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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION AND DESIGN OF THE STUDY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Of the two billion people in the world currently dependent on

biomass energy (chiefly wood, and also dung and crop residues), some

700 million are estimated to live in India alone (ESMAP, 2001).

According to the Census of India, 2001, about 91% of rural and 31% of

urban homes depend chiefly on traditional fuels, fuel-wood, animal and

crop waste and charcoal -- for cooking.

Dependence on traditional forms of biomass adversely affects

human productivity particularly when time is increasingly spent out of

and beyond afield for diminishing fuel-wood sources and if the health of

those exposed is endangered by high concentration of particular matterfrom inefficiently burnt domestic fuels. While individuals (mainly

women and girls) are exposed to the injurious effects (of smoke

inhalation, the emission of unburned hydrocarbons through traditional

stoves, and soot deposits when washed off vessels, etc.) and also have to

spend time on fuel gathering, the community as a whole is adversely

affected both by the ambient pollution created by simultaneous cook-

fires and through land degradation in cases where fuel-wood is gathered

in an unsustainable manner.

Specifically recognized the challenge of providing access for

rural households to modern energy sources and called for a rural

energy transformation, efforts have focused chiefly on electricity

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generation. This has meant that the need for cleaner and more efficient

cooking fuels has not been adequately addressed.

Trends in household fuel use can also be viewed along an energy

ladder, from simple biomass fuels -- twigs/shrubs, dung, crop waste --

at the lowest levels, to fuel-wood, charcoal, and kerosene, and finally to

LPG and electricity. The fuel-stove combinations become cleaner and

more efficient, but also increase in capital costs as the ladder is ascended

(OTA, 1992). Therefore, as household income increases, people are

able to move up the energy ladder, affording seemingly more expensive

but more efficient sources of energy, if they are accessible.

Unfortunately, while households around the world have moved to

higher quality rungs of the ladder, in developing countries many are still

dependent on fuel-wood or have been forced down by local wood

shortage to crop residues or even shrubs and grasses (UNDP, 1998). It

therefore is pertinent to assess the current use of various domestic

cooking fuels and the possibility of shifting to cleaner and more efficient

options. One of these options is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

However, the likelihood of enhancing supplies of LPG and a

distribution network to meet increasing domestic demand have also to

be considered. Juxtaposed with the household demand must be the

competing demand from the automobile sector. This necessitates an

assessment of the supply-side requirements from refinery capacity to

transport, bottling and distribution, and the associated constraints.

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1.2 INDIAN CONSUMER

A consumer is exposed to many and varied sources of information

in the process of making a decision to purchase. The perception of theconsumer about the appropriateness and reliability of these sources

contribute to the sources effectiveness and help him to make the final

choice. Information search is therefore, a vital pre-purchase activity in

any purchase decision.

The consumer has to face many complex sets of alternatives in

many purchase situations. He may have to choose among a great variety

of commodities and commodity classes with his rupee. From each

product category, he may make selection from different sizes, colours,

styles, models and brands. The consumer has also to make decisions

about when and where to buy a certain product, how much he wants to

spend on it, or how much he can afford and how he will pay for it.

Some purchase decisions are routine and may not require little

more than the blink of an eye. Other purchase situations may be more

complex. Some products may require more cash outlays. In some

others, considerations like safety and health may also have to be

examined. Many product purchases may require the evaluation of

variety of economic, social and psychological factors.

When the consumer evaluates the consequences of his purchase

decision, he may perceive some degree of what Bauer called 'perceived

risk'. If the perceived risk factor is light, it may not impede the purchase

decision to any large extent.

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If the degree of risk is greater, the purchase may be cancelled or

postponed. In such cases the consumer may have the option to reduce

his perceived risk through search acquisition of more information priorto purchase.

The need and significance of pre-purchase information in

consumer evaluations of products and brands is well documented in the

literature of the past. As far as the durable goods are concerned studies

have been conducted to determine the amount of search by consumers

prior to purchase as well as to the identity of the major influence on

such search.

This study aims to out answers to some questions in respect of

buyers of Television. Some of the questions are as below.

How many sources of information do consumers consult before

they buy?

Do the sources vary in number in terms of product?

Which source of information is perceived by the consumer to be

important?

What factors the consumer considers at the time of making his

choice?

Search process precedes the purchase. A consumer with high

information requirements may presumably invest more effort into his

search. If information is not readily available to the consumer, his effort

might be directed at finding more. If such information is accessible to

that consumer, his search effort may consist in sorting out those clues

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that are relevant to him. Either way, the procured information may not

fully satisfy the consumer's requirements. So, consumers with high

search effort tend to express greater purchase satisfaction than those winlow effort, even when the product evaluation falls below satisfaction.

Some consumers, who are acquisition minded and anxious to

finalize the purchase, may lack the patience and interest to engage

themselves in extended search procedures. They are consumers with low

information requirement who spend less effort in their search. Some

may lack knowledge of appropriate information sources.

Inspite of many devices, measures and laws, which bring

protection to consumers, consumerism in India is not successful. But

steps have been taken in recent years to support consumerism and

upgrade consumer protection. Rising incomes and the range of new

products have multiplied the number, value and variety of consumer

market transactions. Therefore, there are far more opportunities for

consumer deception than ever. The movement towards the consumer's

welfare and protection is called 'Consumerism'.

A consumer needs guidelines and product data and information so

as to be provided with market transparency. Consumer is lacking that

information and as a result he is ill-equipped to make intelligent choices.

It is the fault of the business community, which is either unable or

unwilling to provide the information, which consumers require for

intelligent decision-making.

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After acquiring the needed product information through proper

search, the consumer has to evaluate the competing alternatives to arrive

at a purchase decision. This involves the interaction of different factorslike price, brand popularity, technical performance, service and

availability of spare parts, size, colour, design, warranty, discounts and

gifts, etc. Based on the evaluation of important factors, the consumer

makes a purchase decision.

INDIAN MARKETING ENVIRONMENT

India is the second largest market in the world if people constitute

markets. The needs of 750 million people of the country are of

enormous magnitude. Geographically, the Indian market is scattered

over six lakhs villages and five thousand small and big towns. The

Indian market is not only vast and scattered but is extremely complex.

The vast population of the land with their extreme diversities in terms of

religion, customs and language present the most bizarre market of the

world. There are six religions and hundreds of sects and sub sects. The

people speak seventeen different languages and hundred of local

dialects. There is no common life style and consumption habit.

In India, the state plays a regulatory role. While

analyzing the Indian market environment, it has to be noted that it is

the by-product of an economy characterized by licensing, tariff

protections and restrictions over corporate investment. Not only in

the matter of investment decisions, but also even in the case of pricing,

distribution and competitive aspects of various sectors, the state plays a

key role. The control over the economy might have impaired

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the rate of growth of certain business. But it has not eliminated the

opportunities for employing innovative marketing strategies. Indian

economy is a mixed economy. More and more investment areas arethrowing open to the private sector. India today is nearer to a free

market economy.

Seller's market conditions do prevail in certain sectors of the

Indian Economy. At the same time, the seller's market conditions are not

true of all sectors of the Indian economy. In any sector, there is vibrant

competition. Even in those sectors where demand is more and supply is

less, competition is present and a choice is available to the customer.

