK.

2 S2P, Laboratory for Motor Control and MotorBehaviour, Science to Practice, Ltd., Ljubljana,Slovenia.

Board 13Effect of hand cooling on body temperature,cardiovascular and perceptual responsesduring recumbent cycling in a hotenvironmentAD Ruddock1,2, K Chatziopoulos2, T Parkington2, GA Tew3, A Purvis2.1 Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, SheffieldHallam University, UK.

2 Department of Sport, Sheffield Hallam University,UK.

3 Department of Health Sciences, University of York,UK.


Exhibition Area

Thursday 3rd July

Board 1Relation between lactic acid steady-state andmuscle oxygenation in elite cyclistsM Mantovani1,2, M Bongi1, A Bandera3.1 University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. 2 Team Colombia, Adro, Italy. 3Nirox srl, Brescia, Italy.

Board 2Do core stabilization exercises enhancecycling efficiency?EJ Weijmans, S van Berkel.Department of Sports Medicine, Isala, Zwolle,the Netherlands.

Board 3A multidisciplinary team immunityintervention and well-being monitoring withfemale track riders in preparation for the2013/14 UCI world cup seasonOC Busby, V DaviesSport Wales, Cardiff, UK.

Board 4An investigation of the biomechanicalefficacy and clinical effectiveness of patello-femoral taping in elite and experiencedcyclists G Theobald1, J Selfe2, J Richards2, H Roddam2.1 The Body Rehab Injury Clinic, Staveley, Cumbria,UK.

2 School of Sport, Tourism & the Outdoors, UCLan,Preston, UK.

Board 5Comparison of power output demands for atop-10 ranking between Tour de France andVuelta a EspanaJ Pinot1,2, F Grappe1,2.1 EA4660, C3S Health – Sport Department,University of Franche Comte, Besançon, France.

2 FDJ.fr Pro Cycling Team, Moussy le Vieux, France.

Board 6The influence of aerobic fitness on theoxygen uptake kinetics of trained cyclistsG Rose.School of Health, Sport & ProfessionalPractice, University of South Wales, Newport,UK.

Board 7The analysis & forecasting of British cyclingtime trial records BTJ Dyer1, H Hossani2, M Shadi2

1 Faculty of Science & Technology, BournemouthUniversity, UK.

2 The Business School, Bournemouth University, UK.

Board 8Effect of environmental temperature onpacing during a simulated 16 km cycling timetrialS Bailey, C O’HaganAcademy of Sport and Physical Activity,Sheffield Hallam University, UK.

Board 9The Effect of IMT on Cycling Time-TrialPerformance at ~16°C (Cool) and ~26°C (Hot)Temperatures.C Sharp, M Faghy Sport and Exercise Science, University ofDerby, Derby, UK.

Board 10Optimisation of cycling training P Scarf1, M Shrahili1, SA Jobson2, L Passfield3.1 Centre for Sports Business, Salford BusinessSchool, University of Salford, UK.

2 Department of Sports Studies, University ofWinchester, UK.

3 School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Universityof Kent, UK.

Board 11Track Tales: A Narrative Exploration OfWithin-career Transition In Sprint CyclingW McConn.School of Sport & Exercise Sciences,Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool,UK.

Board 12The reliability and validity of the 3-minutecritical power testJ Wright1, S Jobson2, S Bruce-Low1.1 Health, Exercise and Sport Science, SouthamptonSolent University, UK.

2 Department of Sports Studies, University ofWinchester, UK.

Board 13Changes in whole body and local muscleoxygen consumption during prolongedcyclingC O’Grady, B Pageaux, JG Hopker.Endurance Research Group, School of Sportand Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, UK.

Board 14

Modelling of Critical Power from Road DataB Karsten1, S Jobson2, J Hopker3, L Stevens1,C Beedie4. 1 Centre for Sports Science and HumanPerformances, University of Greenwich, ChathamMaritime, UK.

2 Department of Sport Studies, University ofWinchester, Winchester, UK.

3 School for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Universityof Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK.

4 Department of Sport and Exercise Science, ABER,Aberystwyth, UK.


PROGRAMME DAY 1

8.00- 9.15 Registration and refreshments – Foyer

9.15-9.30 Welcome – Lecture ADr James Hopker, Roger Harrington (Leeds Council Cycling Ambassador), Brian Robinson

9.30-10.00 Charly Wegelius (Garmin-Sharp Sporting Director) “Can sports science help to make race-winning decisions?”– Lecture A

10.00-10.30 Dr. Ross Tucker (University of Cape Town)“Fatigue and limitations to endurance cycling performance”– Lecture A

Lecture A Lecture C

10.30-11.30 SymposiumThe limits to exercise tolerance: mind or muscle?Prof Samuele Marcora (University of Kent)Dr Mark Burnley (University of Kent)Sponsored by the University of Kent

Symposium TdF champions: born or trained?

