2.Challenges in Water &Waste Water &Its Stratagic Overcome Measures

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Challenges in water & waste water &

its strategic overcome.

PRESENTED BY

S.G. PHADKE

09.01.2012-IWWA RAIPUR WATER CONVENTION-2012,Shri Agrasen Dham,Raipur


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Issues River Pollution

Water Conflicts

Ground water Pollution

Poor management, Population increase, urbangrowth, crumbling infrastructure and depleting

resources

Corruption

Inadequate storage capacity

Aquifer Depletion


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Issues1. River Pollution :

Unsafe for swimming: A

bather emerges from the

polluted Yamuna in NewDelhi.

Floods are a significant

environmental issue for

India. It causes soilerosion, destruction of

wetlands and wide

migration of solid wastes.

Hanskhali drainage canal,

it passes contaminated

water direct to the Gangesat Howrah, West Bengal.

Sewage and drainage

canals like this are the

dominant cause of water

pollution in India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howrah_Drainage_Canal_at_Hanskhali_-_Howrah_070089.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floods.jpg


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All our Rivers are polluting.

A 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most

important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There

is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater

in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment

capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do notoperate and are not maintained. Majority of the government-owned

sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper

design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to

operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poormanagement. The wastewater generated in these areas normally

percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate

in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions and release pollutants that

leaches to surface and groundwater. A 1995 report claimed 114 Indian

cities were dumping untreated sewage and partially cremated bodies

directly into the Ganges River. Open defecation is widespread even in

urban areas of India.


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All our Rivers are polluting.

The Central Pollution Control Board, a Ministry of Environment &

Forests Government of India entity, has established a National Water

Quality Monitoring Network comprising 1429 monitoring stations in 27

states and 6 in Union Territories on various rivers and water bodies

across the country. This effort monitors water quality year round. Themonitoring network covers 293 rivers, 94 lakes, 9 tanks, 41 ponds, 8

creeks, 23 canals, 18 drains and 411 wells distributed across India.Water

samples are routinely analyzed for 28 parameters including dissolved

oxygen, bacteriological and other internationally established parametersfor water quality. Additionally 9 trace metals parameters and 28 pesticide

residues are analyzed. Biomonitoring is also carried out on specific

locations.For context, a water sample with a 5 day BOD between 1 and

2 mg O/L indicates a very clean water, 3 to 8 mg O/L indicates a

moderately clean water, 8 to 20 indicates borderline water, and greater

than 20 mg O/L indicates ecologically-unsafe polluted water.Total

coliform and fecal coliform densities in the rivers of India range between

500 to 100,000 MPN/100 ml


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CHOICE OF WATER SOURCE FOR DRINKING WATER

TREATMENT PROCESS-Is water sources reducing?

EXCELLENT

SOURCE

GOOD

SOURCE

POOR

SOURCE

REJECTABL

E SOURCE

AVERAGE

BOD(5DAYS)(mg/L)0.75 TO 1.5 1.5

TO 2.5

2.5 TO 4 >4

AVERAGE

COLIFORM,MOST

PROBABLE

NUMBER(MNP)

(PER 100ml.)

50 TO 100 100TO

5000

5000TO

20000

>20000

pH 6 TO 8.5 5 TO 6 &8.5 TO 9

3.8 TO 5 &9 TO 10.3

10.3

CLORIDES (mg/L) 600

FLORIDES (mg/L) 3 -


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The list of all the major

cities(27)of India and

the rivers which flow

through the city or on

the basin on which the

city flourished

Town River

Agra Yamuna

Ahmedabad Sabarmat

Allahabad Ganga, Yamuna

Ayodhya Saryu

Badarinath Ganga

Calcutta Hooghly

Cuttack Mahanadi

Delhi Yamuna

Dibrugarh Brahmaputra

Ferozepur Sutlej

Gauhati Brahmaputra

Haridwar Ganga

Hyderabad Musi

Jabalpur Narmada

Kanpur Ganga

Kota Chambal

Leh Indus

Lucknow GomtiLudhiana Sutlej

Nasik Godavari

Panchiharpur Bhima

Patna Ganges

Srinagar Jhelum

Surat Tapti

Tiruchirapalli Cauvery

Varanasi Gan a


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EFFLUENT STANDARDS

SN

O PARAMETERS

FOR DISCHARGE

ON LAND

FOR DISCHARGE

INTO WATER

1 BOD (mg/L)


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9All our Rivers are polluting.