The existing manufacturing capacities are being enhanced in

almost all sectors of the Indian business. New investment, new

manufacturing units, and new business houses are giving a new

dimension to the Indian marketing profile. This means that the

production will not just get sold unless every producer promotes his

product or brand. Brand competition has become a striking feature of

the marketing scene in India in both consumer goods and Industrial

goods.

This is evident from the level of advertising and sales promotion

activities that is going on in India.

Another notable feature of the Indian marketing environment is

the predominance of the urban market. A major chunk of the consumer

goods produced is consumed by the urban market. The producers of

consumer goods and services have mostly been concentrating on this

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urban market consumer, having a highly discretionary income at their

disposal. But of late, this preoccupation with the urban market is giving

place to steady exploitation of the hidden potential of India's ruralmarket. There is a good demand base for several new products and

services in the fast developing rural India.

Marketing is used to create the customer, to keep the customer

and to satisfy the customer. With the customer as the focus of its

activities, it can be concluded that marketing management is one of the

major components of business management. The evolution of marketing

was caused due to mature markets and overcapacities in the last

decades. Companies then shifted the focus from production more to the

customer in order to stay profitable.

The term marketing concept holds that achieving organizational

goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and

delivering the desired satisfactions. It proposes that in order to satisfy its

organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs

and wants of consumers and satisfy these more effectively than

competitors.

Marketing is a comprehensive term and it includes all resourcesand a set of activities necessary to direct and facilitate the flow of goods

and services form producer to consumer in the process of distribution.

The topic of brand preference has drawn substantial attention in

recent years as a field of study and it is fair to say that much has been

learned. It is a dynamic field and many discoveries are still to be made.

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Marketing is a process of planning and executing the conception,

pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services tocreate exchanges that will satisfy individual and organizational

objectives.

1.3 CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

The study to brand exposes important problems for both

marketers and consumers durable is largely influenced by a number of

factors such as advertisement, price, quality, performance. These factors

play a vital role in the decision making process and in the brand

preference.

Consumer behaviour is the study of why, how, what, where and

how often do consumption is taking place for a particulars product.

Customer is very often referred to as a King. Customers are

value maximisers websterss Dictionary says Fulfilment of a need or a

want is customer satisfaction. Satisfaction is a persons feeling of

pleasure or disappointment resulting from composition of a products

perceived and actual performance in relation to his or her expectations.So consumers satisfaction is a function of a products perceived

performance and the customers expectations.

Over the years marketing has undergone substantial changes both

in nature role and functions. Modern concept of marketing is different

from the traditional concept. Market for most commodities may be

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through of not geographical meeting place but as getting together of

buyer & seller in person, by mail, telegraph or any other means.

Consumers behaviour can be said as the activities people engagein when selecting purchasing and using products so as to satisfy need

and desires.

Buying behaviour

A marketing firm, in the course of its operations, must ascertain

the nature of buying behaviour, if it is to market properly its product. In

order to entice and persuade a consumer to buy a product, the

psychological/behavioural process of how a given product is purchased.

Buying behaviour consists of two prime strands, namely being

consumer (B2C) behaviour and organisational/industrial behavior

(B2B).

B2C buying behaviour

This mode of behaviour concerns consumers, in the purchase of a

given product. The B2C buying process is as thus:

Need/want recognition

Information search

Search for alternatives (to satisfy need/want)

Purchase decision

Post-purchase evaluation

As an example, if one pictures a pair of sneakers, the desire for a

pair of sneakers would be followed by an information search on

available types/brands. This may include perusing media outlets, but

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most commonly consists of information gathered from family and

friends.

If the information search is insufficient, the consumer may searchfor alternative means to satisfy the need/want. In this case, this may be

buying leather shoes, sandals, etc. The purchase decision is then made,

in which the consumer actually buys the product.

Following this stage, a post-purchase evaluation is often

conducted, comprising an appraisal of the value/utility brought by the

purchase of the sneakers. If the value/utility is high, then a repeat

purchase may be bought. This could then develop into consumer loyalty,

for the firm producing the pair of sneakers.

B2B buying behaviour

B2B buying behaviour relates to organisational/industrial buying

behaviour. B2C and B2B behaviour are not exact, as similarities and

differences exist. Some of the key differences are listed below:

Consumer behaviour

Low in monetary value

Low in volume/mass

Swift purchase Transaction marketing-based

Single buying instances

Number of consumer is higher

Individual/market-based demand

Organisational behaviour

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High in monetary value

High in volume/mass

Lengthy purchase process Relationship marketing-based

Multiple buying instances

Number of consumers is lesser

Demand is consumer derived (in that firms purchase goods to

ultimately meet consumer demand)

The organisational buying process:

Problem recognition

Need description

Product specification

Supplier search

Proposal solicitation

Supplier selection

Order routine specification

Supplier performance review

In a straight rebuy, the fourth, fifth and sixth stages are omitted.

In a modified rebuy scenario, the fifth and sixth stages are precluded. In

a new buy, all aforementioned stages are conducted.

The Decision Making Unit (DMU)

The DMU, in other terms, can be labelled as the Purchasing or

Procurement departments of an organisation. Accordingly, it is

responsible for the purchasing of organisational items and assets.

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1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study on Domestic gas with respect to consumer preferenceaims at finding out the protectoral and expectation in market. This

enables to know about the strength and weakness of the victory product

available in the market.

This project has the importance of additional features in the

Domestic gas, finally the study attempts to find out the opinion about

the sales, price and quality of product with regard to Domestic gas.

The study by ascertaining the factors that motivates and end-user

to purchase Domestic gas enables the company to channels its service,

advertisement companys accordingly. Consumers expectations are also

gauged to help the company in proactive strategy formulations.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To find out the customer preference of Domestic gas.

To find out the advertisements effectiveness of Domestic gas.

To find out the market position of Domestic gas.

To find out the brand preference of the customers.

To find out the buying attitude of the respondents.

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1.6 NEED OF THE STUDY

The term consumer behaviour refers to the behaviour thatconsumer display in searching for purchasing, using, evaluating and

disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy needs

consumers are highly complex individuals. Subject to a variety of

psychology and sociology needs. Needs and priorities of different

consumers segment differ drastically in this comprehensive era a large

no. of domestic LPG brands are available in the market with different

models and price level choices for the consumer is available. The study

of examine

How they prefer it buy from the quantum

How the needs changes

How the marketing trends changes

1.7 METHODOLOGY

The validity of research mainly depends on the proper method

data collection and suitable technique of analysis. Data interpretation

is used for the statistical analysis. Any estimate in the study is

generalized only when the design of the study is properly executed.

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1.8 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design is the arrangement of condition for collectionand analysis of data in a manner that assists to combine relevance to the

research purpose with economy in procedure.

The design used in the project is study is descriptive type. It

contains surveys and fact findings, enquiries. The major purpose of this

research is description of the state of affairs, as it exits at present.

Sampling technique

Sampling is the process of obtaining information about entire

population by examining only a part of it. Random sampling technique

is used in this study from the population samples are picking up

randomly.

Sources of data

Primary data

The study is mainly based on primary data. First hand information

is collected by well structured questionnaire. Convenient sampling

method is adopted in the selection of respondents. Information is

obtained from the sample of 100 respondents.

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Secondary data

Secondary data include various, journal, newspapers andmanagement which provide valuable information relating to the topic.