“Genomics of elite sporting performance: What little we know”

Prof Yannis Pitsalidis (University of Brighton)“Genetics and epigenetics contribution elite athletic

performance”Dr Colin Moran (Unversity of Stirling)

11.30-12.00 Peter Hespel (Omega Pharma Quick-Step) “Extreme Nutrition: Grand Tour Cycling”– Lecture A

12.00-13.00 Lunch/Posters/Exhibition – Foyer

13.00-14.00 Symposium Current Perspectives on Anti-Doping in Cycling

“The Athlete’s Biological Passport – Past, Present, Future”Dr Olaf Schumacher (ASPETAR)

“An Integrative 'Omics' Solution to the Detection ofRecombinant Human Erythropoietin and Blood Doping”

Prof Yannis Pitsiladis (University of Brighton)

SymposiumPacing strategies, perceived effort and cycling performance

Dr F Hettinga (University of Essex)“Highly accurate computer simulations of individual time

trials in competitive cycling”Prof Bert Otten (University of Groningen)

“How to use pain to pace” Dr Lex Mauger (University of Kent)

14.00-15.00 “Anti Doping and Cycling: Where from here ?”– Lecture AChair: Dr Ross Tucker (University of Cape Town)

Dr Olaf Schumacher (ASPETAR), Dr Mario Zorzoli (UCI)Charly Wegelius (Garmin-Sharp Pro Cycling Team), Dr Michael Hutchinson (Cycling Journalist)

Marco Pinotti (BMC Pro Cycling Team)

15.00-15.30 Refreshments/Posters/Exhibition – Foyer

15.30-16.30 SymposiumMuscle activity and pedal forces: do they matter in

cycling performanceDr Fred Grappe (FDJ)

“Effects of vibration on the cycling biomechanics”Dr William Bertucci (University of Reims)

“Interest of studying muscular activity to improve cycling performance”

Dr Sébastien Duc (University of Reims)

Symposium Cycling in the Extremes

“Heat effects on cycling: physiology, perception, andperformance”

Prof Stephen Cheung (Brock University)

“Can altitude training be recommended to elite athletes?”Dr Carsten Lundby (University of Zurich)

16.30-17.45 Open Short CommunicationsLecture Theatre A, B, C, and room 412

Open Short CommunicationsLecture Theatre A, B, C, and room 412

End of Day 1

19.00-.00 Conference Dinner – Rose BowlMarco Pinotti, Michael Hutchinson, Tim Moore

2nd July 2014


PROGRAMME DAY 2

8.00-8.50 Registration and refreshments – Foyer

8.50-9.00 Welcome – Lecture A

9.00-9.30 Ulrich Schroberer (SRM), Nicolas Roche (Tinkoff-Saxo Professional Cycling Team)“The use of Power Meters in Professional Cycling”– Lecture A

Sponsored by SRM

9.30-10.00 Dr Mario Zorzoli (UCI Medical Director) “Maintaining rider health”– Lecture A

Lecture A Lecture C

10.00-11.00 SymposiumTraining and physiological assessment in cycling: the Mapei Sport experience, Prof Andrea Morelli

“Seasonal variations of total haemoglobin mass and aerobic endurance capacities in professional road cyclists”,

Dr Andrea Bosio“Physiological and neuromuscular difference between

training at low and high pedal frequencies”, Paolo ArtusoSponsored by Mapei SportService

Symposium Contemporary sports nutrition in elite cyclingDr Kevin Currell (English Institute of Sport)

“Role of muscle glycogen in adaptation to training” Dr James Morton (Liverpool John Moores University)“Nutrient interactions in mitochondrial biogenesis”

Dr Andy Philp (Birmingham University)“Practical aspects of maximising adaptation with nutrition”

Nigel Mitchell (Team Sky)

11.00-11.30 Refreshments/Posters/Exhibition – Foyer

11.30-12.30 Symposium Using power meters to improve training and performance

Prof Louis Passfield (University of Kent)Dr Mikel Zabala (Movistar Pro Cycling Team)

Dirk Friel (Training Peaks)

SymposiumNutrition for elite cycling, from the lab to the musette

Dr David Bailey (Nestlé Research Center)Dr Louise Burke (Australian Institue of Sport)

Sponsored by Powerbar

12.30-13.30 Lunch/Posters/Exhibition – Foyer

13.30-14.00 Dr Iñigo Mujika (University of the Basque Country)“A scientific approach to training and tapering for road cycling events”

14.00-15.00 SymposiumAerodynamics in Professional Cycling

“Optimizing aerodynamics in road race cycling”Robby Ketchell (Garmin-Sharp Pro Cycling Team)

“The development of a field-based platform for measuringaerodynamics incycling: from hair dryers to Rio”Andy Froncioni (Alphamantis Technologies)

Symposium British Cycling: Developing a winning culture

“The dichotomy between applied sport science andcoaching practice”

Vinny Webb and Andrew Kirkland (British Cycling)“A behavioural approach to winning”

Dave Readle (British Cycling)Sponsored by British Cycling

15.00-16.00 SymposiumThe role of strength training within endurance cyclingDr Iñigo Mujika (University of the Basque Country)Dr Bent Ronnestad (Lillehammer University)Dr David Martin (Australian Institute of Sport)

SymposiumInspriatory Muscle Training and Cycling Performance

Dr John Dickinson (University of Kent)Dr Peter Brown (English Institute of Sport)

Sponsored by Powerbreathe

16.00-17.00 Open Short CommunicationsLecture Theatre A, B, C, and room 412

Open Short CommunicationsLecture Theatre A, B, C, and room 412

17.00-17.30 Dr. David Martin (Australian Institute of Sport) “Winning the TdF: does it need a sport science perspective?”– Lecture A

End of Day 2

19.00-21.00 Open Public Engagement Event – Rose BowlChair: Prof Louis Passfield

Dirk Friel – The evolution of power measurement in professional cyclingProf Yannis Pitsiladis – TdF champions born or made?

Dr Mikel Zabala & Marco Pinotti – Physiology of the TdF riderDr Simon Choppin – Biomechanics aspects of professional cycling

Sponsored by TraningPeaks

3rd July 2014

E: [email protected]: wcss2014_leedsFacebook: wcss2014

www.wcss2014.co.uk DPC 117078 09/14

Documents

2ND WORLD CONGRESS OF CYCLING SCIENCE booklet.pdf · 1 Dear Delegates, It is a great pleasure to welcome you all to the 2nd World Congress of Cycling Science. We are pleased to see