The presence of coliform suggests that the water is being contaminated with the fecal

material of humans, livestocks, pets and other animals. Rivers Yamuna, Ganga, Gomti,

Ghaggar, Chambal, Mahi, Vardha are amongst the other most coliform polluted water

bodies in India.The Mithi River, which flows through the city of Mumbai, is heavily

polluted.The levels of BOD are severe near the cities and major towns. In rural parts of

India, the river BOD levels were sufficient to support aquatic life.

Trash and garbage disposal services,

responsibility of local government

workers in India, are ineffective.Solid waste is routinely seen along

India's streets and shopping plazas.

Image shows solid waste pollution

along a Jaipur street, a 2011 image

Greater

adjutant

perched on apile of trash

and solid

waste in

Assam.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_adjutant.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaipur_cows_eating_trash.JPG


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Issues

2. Water Conflicts:

The Ganges River possesses strong economic and religiousimportance. The Ganges River as a water source has been

strongly disputed between India and Bangladesh. With

increasing demands of water in Calcutta for industrial and

domestic use, and irrigation use in the Indian state of West

Bengal, water conflicts between the two countries have

increased. With large amounts of pollution in this river

system, the available water is unsanitary and can increaseillness, as well as trigger mass migration.


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Issues3. Ground water Pollution:The crucial role groundwater plays as a decentralized source of drinking

water for millions rural and urban families cannot be overstated.

According to some estimates, it accounts for nearly 80 per cent of the

rural domestic water needs, and 50 per cent of the urban water needs in

India. Groundwater is generally less susceptible to contamination andpollution when compared to surface water bodies. Also, the natural

impurities in rainwater, which replenishes groundwater systems, get

removed while infiltrating through soil strata. But, In India, where

groundwater is used intensively for irrigation and industrial purposes, avariety of land and water-based human activities are causing pollution of

this precious resource. Its over-exploitation is causing aquifer

contamination in certain instances, while in certain others its unscientific

development with insufficient knowledge of groundwater flow dynamic

and geo-hydrochemical processes has led to its mineralization.


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ssues3. Ground water Pollution:The incidence of fluoride above permissible levels of 1.5ppm occur in 14

Indian states, namely,Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana,Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,Orissa, Punjab,

Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal affecting a total

of 69 districts, according to some estimates. Some other estimates find

that 65 per cent of Indias villages are exposed to fluoride risk.

High levels of salinity are reported from all these states except West

Bengal and also the NCT of Delhi, and affects 73 districts and three

blocks of Delhi.

Iron content above permissible level of 0.3 ppm is found in 23 districts

from 4 states, namely, Bihar, Rajasthan, Tripura and West Bengal and

coastal Orissa and parts of Agartala valley in Tripura.


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ssues3. Ground water Pollution:


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ssues3. Ground water Pollution:High levels of arsenic above the permissible levels of 50 parts per billion

(ppb) are found in the alluvial plains of Ganges covering six districts ofWest Bengal. Presence of heavy metals in groundwater is found in 40

districts from 13 states, viz., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,

Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa,

Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and fiveblocks of Delhi.


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ssues3. Ground water Pollution:Non-point pollution caused by fertilizers and pesticides used in

agriculture, often dispersed over large areas, is a great threat to freshgroundwater ecosystems. Intensive use of chemical fertilizers in farms

and indiscriminate disposal of human and animal waste on land result in

leaching of the residual nitrate causing high nitrate concentrations in

groundwater.Nitrate concentration is above the permissible level of 45 ppm in 11

states, covering 95 districts and two blocks of Delhi.

DDT, BHC, carbamate, Endosulfan, etc. are the most common pesticides

used in India. But, the vulnerability of groundwater to pesticide and

fertilizer pollution is governed by soil texture, pattern of fertilizer and

pesticide use, their degradation products, and total organic matter in the

soil.