The data collected is tabulated further.

1.9 TOOLS OF ANALYSIS

Simple statistical tools like percentage analysis and advance

statistical tool like chi-square test were used for analysis. Null

hypothesis were set based on the data inference were drawn accordingly.

To establish relationship between opinion about the price and

personal factors influencing chi-square to be applied.

The 2 test (pronounced as chi-square test) is one of the simplest

and most widely used non parametric test in statistical work. The

symbol x2 is the Greek letters chi. The 2 test was first used by karl

pearson in the year 1990. The quantity 2 describes the magnitude of the

discrepancy between theory and observation.

The procedure followed

1. Formulate the null hypothesis

2. Fix the level of significance

3. Calculate the test statistic

2 = (O-E)2

E

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Degrees of freedom = (R-1) (C-1)

Where

O = Observed frequency

E = Expected frequency

R = No. of rows

C = No. of columns

The expected frequency is calculated by using the following formula

E =

1.10 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study is limited to Salem District only and therefore the

findings of the study cannot be extended to other areas.

The time duration for the study was short period.

The restricted sample size was one of the major limitations.

Detailed study was not possible due to the limit.

Since the survey has been conducted of Domestic gas

respondents only.

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Row Total x Column Total

Grand Total


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1.11 CHAPTER SCHEME

This study has been presented in five chapters.

Chapter I

This chapter deals with the introduction, research design of the

study.

Chapter II

This chapter concerned with the profile of the company.

Chapter III

This chapter is deals with review of related literature.

Chapter IV

This chapter explained the Analysis and interpretation of data.

Chapter V

This chapter presents the findings, suggestions and conclusion of

the study.

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CHAPTER II

PROFILE OF THE STUDY

LPG AN OVERVIEW

Liquefied petroleum gas is a flammable mixture ofhydrocarbon

gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles. It is increasingly

used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant, replacing

chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer.

When specifically used as a vehicle fuel it is often referred to as

autogas.

Varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixes that are primarily

propane (C3H8), primarily butane (C4H10) and, most commonly, mixes

including both propane and butane, depending on the season in

winter more propane, in summer more butane.Propylene andbutylenes

are usually also present in small concentration. A powerful odorant,

ethanethiol, is added so that leaks can be detected easily. The

international standard is EN 589. In the United States, thiophene oramyl

mercaptan are also approved odorants.

LPG is synthesised by refining petroleum or "wet" natural gas,

and is usually derived from fossil fuel sources, being manufactured

during the refining ofcrude oil, or extracted from oil orgas streams asthey emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by Dr.

Walter Snelling, and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It

currently provides about 3% of the energy consumed, and burns cleanly

with no soot and very few sulfur emissions, posing no ground or water

pollution hazards. LPG has a typical specific calorific value of

46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel-oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for

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premium grade petrol (gasoline). However, its energy density per

volume unit of 26 MJ/l is lower than either that of petrol or fuel-oil.

LPG evaporates quickly at normal temperatures and pressures and

is supplied in pressurised steel cylinders. They are typically filled to

between 80% and 85% of their capacity to allow forthermal expansion

of the contained liquid. The ratio between the volumes of the vaporized

gas and the liquefied gas varies depending on composition, pressure,

and temperature, but is typically around 250:1. The pressure at which

LPG becomes liquid, called its vapour pressure, likewise varies

depending on composition and temperature; for example, it is

approximately 220 kilopascals (2.2 bar) for pure butane at 20 C

(68 F), and approximately 2.2 megapascals (22 bar) (319 psi) for pure

propane at 55 C (131 F). LPG is heavier than air, and thus will flow

along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as basements. This can

cause ignition or suffocation hazards if not dealt with.

Large amounts of LPG can be stored in bulk cylinders and can be buried

underground.

Rural heating

Cylinders with LP gas in India

Predominantly in Europe and rural parts of the United States,

LPG can provide an alternative to electricity and heating oil (kerosene).

LPG is most often used where there is no access to piped natural gas.

LPG can be used as a power source forcombined heat and power

technologies (CHP). CHP is the process of generating both electrical

power and useful heat from a single fuel source. This technology has

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allowed LPG to be used not just as fuel for heating and cooking, but also

for de-centralised generation of electricity.

LPG can be stored in a variety of ways. LPG, as with other fossil

fuels, can be combined with renewable power sources to provide greater

reliability while still achieving some reduction in CO2 emissions.

When LPG is used to fuel internal combustion engines, it is often

referred to as autogas or auto propane. In some countries, it has been

used since the 1940s as a petrol alternative for spark ignition engines.

Two recent studies have examined LPG-fuel-oil fuel mixes and found

that smoke emissions and fuel consumption are reduced but

hydrocarbon emissions are increased. The studies were split on CO

emissions, with one finding significant increases, and the other finding

slight increases at low engine load but a considerable decrease at high

engine load. Its advantage is that it is non-toxic, non-corrosive and free

of tetra-ethyl lead or any additives, and has a high octane rating (102-

108 RON depending on local specifications). It burns more cleanly than

petrol or fuel-oil and is especially free of theparticulates from the latter.

LPG has a lower energy density than either petrol or fuel-oil, so

the equivalent fuel consumption is higher. Many governments impose

less tax on LPG than on petrol or fuel-oil, which helps offset the greater

consumption of LPG than of petrol or fuel-oil. However, in many

European countries this tax break is often compensated by a much

higher annual road tax on cars using LPG than on cars using petrol or

fuel-oil. Propane is the third most widely used motor fuel in the world.

2008 estimates are that over 13 million vehicles are fueled by propane

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gas worldwide. Over 20 million tonnes (over 7 billion US gallons) are

used annually as a vehicle fuel.

Not all automobile engines are suitable for use with LPG as a fuel. LPG

provides less upper cylinder lubrication than petrol or diesel, as a

consequence LPG fueled engines are more prone to wearing valves if

not suitably modified. Many modern common rail diesel engines

respond well to LPG use as a supplementary fuel. This is where LPG is

used as fuel as well as diesel. Systems are now available that integrate

with OEM engine management systems.

Refrigeration

LPG is instrumental in providing off-the-grid refrigeration,

usually by means of a gas absorption refrigerator.

Blended of pure, dry propane (refrigerant designator R-290 ) and

isobutane (R-600a) the blend - "R-290a" - has negligible ozone

depletion potential and very low global warming potential and can serve

as a functional replacement for R-12, R-22, R-134a,and other

chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional

stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems.

Such substitution is widely prohibited or discouraged in motor

vehicle air conditioning systems, on the grounds that using flammable

hydrocarbons in systems originally designed to carry non-flammable

refrigerant presents a significant risk of fire or explosion.

Vendors and advocates of hydrocarbon refrigerants argue against

such bans on the grounds that there have been very few such incidents

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relative to the number of vehicle air conditioning systems filled with

hydrocarbons. One particular test was conducted by a professor at the

University of New South Wales that unintentionally tested the worstcase scenario of a sudden and complete refrigerant loss into the

passenger compartment followed by subsequent ignition. He and several

others in the car sustained minor burns to their face, ears, and hands, and

several observers received lacerations from the burst glass of the front

passenger window. No one was seriously injured.