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Issues3. Ground water Pollution:

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Issues4. Poor management, Population increase, urban

growth, crumbling infrastructure and depletingresources:Today, 70% of Indias irrigation needs and 80% of its domestic water supplies come

from groundwater. A number of areas are already in crisis situations: among these are

the most populated and economically productive parts of the country. Average water

consumption around the world is about 53 liters per head per day. In India, we expect tosoon have only about 20 liters available per head per day. We have had droughts for a

long time, and now with global climate change, things will become even more difficult.

The glaciers are receding from the Himalayan Mountains. They are about one fifth the

size they were about 60 years ago.Extending Flood Areas, Depleting Water Resources

The waters from the Himalayan glaciers provide water for about 70 percent of all thepeople in Asia. In India, we have three major rivers - the Indus, Ganges, and

Brahmaputraand it is likely that they will drain to small rivers. In most of northern

India, there will be no water according to some leading water experts. Right now there

are floods. The flood area has increased from 25 million hectares to 60 million hectares

in the last 30 years. That is an indication that the water is draining away, and these will

become dry areas. This is expected to happen in less than 30 years.


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It is observed that a minimum and maximum per capita

water supply figure is reported for Kerala state as 12 lpcd and 372 lpcd. It has been

assessed that the Unaccounted for water (UFW) through leakage and wastage in Indiancities ranges anywhere between (20-40%) and more than 80% of this occurs in the

distribution system and consumer ends.

Filter back wash water samples from many of the water treatment plants were collected

and analyzed. It can be seen that some of the samples have rather high BOD. The

quantity of filter backwash water is normally about 5%. It can easily be recycled to theinlet of water treatment plant, as about 20 times dilution would be available at the inlet.

This is being practiced at Peddapur water treatment plant, Hyderabad.


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Collecting plastic bags from dumping

ground, river side, ponds is a generalscene.

SOLID WASTE IS OF GREAT CONCERN

TO OUR ENVIRONMENT ANDSPECIALLY SEWERAGE SYSTEM.


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FLOODS


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2005-Floods-in-Mumbai-massive flood

claimed at least 5,000 lives in the

commercial capital of India. A rainfall of994 mm for 24 hours lashed the city

PATANA-38 KILLED &1.86 MILLION

PEOPLE AFFECTED THIS YEAR-2011


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Urban Morphology : INDIA:

The number of towns and citieshave increased to 7935.

Class Population Size No. of UAs/Towns

Class I 1,00,000 and above

Class II 50,000 - 99,999

Class III 20,000 - 49,999

Class IV 10,000 - 19,999

Class V 5,000 - 9,999

Class VI Less than 5,000

Unclassified

All classes TOTAL-7935


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URBANIZATIO & PROVIDING SERVICES FOR

AN INCLUSIVE SOCIETYIndia is urbanizing. Indias urban population as presently defined will be close to 600

million by 2031, more than double that in 2001. Already the number of metropolitan

cities with population of 1 million and above has increased from 35 in 2001 to 50 in

2011 and is expected to increase further to 87 by 2031. In the coming decades, the

urban sector will play a critical role in the structural transformation of the Indian

economy and in sustaining the high rates of economic growth. Cities and towns of India

are visibly deficient in the quality of services they provide, even to the existing

population. Considering that the Indian economy is now one of the fastest growingeconomies in the world, and standards are rising, current service levels are too low

relative to the needs of urban households.

In India-Definitions ofUrban : All statutory places with a Municipality,

Corporation, Cantonment Board, or Notified Town Area Committee, and all places

satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously:(i) a minimum population of 5000; (ii) at least 75 per cent of male working population

engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and (iii) a population density of at least 400 per sq.

km (1000 per sq. mile).

Urban agglomeration is defined as an urban spread constituting a city and its adjoining

urban outgrowths or two or more physically contiguous cities/towns together and anyadjoining urban outgrowth of such cities/towns


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*An estimated 14652 MLD sewage is generated from 112 Class I cities having STPs.The combined treatment capacity of the STPs in these Class I cities is 6047 MLD.