Cooking

Truck carrying LPG cylinders to residential consumers in

Singapore. According to the 2001 Census of India, 17.5% of Indian

households or 33.6 million Indian households used LPG as cooking fuel

in 2001, which is supplied to their homes by Indian Oil which is known

as Indane. 76.64% of such households were from urban India making up

48% of urban Indian households as compared to a usage of 5.7% only in

rural Indian households. LPG is subsidised by the government. Increase

in LPG prices has been a politically sensitive matter in India as it

potentially affects the urbanmiddle class voting pattern.

LPG was once a popular cooking fuel in Hong Kong; however,

the continued expansion of town gas to buildings has reduced LPG

usage to less than 24% of residential units.

LPG is the most common cooking fuel in Brazilian urban areas,

being used in virtually all households. Poor families receive a

government grant ("Vale Gs") used exclusively for the acquisition of

LPG.

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Security of supply

Because of the natural gas and the oil-refining industry, Europe is

almost self-sufficient in LPG. Europe's security of supply is furthersafeguarded by:

a wide range of sources, both inside and outside Europe;

a flexible supply chain via water, rail and road with numerous

routes and entry points into Europe;

As of early 2008, world reserves of natural gas from which

most LPG is derived stood at 6,342.411 trillion cubic feet. Added tothe LPG derived from cracking crude oil, this amounts to a major energy

source that is virtually untapped and has massive potential. Production

continues to grow at an average annual rate of 2.2%, virtually assuring

that there is no risk of demand outstripping supply for the foreseeable

future.

Comparison with natural gas

LPG is composed primarily of propane and butane, while natural

gas is composed of the lighter methane and ethane. LPG, vaporised and

at atmospheric pressure, has a higher calorific value (94 MJ/m

equivalent to 26.1kWh/m) than natural gas (methane) (38 MJ/m

equivalent to 10.6 kWh/m), which means that LPG cannot simply be

substituted for natural gas. In order to allow the use of the same burner

controls and to provide for similar combustion characteristics, LPG can

be mixed with air to produce a synthetic natural gas (SNG) that can be

easily substituted. LPG/air mixing ratios average 60/40, though this is

widely variable based on the gases making up the LPG. The method for

determining the mixing ratios is by calculating the Wobbe index of the

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mix. Gases having the same Wobbe index are held to be

interchangeable.

LPG-based SNG is used in emergency backup systems for many

public, industrial and military installations, and many utilities use LPG

peak shaving plants in times of high demand to make up shortages in

natural gas supplied to their distributions systems. LPG-SNG

installations are also used during initial gas system introductions, when

the distribution infrastructure is in place before gas supplies can be

connected. Developing markets in India and China (among others) use

LPG-SNG systems to build up customer bases prior to expanding

existing natural gas systems.

Environmental Effects

Commercially available LPG is currently derived from fossil

fuels. Burning LPG releases CO2, an important greenhouse gas,contributing to global warming. LPG does, however, release less CO2

per unit of energy than that of coal or oil. It emits 81% of the CO2 per

kWh produced by oil, 70% of that of coal, and less than 50% of that

emitted by coal-generated electricity distributed via the grid. Being a

mix of propane and butane, LPG emits less carbon perjoule than butane

but more carbon per joule than propane.

LPG can be considered to burn more 'cleanly' than heavier molecule

hydrocarbons, in that it releases very fewparticulates when burnt.

Fire risk and mitigation

Since LPG turns gaseous under ambient temperature and pressure,

it must be stored in special pressure vessels. If the containers are

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cylindrical and horizontal, they are referred to as "cigars" or "bullets",

whereas circular ones are "spheres".

LPG containers that are subjected to fire of sufficient duration andintensity can undergo a boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion

(BLEVE). Due to the destructive nature of LPG explosions, the

substance is classified as a dangerous good. This is typically a concern

for large refineries and petrochemical plants that maintain very large

containers. The remedy is to equip such containers with a measure to

provide a fire-resistance rating. Large, spherical LPG containers may

have up to a 15 cm steel wall thickness. Ordinarily, they are equipped

with an approved pressure reliefvalve on the top, in the centre. One of

the main dangers is that accidental spills ofhydrocarbons may ignite and

heat an LPG container, which increases its temperature and pressure,

following the basic gas laws. The relief valve on the top is designed to

vent off excess pressure in order to prevent the rupture of the container

itself. Given a fire of sufficient duration and intensity, the pressure being

generated by the boiling and expanding gas can exceed the ability of the

valve to vent the excess. When that occurs, an overexposed container

may rupture violently, launching pieces at high velocity, while the

released products can ignite as well, potentially causing catastrophic

damage to anything nearby, including other containers. In the case of

"cigars", a midway rupture may send two "rockets" going off each way,

with plenty of fuel in each to propel each segment at high speed until the

fuel is spent.

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LPG Gaining Popularity

Liquefied Petroleum Gas is fast gaining popularity in industries for awide variety of uses.

For industries today, quality, costs, efficiency, environment, heat

controlability, among others, are major concerns when it comes

to choosing the right fuel.

LPG addresses all these - making it the ideal fuel choice for a host

of industrial applications.LPG is a pure, clean energy source which provides even and

controllable heat. This makes it the ideal heat and power source

for a wide range of industrial uses.

Since LPG is almost free from sulphur, it can be used in sensitive

situations such as chemical processes, etc.

LPG is also used for space and process heating to powerindustrial ovens, kilns, furnaces, machinary and in food

processing units.

Properties of LPG

LPG is twice as heavy as air and half as heavy as water.

LPG is colourless and odourless; hence an odorent is used todetect leaks.

LPG can be compressed at a ratio of 1:250, which enables it to be

marked in portable containers in liquid form.

LPG is safe fuel and ignities only within the specified LPG- Air

ratio of 2% to 9%.

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A high calorific value of 11,900 Kcal/Kg results in high

efficiency heat output.

Advantage of LPG Compared to other fuels

Clean Burning

No soot, burners have a longer life - so maintenance is low

No spillage as it vaporises at atmospheric temperature and

pressure.

Effects of corrosion are greatly reduced

Instantly controllable flame temperature

Avoids scaling and decarborising of parts

Environmentally friendly fuel, with minimal sulphur content

and sulphur- free emissions

Very high efficiency with direct firing system

Instant heat for faster warm-up and cool-down

Free form peak time premium rates, unlike electricity. One rate

round the clock

Can be used for a variety of applications

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COMPANY PROFILE

HP GAS

Modern LPG was first launched by Union Carbide as"PYROFAX" brand in the year 1920. LPG marketing started in india in

fifties by Burmah Shell & Stanvac in towns around the Refineries. The

marketing of LPG was entrusted to private concessionaires of Esso &

Caltex such as erstwhile Kosan Gas, DGPL & JK Gas. HPCL

commenced marketing of LPG under the brand name "HP GAS" in

1979 with takeover of these concessionaires and merger with HPCL

with a customer holding of 7.8 lakhs. The demand was sluggish till 1970

- sales 174 TMT.

Today Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) has become the single

most popular household fuel. Since it was introduced in 1955, LPG

consumption has gone up tremendously. HP Gas today (As of April

2011) has over 33 million domestic LPG consumers catered through a

network of over 2630 distributors. HP Gas, the HPCL brand of LPG, is

what keeps the fire burning in millions of indian homes.

Bottled at 44 LPG Bottling Plants throughout the country with a

total capacity of nearly 3475 TMTPA (thousand metric tons per annum),

HP Gas reaches you after through checking at every stage right from

bottling to distribution. That is what makes HP Gas synonymous with

Safety.

As a step to restructure HPCL, it undertook Business Process Re-

engineering, and HP Gas was identified as a separate strategic business

line. Accordingly, LPG Regional Offices were formed with LPG

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bottling plants as nodal points, and dedicated HP Gas sales areas were

set up. The field marketing set up consists of 32 exclusive LPG

Regional Managers. There are sales areas in each region with anexclusive Sales Officer looking after the various aspects of LPG

marketing of a particular geographical area including control on the HP

Gas distributorships. View the HPGAS Citizen's Charterfor more

information about HPGAS services .

In addition to Domestic LPG, HPGAS also markets LPG

cylinders for Commercial and Industrial purposes and Bulk LPG by

tankers for Industries.

Domestic LPG

Overview

The HPCL brand of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG), popularly

known as cooking gas, is a mixture of hydrocarbons which are gaseous

at normal temperature, but can be liquified at moderate pressure, and

can be stored in cylinders as a liquid under pressure, and is drawn out

and used as gas.

Quality

LPG is a colourless gas. LPG is not poisonous. However, at the

time of production, mercaptan (a chemical compound) is added to it so

as to give the now familiar foul smell for easy detection of gas in the air.

Even very small quantities of gas can be detected by this smell.

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Safety

Since LPG is almost twice the weight of air it tends to settle down

at floor level, particularly in depressions. Hence, care has to be taken inplacing the gas installations in the house. Also the fact that 1 cc. of

liquid LPG multiplies into about 270 cc. of gaseous LPG helps it spread

very rapidly in the atmosphere. Hence, if a gas cylinder leaks, it should

be immediately removed to an open area.

ART for AWARENESS: HPGAS had launched a Safety

Campaign - Art for Awareness, to take the safety message to the

Domestic HPGAS customers through the children of the household. A

Safety Booklet was also distributed during the campaign.

IOCL

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. is India's largest company by sales

with a turnover of Rs. 3,28,744 crore ($ 72,125 million) and profit of

Rs. 7445 crore ($ 1,633 million) for the year 2010-11. Indian Oil is the

highest ranked Indian company in the latest Fortune Global 500

listings, ranked at the 98th position. IndianOil's vision is driven by a

group of dynamic leaders who have made it a name to reckon with.

In this section, read about IndianOils business and its spread across the

country & abroad. You can also know about IndianOil's current

financial performance, special initiatives and recognitions & awards that

have come its way.

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Indianoil nurtures the core values of Care, Initiative, Passion &

Trust across the organization in order to deliver value to its

stakeholders.Care

Concern

Empathy

Understanding

Co-operation

Empowerment

Innovation

Creativity

Ability to learn

Flexibility

Change

Passion

Commitment

Dedication

Pride

Inspiration

Ownership

Zeal & Zest

Trust

Delivered promises

Reliability

Dependability

Integrity

Truthfulness

Transparency

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Objectives

To serve the national interests in oil and related sectors in

accordance and consistent with Government policies. To ensure maintenance of continuous and smooth supplies of

petroleum products by way of crude oil refining, transportation

and marketing activities and to provide appropriate assistance to

consumers to conserve and use petroleum products efficiently.

To enhance the country's self-sufficiency in crude oil refining and

build expertise in laying of crude oil and petroleum product

pipelines.

To further enhance marketing infrastructure and reseller network

for providing assured service to customers throughout the

country.

To create a strong research & development base in refinery

processes, product formulations, pipeline transportation and

alternative fuels with a view to minimizing/eliminating imports

and to have next generation products.

To optimise utilisation of refining capacity and maximize

distillate yield and gross refining margin.

To maximise utilisation of the existing facilities for improving

efficiency and increasing productivity.

To minimise fuel consumption and hydrocarbon loss in refineries

and stock loss in marketing operations to effect energy

conservation.

To earn a reasonable rate of return on investment.

To avail of all viable opportunities, both national and global,

arising out of the Government of Indias policy of liberalisation

and reforms.

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To achieve higher growth through mergers, acquisitions,

integration and diversification by harnessing new business

opportunities in oil exploration & production, petrochemicals,natural gas and downstream opportunities overseas.

To inculcate strong core values among the employees and

continuously update skill sets for full exploitation of the new

business opportunities.

To develop operational synergies with subsidiaries and joint

ventures and continuously engage across the hydrocarbon value

chain for the benefit of society at large.

Obligations

Towards customers and dealers:- To provide prompt, courteous

and efficient service and quality products at competitive prices.

Towards suppliers:- To ensure prompt dealings with integrity,

impartiality and courtesy and help promote ancillary industries.

Towards employees:- To develop their capabilities and facilitate

their advancement through appropriate training and career

planning. To have fair dealings with recognised representatives of

employees in pursuance of healthy industrial relations practices

and sound personnel policies.

Towards community:- To develop techno-economically viable

and environment-friendly products. To maintain the highest

standards in respect of safety, environment protection and

occupational health at all production units.

Towards Defence Services:- To maintain adequate supplies to

Defence and other para-military services during normal as well as

emergency situations.

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Financial Objectives

To ensure adequate return on the capital employed and maintain a

reasonable annual dividend on equity capital. To ensure maximum economy in expenditure.

To manage and operate all facilities in an efficient manner so as

to generate adequate internal resources to meet revenue cost and

requirements for project investment, without budgetary support.

To develop long-term corporate plans to provide for adequate

growth of the Corporations business.

To reduce the cost of production of petroleum products by means

of systematic cost control measures and thereby sustain market

leadership through cost competitiveness.

To complete all planned projects within the scheduled time and

approved cost.

Indane Gas

Indane is today one of the largest packed-LPG brands in the

world and has been conferred the coveted Consumer Superbrand status

by the Superbrands Council of India.

Having launched LPG marketing in the mid-60s, IndianOil has

been credited with bringing about a kitchen revolution, spreading

warmth and cheer in millions of households with the introduction of the

clean and efficient cooking fuel. It has led to a substantial improvement

in the health of women, especially in rural areas by replacing smoky and

unhealthy chulha. Indane is today an ideal fuel for modern kitchens,

synonymous with safety, reliability and convenience.

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With the status of an exclusive business vertical within the

Corporation, theIndane network delivers 1.2 million cylinders a day to

the doorsteps of over 53 million households, making IndianOil thesecond largest marketer of LPG globally, after SHV Gas of The

Netherlands. Indane is available in compact 5 kg cylinders for rural,

hilly and inaccessible areas, 14.2 kg cylinders for domestic use, and 19

kg and 47.5 kg for commercial and industrial use.

LPG is a blend of Butane and Propane readily liquefied under

moderate pressure. LPG vapour is heavier than air; thus it normally

settles down in low-lying places. Since LPG has only a faint scent, a

mercaptan odorant is added to help in its detection. In the event of an

LPG leak, the vapourisation of liquid cools the atmosphere and

condenses the water vapour contained in it to form a whitish fog, which

is easy to observe. LPG in fairly large concentrations displaces oxygen

leading to a nauseous or suffocating feeling.