Therefore, a capcity gap of 8605 MLD exists in 112 Class I cities having STPs.

* An estimated 143 MLD sewage is generated from 22 Class II towns having STPs

whereas the combined treatment capacity of the STPs in these 22 Class II towns is

234 MLD.* There remain 302 Class I cities and 467 Class II towns having no sewage treatment

facilities. An estimated 11512 MLD sewage is generated from 302 Class I cities not

having STPs and 2822

MLD sewage is generated from 467 Class II towns not having STPs.

ARE WE SATISFIED WITH PACE OF DEVELOPMENT

WE HAVE ACHIEVED TODAY IN INDIA IN SEWERAGE SECTOR?


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India:

For the first time since Independence, the absolute increase in

population is more in urban areas that in rural areas

RuralUrban distribution: 68.84% & 31.16%

Level of urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to

31.16% in 2011 Census The proportion of rural population declined from 72.19% to 68.84%

India's Total Population 121 Crores.

Daily Death - 62389

Daily Birth - 86853


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Over 20 million people without access to safe water supply and 100 million without

safe sanitation, No more than 300 of the country's 7935 cities(INCREASE 0F 2774

CENSUS TOWNS IN 2011) and towns have sewer systems, and many of those systemsdo not have treatment plants. The bulk of municipal sewage flows untreated into rivers,

lakes or the sea.

GLOBAL POPULATION-----6,962,900,000 (100 %)

INDIAS POPULATION-----1,210,193,422 (17.38%)

DURING 1990-2000 GLOBLE POPULATION INCREASED BY 15 % (5.226 TO

6.055 BILLION)

IN LAST DECADE INCREASE IN URBAN POPULATION - 27.5 %

WHILE RURAL POPULATION INCREASE IS ONLY - 8 %

FACT FILE

INDIA POPULATION Total :

1,210,193,422

Rural: 833,087,662 68.84%

Urban: 377,105,760 31.16%

Census reveals that 17.38% of the world is Indian

F t Fil W t S l & S it ti


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GLOBLE WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE 83%->U-95% R-73%

GLOBLE SANITATION COVERAGE 59%->U-80% R-39%

INDIAS WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE 89%->U-96% R-82%

INDIAS SANITATION COVERAGE 38%->U-58% R-18%

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Fact File-Water Supply & Sanitation

STATE OF URBAN SEWERAGE &SANITATION


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The challenge of sanitation in Indian cities is acute. With very poor sewerage

networks, a large number of the urban poor still depend on public toilets. Many public

toilets have no water supply while the outlets of many others with water supply are not

connected to the citys sewerage system. Over 50 million people in urban India

defecate in the open every day.

STATE OF URBAN SEWERAGE &SANITATION

IN INDIA (2001 CENSUS) 4861 out of the 5161 cities/towns in India do not have even a partial

sewerage network. Almost 50 per cent of households in cities like Bangalore and

Hyderabad do not have sewerage connections

About 18 per cent of urban households do not have access to any form

of latrine facility and defecate in the open Less than 20 per cent of the road network is covered by storm water

drainsMoUD, Government of India (2010b)

Only 21 per cent of the waste water generated is treated, compared

with 57 per cent in South AfricaMoUD, Government of India

(2010b)IBNET (2009)

Of the 79 sewage treatment plants under state ownership reviewed in

2007, 46 were operating under very poor conditionsCII and CEEW

(2010)

Must Consider following Points(1/2):


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Sewerage system is an intr icate Civil Engineer ing work which is

designed for two extreme conditions of minimum f low in the ini tial

range of population and maximum f low for design per iod loads withconditions of extreme (minimum non sil ting and maximum non

scouring) velocities and depth of f low in the conduit. Sewerage

scheme is designed only forDWF i.e. designed as separate system

and not as combined system for Techno-economic reasons as

practiced in I ndia following guidel ines of CPHEEO.

I n case of combined system we shall have to spend 3.5 times more

for collection and transmission of sewage and then alsodue to

dilution of sewage , mal function of STP.

A Sewerage System is technically viable if per capita water supply

in the area is least 135 lpcd and water supplied through house

connections.