Suraksha LPG hose, flame retardant aprons and energy efficient

Green Label stoves are recommended to enhance safety measures while

using LPG as cooking fuel.

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BHARAT L.P.G.

Bharat LPG is brought to you from Indian Oil Petronas Pvt. Ltd.

(Kolkatta) & Super Gas (Hyderabad). We are among the leading privatesector growing plant in the Northern India and we are also spreading our

wings to all other parts as well.We have licensed capacity of 30,000 MT

LPG refilling per month of our Plant at Unnao Uttar Pradesh

Brief Background

BOGCL is a Registered Company incorporated under Companies

Act 1956 on 4th Sep. 2000 exclusively deals with LPG. in the year 2008

it commenced commercial production of Bottling the LPG at its Plant at

Unnao Uttar Pradesh.

Industry

As the world is moving towards a cleaner an pollution free

Environment, more and more Industries a sifting to LPG/CNG base,which is eco- friendly and hence growth in LPG sector is seen. LPG

being more economical, in comparison with others, the industry will

gain significance not only in the Northern reason, but also in the whole

of India. Future Prospect of Eco friendly fuel is very bright.

The company expects a good growth in this segments the companies are

turning into LPG usable furnaces and systems for there plants due to

clean and cheaper fuel.

The world is looking at cleaner fuel. The market of LPG is wide

and growing. The LPG caters to large section of Industry for their

fuelrequirement, Auto sector as substitute to costly Petrol/Diesel

household sector as efficient fuel, and then there is growing rural sector

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which is gradually shifting from traditional fuel (Wood, Coal etc.) to

LPG. The main know advantages are :

A High percentage of high Calorific Value Propane. No residue. No Sulphur.

An Ideal gas with high calorific Value.

Clean and pollution-free fuel with easy availability.

Economical when compared to other fuels like kerosene, Coal and

Wood.

DEMAND

The total demand for LPG in India during the year 2006 2007

has been estimated at 10.57 million tons, whereas the indigenous

availability during this period is 8.64 million tons. The shortfall of 1.93

million tons will, therefore, be imported. It is expected that the demand

for LPG will increase by approximately 4.5% during the year 2007

08.

Safety

The Company is Committed for its uninterrupted Supply of

World class Quality LPG/PROPANE/BUTANE from their State of art

facilities in Uttar Pradesh, Uttranchal, Haryana,Punjab, Delhi, Andhra

Pradesh & Karnataka and other proposed Plants Sites in Bihar,

Rajasthan, M.P., West Bengal & Assam.

Quality of Bharat L.P.G.

BOGCL believes in maintaining the Quality for all its supplies to

Customers ( Industrial and Domestic). BOGCL take the full

responsibility to give its customer an Uninterrupted supply of LPG.

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Quality is checked for both the new and refilled cylinders so that our

Customer get the full value for their money.

All the bulk/industrial consumers will get the test certificates for

assuring the Quality of LPG/Propane and Butane and all the Supplies

are as per IS norms. We believes in the Policy of Quick and perfect

supply. As a fuel for internal combustion engines including cars, vans,

buses, generators/pumps.

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CHAPTER - III

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

Marketing and consumer behaviour are the wide term which

constitutes so many main functions and sub function. These terms are

the beakbone of a project on consumer gratification. Here the two terms

are reviewed literally. Review of literature deals with the important

factors and lines of marketing and consumer behaviour.

Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association

[AMA] as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating,

communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value

for customers, clients, partners, and society at large." The termdeveloped from the original meaning which referred literally to going to

a market to buy or sell goods or services. Seen from a systems point of

view, sales process engineering views marketing as "a set of processes

that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions, whose

methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new approaches."

The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as "the

management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and

satisfying customer requirements profitably." A different concept is the

value-based marketing which states the role of marketing to contribute

to increasing shareholder value. In this context, marketing is defined as

"the management process that seeks to maximise returns to shareholders

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by developing relationships with valued customers and creating a

competitive advantage."

Marketing practice tended to be seen as a creative industry in thepast, which included advertising, distribution and selling. However,

because the academic study of marketing makes extensive use of social

sciences, psychology, sociology, mathematics, economics, anthropology

and neuroscience, the profession is now widely recognized as a science,

allowing numerous universities to offer Master-of-Science (M.Sc)

programmes.

The overall process starts with marketing research and goes

through market segmentation, business planning and execution, ending

with pre and post-sales promotional activities. It is also related to many

of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also adept at re-inventing

itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

PRODUCTION ORIENTATION

Marketing managers operating under a production oriented

philosophy fours their efforts on physical production stress development

in technology.

Henry Fords famus description of the model

You can have any color you want as long as its black.

Sums up the prevailing attitude of the production orientation.

Sales orientation changing their minds

The philosophy of a sales oriented organization is to change

consumers minds to fit the product. It is epitomized by the slogan.

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Push ! Push !Sell! Sell!

The sales orientation is perhaps most common during economic

during economic periods when supply exceed demand, such as the greatdepreciation (1929 1933).

Marketing concept the foundation of a Marketing orientation

1. To be consumers oriented in all matters, from product

development to honoring warranties and service contracts.

2. The stress long run profitability rather than short term

profits o sales volumes.

3. To integrate and co-ordinate marketing functions and other

corporate functions.

Although the marketing concept has clear application to many

situation, the point has been made it need not be applied to every

possible situation.1

Marketing role in society can be illustrated by the description of

marketing the delivery of a standard of living to society.2

The consumer or customer should be seen as the fulcrum, the

pivot pint about which the business moves in operating for the balanced

interest of all concerned.3

Its up to us to move to the customer4

Buying customers, as doing the things that will make people

want to do business with it5

1 Franklin S.Houston, Journal of Marketing, April, 1986.2 Philip Kotler, Marketing Management.3 Fred J.Burch, Harvad Business review July August, 19604

Priscilla A.La Barbara and Larry J, MSU Business Topics, winter 19805 Theodore Levit, Marketing Myopia, Harvad Business Review July August, 1960

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The best advertisement is done by satisfied customers6

More of todays marketing is moving from the market place into

cyberspace.7

The future isnt ahead of us. It has already happened"8

Consumer behaviour as those actions directly involved in

obtaining, consuming and disposing of products and services, including

the decisions process that proceeds and follow the action9

The behaviours that consumer display in scanning for purchasing,

using evaluating and disposing of products and services that expect will

satisfy their needs.

The study of consumer behaviours is the study of how individuals

make decision to spend their available resources on consumption related

items. It includes the study of what they buy, why they buy it, when they

buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it and how often they use

it10

Marketing included those business activities which are involved

in the flow of goods and services from production to consumption

6 Philip Kotler, Marketing Management7 Philip Kotler, Marketing Management8 Philip Kotler, Marketing Management9

Engel (James F), Black well Rger D.Mimi and paulkat Consumer Behaviour10 LeonG.Sctiffon & Lesik Lazar Kanuk Consumer Behaviour

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Marketing research is the function which links the consumers,

customers and public to the market through information used to identify

and define marketing opportunity and problems; generate, refine, andevaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and

improving understanding of marketing as a process.

Marketing research specifies the information required to address

these issues; designs the method for collecting information; manage and

implements the data collection process; analysis the results and

communicates the findings and their implications.11

It role is to broaden managerial decision alternatives and reduce

the range of decision error through application of the scientific method

to analysis of data and evaluation of information12

Selling focuses on the needs of the seller; marketing on the

needs of the buyer. Selling is preoccupied with the sellers need to

convert his product into cash; marketing with the idea of satisfying the

needs of the customers by means of the product and the whole cluster of

things associated with creating, delivering and finally consuming it.13

Companies may find their expenditure for advertising sales to be

poorly done. Management then decides it is time to undertake a serious

marketing audit to improve its marketing.14

11 Reported in New Marketing Research Definition Approved, Marketing News, 21 (January, 1987)12 Murray Cayley, The Role of research in Marketing, Business Quaterly, 33, No.3, August, 196813 Uvitt, Marketing Myopia14

See Thomas V.Bonoma and Bruce Clark, Marketing Performance Assessment (Boster : Harvarabusiness School, 1998

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Economic utility: satisfying consumer needs

The ability of organization marketing is product to satisfy acustomers wants or needs. Economic utility includes from utility

(Created by conversion of raw materials into furnished goods that meet

consumer needs.)

Place utility (Created by making goods available where

consumer want them) and Position utility created by transfer of

physical possession and ownership of the product to the consumer

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CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of the various

results from the study. The analysis of this study is based wholly on

primary data collected by means of questionnaire method.

The data, after collection, has to be processed and analyzed in

accordance with the outline laid down for the purpose of developing the

research plan. This is essential for a specific study and for ensuring that

we have all relevant data for making contemplated comparisons and

analysis.

ANALYSIS

Analyses and interpretation are giving meaning to the collected

information by comparing them with the existing information. Analysis

is placing the collected data in some order or format so that the data

acquire a meaning. The collected data have to be analyzed fully.

INTERPRETATION

Interpretation means drawing inferences from the collected facts

after the analytical study. According to C.William Emory interpretation

has two major aspects namely establishing continuity in research

through linking the results of a given study with the those of another and

the establishment of some relationship with the collected data.

Interpretation helps the researcher to understand the abstract

principle that works beneath his findings.

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TABLE NO. 4.1

AGE WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

Age No. of Respondents Percentage

Below 20 years 7 7%

21 30 years 66 66%

31 40 years 24 24%

Above 40 years 3 3%

TOTAL 100 100%

Source : Primary Data

Inference

From the above table reveals that 66% of the respondents age is

21-30, 24% respondents age was 31-40, 7% of the respondents age is

below 20 and remaining 3 % of the respondents age is above 40.

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CHART NO.4.1

AGE WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

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TABLE NO. 4.2

SEX WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

Gender No. of respondents Percentage

Male 58 58%

Female 42 42%

Total 100 100%

Source : Primary data

Inference

From the above table we can know that the 58% of the

respondents are male and 42% of the respondents are female.

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CHART NO. 4.2

SEX WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

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TABLE NO.4.3

EDUCATIONAL WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

Education

QualificationNo. of Respondents Percentage

Illiterate 9 9%

Upto School 27 27%

Under Graduate 43 43%

Post Graduate 21 21%

TOTAL 100 100%

Source : Primary Data

Inference

The above table shows that 43% of the respondents are under

graduate level, 27% of the respondents are upto School level, 21 % of

the respondents are in post graduate level of education and remaining

9% of the respondents are illiterate level education.

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CHART NO. 4.3

EDUCATIONAL WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

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TABLE NO. 4.4

OCCUPATION WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

Occupations No. of Respondents Percentage

Business 36 36%

Employee 18 18%

Professional 26 26%

Others 20 20%

Total 100 100%


Inference

From the above table 36% of the respondents are Business, and

26% respondents are professionals and 20% respondents are other type

of occupation and 18% of the respondents are employees out of 100

respondents.

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CHART NO. 4.4

OCCUPATION WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

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TABLE NO.4.5

INCOME LEVEL WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

Income Level

per MonthNo. of Respondents Percentage

Upto Rs.10,000 11 11%

Rs.10,000 to Rs.20,000 48 48%

Rs.20,000 to Rs.30,000 26 26%

Above Rs.30,000 15 15%

Total 100 100%


Inference

From the above table reveals that 48% of the respondents are

earning Rs. 10,000-Rs.20000 per month, 26% of the respondents are

earning Rs.20000 Rs.30000 per month and remaining 15% of the

respondents are earning above Rs.30000 per month and 11% of the

respondents are earning upto Rs.10,000 per month out of 100

respondents.

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CHART NO.4.5

INCOME LEVEL WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

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TABLE NO.4.6

COMPANY WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

Company No. of Respondents Percentage

HP Gas 36 36%

Indane Gas 33 33%

Bharat Gas 19 19%

Others 12 12%

Total 100 100%


Inference

From the above table shows that 36% of the respondents are using

HP gas, 33% of the respondents are using Indane gas, 19% of the

respondents are using Bharat gas and remaining 12% of the respondents

are using other company gas out of 100 respondents.

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CHART NO.4.6

COMPANY WISE CLASSIFICATIONS

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TABLE NO.4.7

TO KNOW ABOUT THE LPG GAS

OptionsNo. of

RespondentsPercentage

Friends 32 32%

Relatives & Neighbours 36 36%

Advertisement 24 24%

Others 8 8%

Total 100 100%


Inference

The above table reveals that 36% of the respondents are purchase

by relatives & neighbours, 32% of the respondents are purchase Gas by

friends advice. 24% of the respondents are attractive advertisement and

remaining 8% of the respondents are purchasing their company gas by

other factors.

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CHART NO.4.7

TO KNOW ABOUT THE LPG GAS

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TABLE NO.4.8

FACTORS INFLUENCING TO PURCHASE

Options No. of respondents Percentage

Reasonable price 16 16%

Quality 21 21%

Quantity 28 28%

Availability 35 35%

Total 100 100%


Inference

The above table shows that 35% of the respondents are says the

availability of the gas is influence for purchasing, 28% of the

respondents are says quantity of gas, 21% of the respondents are

purchase for quality and remaining 16% of the respondents are purchase

gas for their reasonable price.

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CHART NO.4.8

FACTORS INFLUENCING TO PURCHASE

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TABLE NO.4.9

NO. OF CYLINDER WISE CLASSIFICATION

No. of cylinder No. of respondents Percentage

One 23 23%

Two 77 77%

Total 100 100%


Inference

From the above table it inferred that 77% of the respondents are

have two gas cylinder in the home 23% respondents are have only one

gas cylinder in the home.

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CHART NO.4.9

NO. OF CYLINDER WISE CLASSIFICATION

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TABLE NO.4.10

PERIOD OF PURCHASE WISE CLASSIFICATION

Period No. of Respondents Percentage

Once in a month 11 11%

32 - 40 days 37 37%

41 - 50 days 27 27%

Above 50 days 25 25%

Total 100 100%


Inference


purchasing the gas in 32 40 days. 27% of the respondents are

purchasing the gas in 41 50 days. 25% of the respondents are

purchasing the gas in above 50 days and 11% of the respondents are

purchasing the gas once in a month.

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CHART NO. 4.10

PERIOD OF PURCHASE WISE CLASSIFICATION

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TABLE NO.4.11

DEALER WISE CLASSIFICATION


Authorized dealer 85 85%

Unauthorized dealer 15 15%

Total 100 100%


Inference

From the above table it inferred that 85% respondents are

purchase the gas by authorized dealer but 15% of the respondents are

purchase the gas by unauthorized dealer.