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Sewerage System is financially viable if the area has reasonable

population density.

In case sewer connections are not done for a longer period without

any flow , the assets created may become non functional.

Project after completion not handed over systematically to Local

Body as per provisions,100% sewer connections not given for alonger time.

In any sewerage system waste water is to be collected from house

holds in sewer lines and therefore most important component of

the system is sewer connections to function the total seweragesystem .

There could not be any sewerage system which will prevent

pollution from waste water generated from households with out

systematically sewer connections done. 36


More then 75 lakhs packed water bottles Indians


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We're always looking for solutions for the everyday person to help

reduce their need for plastics. Americans throw away over 47 Billionplastic water bottles a year and there is more plastic in the pacific ocean

than there is plankton. Why not do our part and stop buying plastic

bottled water and start using stainless steel water bottles.

More then 75 lakhs packed water bottles Indians

buyevery day?

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Issues5.Corruption:

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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/World_Map_Index_of_perception_of_corruption_2010.svg


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Issues5.Corruption:

Political, bureaucratic, corporate and individual corruption in India aremajor concerns. A 2005 study conducted by Transparency International

in India found that more than 55% of Indians had first-hand experience

of paying bribes or influence peddling to get jobs done in public offices

successfully.In 2010 India was ranked 87th out of 178 countries in

Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index. The recentscams involving unimaginably big amounts of money, such as the 2G

spectrum scam, are well known. It is estimated that more than trillion

dollars are stashed away in foreign havens, while 80% of Indians earn

less than 2$ per day and every second child is malnourished.It seems asif only the honest people are poor in India and want to get rid of their

poverty by education, emigration to cities, and immigration, whereas all

the corrupt ones, are getting rich through scams and crime. About one in

10 households paid bribes to regularize their water connection.

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Issues6.Inadequate storage capacity:

Developed, arid countries (United States, Australia) have built

over 5000 cubic metres of water storage per capita. Middle-

income countries like South Africa, Mexico, Morocco and

China can store about 1000 cubic metres per capita. Indias

dams can store only 200 cubic metres per person. India can

store only about 30 days of rainfall, compared to 900 days in

major river basins in arid areas of developed countries.

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Issues7.Aquifer Depletion:

Already about 15% of Indias food is being produced using non-renewable, mined,groundwater.There is clearly an urgent need for action. First, India needs a lot more

water infrastructure. Compared to other semi-arid countries, India can store relatively

small quantities of its fickle rainfall. New infrastructure needs to be built, from large

multipurpose water projects to small community watershed management and rainwater

harvesting projects.


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Population without access to Safe Sanitation


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26% of the population still defecates in openthat

annually generates more than 36 million metric tones

of human excreta which lies in open

38 million metric tones of municipal solid waste aregenerated in urban India annually; of which

94% is dumped on land only 5% is composted

Unmanaged wastes are also one of the major sources of

Greenhouse Gas Emission (GHG) especially methane and

carbon dioxide- causes global warming

In Urban India

Sanitation Scenario

Availability of Latrine in India - 1991 and 2001 (% HHS)


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Availability of Latrine in India - 1991 and 2001 (% HHS)

States

1991 2001

Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

Andhra Pradesh 18.4 6.62 54.6 32.99 18.15 78.07

Assam 37.43 30.53 86.06 64.64 59.57 94.6

Bihar 11.75 4.96 56.54 19.19 13.91 69.69

Chattisgarh - - - 14.2 5.18 52.59

Delhi 63.38 29.6 66.64 77.96 62.89 79.03

Gujarat 30.69 11.16 65.71 44.6 21.65 80.55

Haryana 22.45 6.53 64.25 44.5 28.66 80.66

Jharkhand - - - 19.67 6.57 66.68Karnataka 24.13 6.85 62.52 37.5 17.4 75.23

Kerala 51.28 44.07 72.66 84.01 81.33 92.02

Madhya Pradesh 15.07 3.64 53 23.99 8.94 67.74

Maharashtra 29.56 6.64 64.45 35.09 18.21 58.08

Orissa 9.81 3.58 49.27 14.89 7.71 59.69

Punjab 33.18 15.79 73.23 56.84 40.91 86.52

Rajasthan 19.57 6.65 62.27 29 14.61 76.11

Tamil Nadu 23.13 7.17 57.47 35.16 14.36 64.33

Uttar Pradesh 18.02 6.44 66.54 31.43 19.23 80.01

Uttaranchal - - - 45.2 31.6 86.88

West Bengal 31.51 12.31 78.75 43.71 26.93 84.85

India 23.7 9.48 63.85 36.41 21.92 73.72


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Human rights are those basic rights and freedoms to which all humans