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CHART NO. 4.11

DEALER WISE CLASSIFICATION

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TABLE NO.4.12

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS PURCHASE

ACCESSORIES


Yes 81 81%

No 19 19%

Total 100 100%


Inference

From the above table it inferred that 81% respondents are gives

their opinion to yes they purchase accessories itself. 19% of the

respondents are says no.

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CHART NO. 4.12

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS PURCHASE ACCESSORIES

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TABLE NO. 4.13

LEVEL OF SATISFACTION WISE CLASSIFICATION

Level of Satisfaction No. of Respondents Percentage

Satisfied 41 41%

Highly satisfied 33 33%

Just satisfied 20 20%

Not satisfied 6 6%

Total 100 100%


Inference


satisfied with availability of gas, 41% of the respondents are highly

satisfied, 20% of the respondents are just partially satisfied and

remaining 6% of the respondents are not satisfied with availability of

gas.

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CHART NO. 4.13

LEVEL OF SATISFACTION WISE CLASSIFICATION

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TABLE NO. 4.14

IN WHICH MODE YOU HAVE TO SELECT FOR A BOOKING

A CYLINDER

Mode of Booking No. of Respondents Percentage

Telephone 46 46%

Directly 27 27%

In person 17 17%

Others 10 10%

Total 100 100%


Inference

From the above table 46% of the respondents are booking for

their gas through the telephone, 27% of the respondents are directly,

17% of the respondents are through the in person and remaining 10% of

the respondents are through the other type of mode out of 100% of the

respondents.

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CHART NO. 4.14

IN WHICH MODE YOU HAVE TO SELECT FOR A BOOKING A CYLINDER

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TABLE NO.4.15

OPINION ABOUT THE BOOKING SYSTEM

Opinion No. of Respondents Percentage

Satisfied 56 56%

Not satisfied 44 44%

Total 100 100%


Inference

From the above table shows that 56% of the respondents are

giving their opinion as satisfied among booking system of gas, 44% of

the respondents are giving their opinion as not satisfied.

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CHART NO. 4.15

OPINION ABOUT THE BOOKING SYSTEM

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TABLE NO.4.16

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS DOOR DELIVERY

SYSTEM


Yes 71 71%

No 29 29%

Total 100 100%


Inference

From the above table inferred that 71% respondents are giving

their opinion to yes for door delivery system. 29% of the respondents

are says no.

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CHART NO. 4.16

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS DOOR DELIVERY SYSTEM

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TABLE NO.4.17

INCONVENIENCE OF PRESENT GAS COMPANY


Inadequate quantity 35 35%

Not quick delivery 30 30%

More Expensive 16 16%

Low consumption 19 19%

Total 100 100%


Inference

The above table shows that 35% of the respondents are says

Domestic gas have Inadequate quantity, 30% of the respondents are says

not quick delivery, 19% of the respondents are says low consumption

and 16% of the respondents are says more expensive out of 100%

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CHART NO.4.17

INCONVENIENCE OF PRESENT GAS COMPANY

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TABLE NO.4.18

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY RECOMMEND THIS

GAS COMPANY TO FRIENDS


Yes 65 65%

No 35 35%

Total 100 100%


Inference

From the above table inferred that 65% respondents are giving

their opinion to recommend to their friends. 35% of the respondents are

says no.

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CHART NO. 4.18

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY RECOMMEND THIS GAS COMPANY TO FRIENDS

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TABLE NO.4.19

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY IDEA ABOUT

CHANGING THE PRESENT GAS COMPANY


Yes 15 15%

No 85 85%

Total 100 100%


Inference

From the above table inferred that 85% of the respondents are

says no and 15% of the respondents are giving their opinion to change

their present company.

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CHART NO. 4.19

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY IDEA ABOUT CHANGING THE PRESENT

GAS COMPANY

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CHI SQUARE TEST

The chi-square statistic is calculated by finding the differencebetween each observed and theoretical frequency for each possible

outcome, squaring them, dividing each by the theoretical frequency, and

taking the sum of the results. A second important part of determining the

test statistic is to define the degrees of freedom of the test: this is

essentially the number of observed frequencies adjusted for the effect of

using some of those observations to define the "theoretical frequencies".

SEX AND AGE WISE CLASSIFICATION

HYPOTHESIS :

There is any relation between sex and age limit of the

respondents.

H0 :

Null Hypothesis : There is no relationship between the sex and age

limit of the respondents.

H1 :

Alternative Hypothesis : There is a relationship between the sex and

age limit of the respondents.

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TABLE NO.4.20

SEX AND AGE WISE CLASSIFICATION

ParticularsBelow 20

years

21 30

years

31 - 40

years

Above

40 yearsTotal

Male 3(4 )

42(38)

11(14)

2(2)

58

Female 4

(3)

24

(28)

13

(10)

1

(1)

42

Total 7 66 24 3 100

Sources : Primary data

(Figures in the bracket value in the above table are expected frequency)

Degree of freedom At the 5 per cent level

(r - 1) (c - 1) TABLE NO. value = 7.815

(2 - 1) (4 - 1) Calculated value = 21.5

1 x 3 = 3

Factor

Calculated

Chi-Square

value

TABLE NO.

value @ 5

level

Degree of

freedomRemarks

Sex and age limitof therespondents.

21.5 7.815 3H0

Rejected

Inference :

The calculated value is greater than table value. So, null

hypothesis is rejected. There is no relationship between the sex and age

limit of the respondents.

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INCOME AND EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION WISE

CLASSIFICATION

HYPOTHESIS :

There is any relation between income level and educational

qualification of the respondents.

H0 :

Null Hypothesis : There is no relationship between the income level

and educational qualification of the respondents.

H1 :

Alternative Hypothesis : There is a relationship between the income

level and educational qualification of the respondents.

TABLE NO.4.21

LEVEL OF INCOME AND EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

WISE CLASSIFICATION

Particulars Illiterate School levelUnder

GraduatePost

GraduateTotal

UptoRs.10,000

3(1)

6(3)

1(5)

1(2)

11

Rs.10,000 toRs.20,000 2

(4)

12

(13)

23

(21)

11

(11)

48

Rs.20,000 toRs.30,000

1(2)

5(7)

14(11)

6(5)

26

AboveRs.30,000

3(2)

4(4)

5(6)

3(3)

15

Total 9 27 43 21 100

Sources : Primary data

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(Figures in the bracket value in the above table are expected frequency)

Degree of freedom At the 5 per cent level(r - 1) (c - 1) Table value = 16.919

(4 - 1) (4 - 1) Calculated value = 28.00

3 x 3 = 9

Factor

Calculated

Chi-Square

value

TABLE

NO. value

@ 5 level

Degree

of

freedom

Remarks

Income level and

educational qualification of

the respondents

28.00 16.919 9H0

Rejected

Inference :

The calculated value is greater than the table value. So, null

hypothesis is rejected. There is no relationship between the income level

and educational qualification of the respondents.

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INCOME AND LEVEL OF SATISFACTION WISE

CLASSIFICATION

HYPOTHESIS :

There is any relation between income level and level of

satisfa

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