are entitled and which are essential for human existence; access to

water and sanitation are among them. This fact is now officially

recognized by the UN Human Rights.

On 30 September 2010, the UN passed a resolution affirming thataccess to water and sanitation are human rights, making these rights

legally binding in international law by nation states.


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India accounts for 2.45% of land area and 4% of waterresources of the world but represents 17.38 % of the world

population. With the present population growth-rate

(1.9 per cent per year), the population is expected to cross the

1.5 billion mark by 2050.

ISSUES OF CONCERN TODAY-


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We have to bring the new concepts to work in difficult situations and not to neglect

in tackling the safe disposal of liquid waste coming out from communities.

We must conserve water bodies, natural water flows and aquifers at any cost.

Need to change mindset of Engineers and community that services need money and

can not be given free, taken for granted.

Expenses on water are important but sanitation conditions can not be neglected by

reasoning of paucity of funds.

Need to think of sanitation in totality of waste water disposal, safe disposal of

industrial effluent and solid waste management

Rehabilitation of sewerage systems must be taken up in all the cities where thesewerage system exists but has become non-functional. Wastewater treatment must

be made mandatory for all sizes of urban canters. Pollution of land or water body with untreated wastewater should be made

punishable with fine. Recycling/ reuse of wastewater must be encouraged. Technical and financial

assistance must be provided for this, if required. All agencies dealing with wastewater must prepare plans for cost recovery from this

service. Private sector participation could be encouraged in managing this service toreduce public expenditure.

Successful examples of peoples participation in contributing to the cost ofconstruction of sewerage system (e.g. Alandur) must be examined and adopted inother urban centers of the country.Motivation and public relations , public private

participation need to be attracted to bring water and waste water on the platform ofbusiness.


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1.There are technological solutions to the cri sis, but they demand poli tical action. Together they compri se

the committed efforts to resolve by WE ALL WATER and ENVI RONMENTAL ENGINEERS for a

sustainable wor ld. Nothing unknown or new but to act with commitment.

2.Development presents new chall enges and wil l require sustained work in basic discipli nes and integrated

systems. We are unl ikely to predict the pri or it ies and requir ements that wi l l exist in the future and the

research plans shoul d ref lect thi s.

3.Stop throwingwaste in to the nature -Ban poll ution of natural water bodies.4.Maximize Eff iciency of water and waste water systems by proper techno-economic designs ,execution,O&M & Conservation of water bodies

5.Water & Waste water schemes should be executed simultaneously and connectivity of individual house

holds be included in project itself .GoI & State Govts. Should enforce water Departments/agencies to

sancti on schemes simultaneously with sewerage projects and not in isolation neglecting to tackle 80% of

water generated for water supply as waste water.

6.Municipal Service Regulator should be assigned the responsibil i ty of revising user charges regularly.

Even when diff erent segments of the population are charged dif ferentl y, the cross-subsidization should be

such that the overall O&M cost is recovered and a min imal sur plus generated. i i . User charges to be so

structured as to meet O& M cost, debt servicing, and depreciation towards the cost of the project. I n

addition, they must also generate some sur plus to enable bui lding the equi ty base of ULBs, suppor ted

where appropriate, with viabil ity gap funding (VGF ) i i i. L evy water and sewerage charges separately

rather than bui lt i nto the property tax.

7.Government of India OR body like IWWA should create a Regulatory Guidelines for Water &WasteWater.


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FOR TIME AND ATTENTION GIVEN

[email protected]

Tel.-R-0755-2499282 Mob. 98262-64526
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

Documents

2.Challenges in Water &Waste Water &Its Stratagic Overcome Measures